Advanced search
Publication Cover
Annals of the American Association of Geographers Volume 109, 2019 - Issue 4
Submit an article Journal homepage
1,579
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Convergence and Divergence of UNFCCC Nationally Determined Contributions

Scott R. StephensonDepartment of Geography, University of ConnecticutView further author information
,
Neil OculiDepartment of Geography, University of ConnecticutView further author information
,
Alex BauerDepartment of Geography, University of ConnecticutView further author information
&
Stephanie CarhuayanoDepartment of Geography, University of ConnecticutView further author information
Pages 1240-1261 | Received 01 Sep 2017, Accepted 01 Sep 2018, Published online: 25 Mar 2019

  • Abdi, H., and L. J. Williams. 2010. Principal component analysis. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics 2 (4):433–59.
  • Araos, M., J. Ford, L. Berrang-Ford, R. Biesbroek, and S. Moser. 2017. Climate change adaptation planning for Global South megacities: The case of Dhaka. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 19 (6):682–96.
  • Arnall, A., U. Kothari, and I. Kelman. 2014. Introduction to politics of climate change: Discourses of policy and practice in developing countries. The Geographical Journal 180 (2):98–101.
  • Bäckstrand, K., and J. W. Kuyper. 2017. The democratic legitimacy of orchestration: The UNFCCC, non-state actors, and transnational climate governance. Environmental Politics 26 (4):764–88.
  • Bäckstrand, K., J. W. Kuyper, B.-O. Linnér, and E. Lövbrand. 2017. Non-state actors in global climate governance: From Copenhagen to Paris and beyond. Environmental Politics 26 (4):561–79.
  • Bäckstrand, K., and E. Lövbrand. 2016. The road to Paris: Contending climate governance discourses in the post-Copenhagen era. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 1. doi: 10.1080/1523908X.2016.1150777.
  • Bagozzi, B. E. 2015. The multifaceted nature of global climate change negotiations. The Review of International Organizations 10 (4):439–64.
  • Bailer, S., and F. Weiler. 2015. A political economy of positions in climate change negotiations: Economic, structural, domestic, and strategic explanations. The Review of International Organizations 10 (1):43–66.
  • Bailey, I. 2008. Geographical work at the boundaries of climate policy: A commentary and complement to Mike Hulme. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 33 (3):420–23.
  • Barrett, S. 2012. The necessity of a multiscalar analysis of climate justice. Progress in Human Geography 37 (2):215–33.
  • Bernauer, T. 2013. Climate change politics. Annual Review of Political Science 16 (1):421–48.
  • Bernauer, T., and T. Böhmelt. 2013. National climate policies in international comparison: The climate change cooperation index. Environmental Science and Policy 25:196–206.
  • Bettini, G., S. L. Nash, and G. Gioli. 2017. One step forward, two steps back? The fading contours of (in)justice in competing discourses on climate migration. The Geographical Journal 183 (4):348–58.
  • Betzold, C., P. Castro, and F. Weiler. 2012. AOSIS in the UNFCCC negotiations: From unity to fragmentation? Climate Policy 12 (5):591–613.
  • Bhan, M., D. Sharma, A. S. Ashwin, and S. Mehra. 2017. Policy forum: Nationally-determined climate commitments of the BRICS: At the forefront of forestry-based climate change mitigation. Forest Policy and Economics 85:172–75.
  • Bhandary, R. R. 2017. Coalition strategies in the climate negotiations: An analysis of mountain-related coalitions. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 17 (2):173–90.
  • Blaxekjaer, L. Ø., and T. D. Nielsen. 2014. Mapping the narrative positions of new political groups under the UNFCCC. Climate Policy 15 (6):751–66.
  • Blicharska, M., R. J. Smithers, M. Kuchler, G. K. Agrawal, J. M. Gutiérrez, A. Hassanali, S. Huq, et al. 2017. Steps to overcome the North–South divide in research relevant to climate change policy and practice. Nature Climate Change 7 (1):21–27.
  • Bulkeley, H. 2016. Accomplishing climate governance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bulkeley, H., and P. Newell. 2015. Governing climate change. 2nd ed. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Burck, J., and C. Bals. 2011. The climate change performance index: Background and methodology. Berlin and Brussels: Germanwatch and CAN Europe.
  • Castro, P., L. Hörnlein, and K. Michaelowa. 2014. Constructed peer groups and path dependence in international organizations: The case of the international climate change negotiations. Global Environmental Change 25:109–20.
  • Charrad, M., N. Ghazzali, V. Boiteau, and A. Niknafs. 2014. NbClust: An R package for determining the relevant number of clusters in a data set. Journal of Statistical Software 61:1–36.
  • Chu, E., I. Anguelovski, and J. Carmin. 2016. Inclusive approaches to urban climate adaptation planning and implementation in the Global South. Climate Policy 16 (3):372–92.
  • Ciplet, D., and R. J. Timmons. 2017. Splintering South: Ecologically unequal exchange theory in a fragmented global climate. Journal of World-Systems Research 23 (2):372–98.
  • Climate Vulnerable Forum. 2017. Climate Vulnerable Forum participating countries. Accessed May 20, 2017. http://www.thecvf.org/web/climate-vulnerable-forum/cvf-participating-countries/.
  • Cohen, A., and J. McCarthy. 2015. Reviewing rescaling: Strengthening the case for environmental considerations. Progress in Human Geography 39 (1):3–25.
  • Costantini, V., R. Crescenzi, F. De Filippis, and L. Salvatici. 2007. Bargaining coalitions in the WTO agricultural negotiations. The World Economy 30 (5):863–91.
  • Costantini, V., G. Sforna, and M. Zoli. 2016. Interpreting bargaining strategies of developing countries in climate negotiations. A quantitative approach. Ecological Economics 121:128–39.
  • Demeritt, D. 2001. The construction of global warming and the politics of science. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 91 (2):307–37.
  • Dong, L. 2017. Bound to lead? Rethinking China’s role after Paris in UNFCCC negotiations. Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment 15 (1):32–38.
  • Dovie, D. B. K., and S. Lwasa. 2017. Correlating negotiation hotspot issues, Paris climate agreement and the international climate policy regime. Environmental Science and Policy 77:1–8.
  • Duda, R. O., P. E. Hart, and D. G. Stork. 1973. Pattern classification. New York: Wiley.
  • Du Pont, Y. R., M. L. Jeffery, J. Gütschow, J. Rogelj, P. Christoff, and M. Meinshausen. 2017. Equitable mitigation to achieve the Paris agreement goals. Nature Climate Change 7 (1):38–43.
  • Edwards, G., I. C. Adarve, M. C. Bustos, and J. T. Roberts. 2017. Small group, big impact: How AILAC helped shape the Paris agreement. Climate Policy 17 (1):71–85.
  • Ekwurzel, B., J. Boneham, M. W. Dalton, R. Heede, R. J. Mera, M. R. Allen, and P. C. Frumhoff. 2017. The rise in global atmospheric CO2, surface temperature, and sea level from emissions traced to major carbon producers. Climatic Change 144 (4):579–90.
  • Everitt, B., S. Landau, and M. Leese. 2001. Cluster analysis. London: Arnold.
  • Fisher, S. 2015. The emerging geographies of climate justice. The Geographical Journal 181 (1):73–82.
  • Grbich, C. 2007. Qualitative data analysis: An introduction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Gupta, J. 2012. Negotiating challenges and climate change. Climate Policy 12 (5):630–44.
  • ———. 2014. The history of global climate change governance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Heal, G., and H. Kunreuther. 2017. An alternative framework for negotiating climate policies. Climatic Change 144 (1):29–39.
  • Heede, R. 2014. Tracing anthropogenic carbon dioxide and methane emissions to fossil fuel and cement producers, 1854–2010. Climatic Change 122 (1–2):229–41.
  • Hein, J., A. Guarin, E. Frommé, and P. Pauw. 2018. Deforestation and the Paris climate agreement: An assessment of REDD + in the national climate action plans. Forest Policy and Economics 90:7–11.
  • Heyward, M. 2007. Equity and international climate change negotiations: A matter of perspective. Climate Policy 7 (6):518–34.
  • Hickmann, T. 2017. The reconfiguration of authority in global climate governance. International Studies Review 19 (3):430–51.
  • Hirsch, T. 2016. The role of alliances in international climate policy after Paris. Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
  • Höhne, N., C. Ellermann, and L. Li. 2014. Intended nationally determined contributions under the UNFCCC. Discussion paper, Ecofys, Cologne, Germany.
  • Holdaway, E., and C. Dodwell. 2015. A guide to INDCs. London: Climate and Development Knowledge Network.
  • Holz, C., S. Kartha, and T. Athanasiou. 2018. Fairly sharing 1.5: National fair shares of a 1.5°C-compliant global mitigation effort. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 18 (1):117–34.
  • Hulme, M. 2008. Geographical work at the boundaries of climate change. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 33 (1):5–11.
  • Hurlston, M. J., S. Wang, A. Price, Z. Leviston, and I. Walker. 2017. Cooperation studies of catastrophe avoidance: Implications for climate negotiations. Climatic Change 140 (2):119–33.
  • Hurrell, A., and S. Sengupta. 2012. Emerging powers, North–South relations and global climate politics. International Affairs 88 (3):463–84.
  • Jaschik, K. 2014. Small states and international politics: Climate change, the Maldives and Tuvalu. International Politics 51 (2):272–93.
  • Johnson, S. C. 1967. Hierarchical clustering schemes. Psychometrika 32 (3):241–54.
  • Jolliffe, I. 2002. Principal component analysis. 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Kaufman, L., and P. J. Rousseeuw. 2005. Finding groups in data: An introduction to cluster analysis. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  • Kemp, L. 2017a. Better out than in. Nature Climate Change 7:458–60.
  • ———. 2017b. U.S.-proofing the Paris climate agreement. Climate Policy 17:86–101.
  • Kerr, A. 2007. Serendipity is not a strategy: The impact of national climate programmes on greenhouse-gas emissions. Area 39 (4):418–30.
  • Kythreotis, A. P. 2012. Progress in global climate change politics? Reasserting national state territoriality in a “post-political” world. Progress in Human Geography 36 (4):457–74.
  • Levin, K., D. Rich, Y. Bonduki, M. Comstock, D. Tirpak, H. McGray, I. Noble, K. Mogelgaard, and D. Waskow. 2015. Designing and preparing intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs). Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
  • Martinez-Alier, J., L. Temper, D. Del Bene, and A. Scheidel. 2016. Is there a global environmental justice movement? The Journal of Peasant Studies 43 (3):731–55.
  • Mathiesen, K., and F. Harvey. 2016. Climate coalition breaks cover in Paris to push for binding and ambitious deal. The Guardian, December 8.
  • Miles, M. B., A. M. Huberman, and J. Saldaña. 2014. Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook. 3rd ed. Los Angeles: Sage.
  • Nordhaus, N. 2015. Climate clubs: Overcoming free-riding in international climate policy. American Economic Review 105 (4):1339–70.
  • O’Brien, K. L., and R. M. Leichenko. 2003. Winners and losers in the context of global change. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 93 (1):89–103.
  • Oculi, N., and S. R. Stephenson. 2018. Conceptualizing climate vulnerability: Understanding the negotiating strategies of Small Island Developing States. Environmental Science & Policy 85:72–80.
  • Okereke, C., and P. Coventry. 2016. Climate justice and the international regime: Before, during, and after Paris. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 7 (6):834–51.
  • Pan, X., M. den Elzen, N. Höhne, F. Teng, and L. Wang. 2017. Exploring fair and ambitious mitigation contributions under the Paris agreement goals. Environmental Science and Policy 74:49–56.
  • Pauw, W. P., R. J. T. Klein, K. Mbeva, A. Dzebo, D. Cassanmagnago, and A. Rudloff. 2018. Beyond headline mitigation numbers: We need more transparent and comparable NDCs to achieve the Paris agreement on climate change. Climatic Change 147 (1–2):23–29.
  • QSR International. 2017. NVivo qualitative data analysis software. https://www.qsrinternational.com/nvivo/home
  • Rogelj, J., M. den Elzen, N. Höhne, T. Fransen, H. Fekete, H. Winkler, R. Schaeffer, F. Sha, K. Riahi, and M. Meinshausen. 2016. Paris agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below 2 °C. Nature 534 (7609):631–39.
  • Saldaña, J. 2009. The coding manual for qualitative researchers. London: Sage.
  • Schneider, M. 2017. An assessment of the past performance and the future role of the High Ambition Coalition. Venice, Italy: International Center for Climate Governance.
  • Sebenius, J. K. 1983. Negotiation arithmetic: Adding and subtracting issues and parties. International Organization 37 (2):281–316.
  • Tavoni, A., A. Dannenberg, G. Kallis, and A. Löschel. 2011. Inequality, communication, and the avoidance of disastrous climate change in a public goods game. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (29):11825–29.
  • Tobin, P., N. M. Schmidt, J. Tosun, and C. Burns. 2018. Mapping states’ Paris climate pledges: Analysing targets and groups at COP 21. Global Environmental Change 48:11–21.
  • Tørstad, V., and H. Saelen. 2018. Fairness in the climate negotiations: What explains variation in parties’ expressed conceptions? Climate Policy 18 (5):642–54.
  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). 2014a. Parties & observers. Accessed May 19, 2017. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/items/2704.php.
  • ———. 2014b. Party groupings. Accessed May 19, 2017. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/parties/negotiating_groups/items/2714.php.
  • ———.. 2015. Synthesis report on the aggregate effect of the intended nationally determined contributions (FCCC/CP/2015/7). Accessed September 15, 2017. http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/07.pdf.
  • ———.. 2016. Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twenty-first session, held in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015, Addendum: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-first session. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Accessed May 19, 2017. https://unfccc.int/node/9097.
  • ———.. 2017a. INDCs as communicated by parties. Accessed May 19, 2017. http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/indc/Submission%20Pages/submissions.aspx.
  • ———.. 2017b. More than 20 countries launch global alliance to phase out coal. Accessed March 2, 2018. https://cop23.unfccc.int/news/more-than-20-countries-launch-global-alliance-to-phase-out-coal.
  • ———.. 2017c. NDC registry. Accessed August 1, 2017. http://www4.unfccc.int/ndcregistry/Pages/Home.aspx.
  • ———.. 2017d. Paris Agreement—Status of ratification. Accessed May 10, 2017. http://unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9444.php.
  • Ward, J. H. 1963. Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Journal of the American Statistical Association 58 (301):236–44.
  • Watts, M. 2017. Cities spearhead climate action. Nature Climate Change 7 (8):537–38.
  • Webber, S. 2013. Performative vulnerability: Climate change adaptation policies and financing in Kiribati. Environment and Planning A 45 (11):2717–33.
  • Widerberg, O., and P. Pattberg. 2015. International cooperative initiatives in global climate governance: Raising the ambition level or delegitimizing the UNFCCC? Global Policy 6 (1):45–56.
  • Winkler, H., N. Höhne, G. Cunliffe, T. Kuramochi, A. April, and M. J. de Villafranca Casas. 2018. Countries start to explain how their climate contributions are fair: More rigour needed. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 18 (1):99–115.
  • Woods, B. A., D. M. Kristófersson, and S. B. Ómarsdóttir. 2012. Towards a better understanding of climate change negotiations. Veftímaritið Stjórnmál og Stjórnsýsla 8 (2):491–514.
  • Yamin, F., and J. Depledge. 2004. The international climate change regime: A guide to rules, institutions and procedures. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Zhang, Y.-X., Q.-C. Chao, Q.-H. Zheng, and L. Huang. 2017. The withdrawal of the U.S. from the Paris agreement and its impact on global climate change governance. Advances in Climate Change Research 8 (4):213–19.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.