Disturbance after Disturbance: Combined Effects of Two Successive Hurricanes on Forest Community Structure

References

• Batista, W. B., and W. J. Platt. 2003. Tree population responses to hurricane disturbance: Syndromes in a south-eastern USA old-growth forest. Journal of Ecology 91 (2):197–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, R. 2009. Tropical cyclone report: Hurricane Ike 1–14 September 2008. National Hurricane Center Report, Miami, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Bigler, C., D. Kulakowski, and T. T. Veblen. 2005. Multiple disturbance interactions and drought influence fire severity in Rocky Mountain subalpine forests. Ecology 86 (11):3018–29. doi:10.1890/05-0011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, E. L. 1950. Deciduous forests of Eastern North America. New York: Hafner.
   Google Scholar
• Buma, B. 2015. Disturbance interactions: Characterization, prediction, and the potential for cascading effects. Ecosphere 6 (4):art70. doi:10.1890/ES15-00058.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buma, B., and C. A. Wessman. 2011. Disturbance interactions can impact resilience mechanisms of forests. Ecosphere 2 (5):art64. doi:10.1890/ES11-00038.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns, R. M., and B. H. Honkala. 1990. Silvics of North America: Vol. 2. Hardwoods. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
   Google Scholar
• Condit, R., P. S. Ashton, P. Baker, S. Bunyavejchewin, S. Gunatilleke, N. Gunatilleke, S. P. Hubbell, et al. 2000. Spatial patterns in the distribution of tropical tree species. Science 288 (5470):1414–18. doi:10.1126/science.288.5470.1414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper-Ellis, S., D. R. Foster, G. Carlton, and A. Lezberg. 1999. Forest response to catastrophic wind: Results from an experimental hurricane. Ecology 80 (8):2683–96. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[2683:FRTCWR.2.0.CO;2]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czajkowski, J., K. Simmons, and D. Sutter. 2011. An analysis of coastal and inland fatalities in landfalling U.S. hurricanes. Natural Hazards 59 (3):1513–31. doi:10.1007/s11069-011-9849-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale, M. R. T., P. Dixon, M.‐J. Fortin, P. Legendre, D. E. Myers, and M. S. Rosenberg. 2002. Conceptual and mathematical relationships among methods for spatial analysis. Ecography 25 (5):558–77. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0587.2002.250506.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale, V. H., L. A. Joyce, S. McNulty, R. P. Neilson, M. P. Ayres, M. D. Flannigan, P. J. Hanson, et al. 2001. Climate change and forest disturbances: Climate change can affect forests by altering the frequency, intensity, duration, and timing of fire, drought, introduced species, insect and pathogen outbreaks, hurricanes, windstorms, ice storms, or landslides. BioScience 51 (9):723–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diggle, P. J. 2003. Statistical analysis of spatial point processes. 2nd ed. London: Arnold.
   Google Scholar
• Emanuel, K. 2005. Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years. Nature 436 (7051):686–88. doi:10.1038/nature03906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everham, E. M., and N. V. L. Brokaw. 1996. Forest damage and recovery from catastrophic wind. The Botanical Review 62 (2):113–85. doi:10.1007/BF02857920.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, D. R., J. D. Aber, J. M. Melillo, R. D. Bowden, and F. A. Bazzaz. 1997. Forest response to disturbance and anthropogenic stress. BioScience 47 (7):437–45. doi:10.2307/1313059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, D. R., and E. R. Boose. 1995. Hurricane disturbance regimes in temperate and tropical forest ecosystems. In Wind and trees, ed. M. P. Coutts and J. Grace, 305–39. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foster, D. R., and D. A. Orwig. 2006. Preemptive and salvage harvesting of New England forests: When doing nothing is a viable alternative. Conservation Biology 20 (4):959–70. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00495.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frelich, L. E. 2002. Forest dynamics and disturbance regimes: Studies from temperate evergreen–deciduous forests. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gill, N. S., F. Sangermano, B. Buma, and D. Kulakowski. 2017. Populus tremuloides seedling establishment: An underexplored vector for forest type conversion after multiple disturbances. Forest Ecology and Management 404:156–64. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2017.08.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glitzenstein, J. S., and P. A. Harcombe. 1988. Effects of the December 1983 tornado on forest vegetation of the Big Thicket, southeast Texas, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 25 (3–4):269–90. doi:10.1016/0378-1127(88)90092-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glitzenstein, J. S., P. A. Harcombe, and D. R. Streng. 1986. Disturbance, succession, and maintenance of species diversity in an east Texas forest. Ecological Monographs 56 (3):243–58. doi:10.2307/2937076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldenberg, S. B., C. W. Landsea, A. M. Mestas-Nuñez, and W. M. Gray. 2001. The recent increase in Atlantic hurricane activity: Causes and implications. Science 293 (5529):474–79. doi:10.1126/science.1060040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goreaud, F., and R. Pélissier. 2003. Avoiding misinterpretation of biotic interactions with the intertype K12‐function: Population independence vs. random labelling hypotheses. Journal of Vegetation Science 14 (5):681–92. doi:10.1658/1100-9233(2003)014[0681:AMOBIW.2.0.CO;2]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, S. R., J. Grace, and N. J. Hutchings. 1995. Observations of turbulent air flow in three stands of widely spaced Sitka spruce. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 74 (3–4):205–25. doi:10.1016/0168-1923(94)02191-L.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, C. H., and W. H. McNab. 1998. Forest disturbance in hurricane-related downbursts in the Appalachian mountains of North Carolina. Forest Ecology and Management 104 (1–3):179–91. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00246-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, S. E., B. A. Gardiner, A. Wellpott, B. C. Nicoll, and A. Achim. 2012. Wind loading of trees: Influence of tree size and competition. European Journal of Forest Research 131 (1):203–17. doi:10.1007/s10342-010-0448-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harcombe, P. A., C. J. Bill, M. Fulton, J. S. Glitzenstein, P. L. Marks, and I. S. Elsik. 2002. Stand dynamics over 18 years in a southern mixed hardwood forest, Texas, USA. Journal of Ecology 89 (6):947–57. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00735.x.
   Google Scholar
• Harcombe, P. A., L. E. M. Leipzig, and I. S. Elsik. 2009. Effects of Hurricane Rita on three long-term forest study plots in east Texas, USA. Wetlands 29 (1):88–100. doi:10.1672/08-64.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illian, J., A. Penttinen, H. Stoyan, and D. Stoyan. 2008. Statistical analysis and modelling of spatial point patterns. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Jacquemyn, H., P. Endels, O. Honnay, and T. Wiegand. 2010. Evaluating management interventions in small populations of a perennial herb Primula vulgaris using spatio‐temporal analyses of point patterns. Journal of Applied Ecology 47 (2):431–40. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01778.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keim, B. D., R. A. Muller, and G. W. Stone. 2007. Spatiotemporal patterns and return periods of tropical storm and hurricane strikes from Texas to Maine. Journal of Climate 20 (14):3498–3509. doi:10.1175/JCLI4187.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knabb, R. D., D. P. Brown, and J. R. Rhome. 2006. Tropical cyclone report: Hurricane Rita 18–26 September 2005. National Hurricane Center Report, Miami, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Kulakowski, D., C. Matthews, D. Jarvis, and T. T. Veblen. 2013. Compounded disturbances in sub‐alpine forests in western Colorado favour future dominance by quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). Journal of Vegetation Science 24 (1):168–76. doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2012.01437.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulakowski, D., and T. T. Veblen. 2007. Effect of prior disturbances on the extent and severity of wildfire in Colorado subalpine forests. Ecology 88 (3):759–69. doi:10.1890/06-0124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupfer, J. A., D. A. Glenn, and J. P. Sackett. 2008. Patterns and controls of hurricane-caused forest damage: A landscape-scale analysis of treefall direction following Hurricane Katrina. The Professional Geographer 60 (4):478–94. doi:10.1080/00330120802316213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson, A. J., J. A. Lutz, D. C. Donato, J. A. Freund, M. E. Swanson, J. HilleRisLambers, D. G. Sprugel, and J. F. Franklin. 2015. Spatial aspects of tree mortality strongly differ between young and old‐growth forests. Ecology 96 (11):2855–61. doi:10.1890/15-0628.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lugo, A. E. 2008. Visible and invisible effects of hurricanes on forest ecosystems: An international review. Austral Ecology 33 (4):368–98. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01894.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks, P. L., and P. A. Harcombe. 1981. Forest vegetation of the Big Thicket, southeast Texas. Ecological Monographs 51 (3):287–305. doi:10.2307/2937275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meehl, G. A., T. F. Stocker, W. D. Collins, P. Friedlingstein, T. Gaye, J. M. Gregory, A. Kitoh, et al. 2007. IPCC 2007: Climate Change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Milne, R. 1995. Modelling mechanical stresses in living Sitka spruce stems. In Wind and trees, ed. M. P. Coutts and J. Grace, 165–81. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, S. J. 2013. Wind as a natural disturbance agent in forests: A synthesis. Forestry 86 (2):147–57. doi:10.1093/forestry/cps058.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, R. K., and D. H. van Lear. 1998. Hurricane–fire interactions in coastal forests of the south: A review and hypothesis. Forest Ecology and Management 103 (2–3):265–76. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00223-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2017. Data tools: 1981–2010 normal. Accessed September 27, 2017. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/datatools/normals.
   Google Scholar
• Paine, R. T., M. J. Tegner, and E. A. Johnson. 1998. Compounded perturbations yield ecological surprises. Ecosystems 1 (6):535–45. doi:10.1007/s100219900049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, D. P. C., A. E. Lugo, F. S. Chapin, III, S. T. A. Pickett, M. Duniway, A. V. Rocha, F. J. Swanson, C. Laney, and J. Jones. 2011. Cross‐system comparisons elucidate disturbance complexities and generalities. Ecosphere 2 (7):art81. doi:10.1890/ES11-00115.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, C. J. 2000. Damage and recovery of tree species after two different tornadoes in the same old growth forest: A comparison of infrequent wind disturbances. Forest Ecology and Management 135 (1–3):237–52. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00283-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, C. J. 2007. Consistent influence of tree diameter and species on damage in nine eastern North America tornado blowdowns. Forest Ecology and Management 250 (1–2):96–108. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.03.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, C. J., and A. D. Leach. 2008. Limited salvage logging effects on forest regeneration after moderate-severity windthrow. Ecological Applications 18 (2):407–20. doi:10.1890/07-0603.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platt, W. J., B. Beckage, R. F. Doren, and H. H. Slater. 2002. Interactions of large-scale disturbances: Prior fire regimes and hurricane mortality of savanna pines. Ecology 83 (6):1566–72. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1566:IOLSDP.2.0.CO;2]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platt, W. J., R. F. Doren, and T. Armentano. 2000. Effects of Hurricane Andrew on stands of slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. densa) in the Everglades region of south Florida (USA). Plant Ecology 146 (1):43–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raventós, J., E. Mujica, T. Wiegand, and A. Bonet. 2011. Analyzing the spatial structure of Broughtonia cubensis (Orchidaceae) populations in the dry forests of Guanahacabibes, Cuba. Biotropica 43 (2):173–82. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010.00684.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich, R. L., L. E. Frelich, and P. B. Reich. 2007. Wind‐throw mortality in the southern boreal forest: Effects of species, diameter and stand age. Journal of Ecology 95 (6):1261–73. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01301.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ripley, B. D. 1981. Spatial statistics. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, M. R. 2004. Response of the herbaceous layer to natural disturbance in North American forests. Canadian Journal of Botany 82 (9):1273–83. doi:10.1139/b04-091.
   Google Scholar
• Ruck, B., C. Frank, and M. Tischmacher. 2012. On the influence of windward edge structure and stand density on the flow characteristics at forest edges. European Journal of Forest Research 131 (1):177–89. doi:10.1007/s10342-010-0451-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaetzl, R. J., D. L. Johnson, S. F. Burns, and T. W. Small. 1989. Tree uprooting: Review of terminology, process, and environmental implications. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19 (1):1–11. doi:10.1139/x89-001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schurr, F. M., O. Bossdorf, S. J. Milton, and J. Schumacher. 2004. Spatial pattern formation in semi-arid shrubland: A priori predicted versus observed pattern characteristics. Plant Ecology 173 (2):271–82. doi:10.1023/B:VEGE.0000029335.13948.87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidl, R., T. A. Spies, D. L. Peterson, S. L. Stephens, and J. A. Hicke. 2016. Searching for resilience: Addressing the impacts of changing disturbance regimes on forest ecosystem services. Journal of Applied Ecology 53 (1):120–29. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simard, M., W. H. Romme, J. M. Griffin, and M. G. Turner. 2011. Do mountain pine beetle outbreaks change the probability of active crown fire in lodgepole pine forests? Ecological Monographs 81 (1):3–24. doi:10.1890/10-1176.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, T. J., III, G. H. Anderson, K. Balentine, G. Tiling, G. A. Ward, and K. R. T. Whelan. 2009. Cumulative impacts of hurricanes on Florida mangrove ecosystems: Sediment deposition, storm surges and vegetation. Wetlands 29 (1):24–34. doi:10.1672/08-40.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf. 1995. Biometry: The principles and practice of statistics in biological research. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Stoyan, D., and A. Penttinen. 2000. Recent applications of point process methods in forestry statistics. Statistical Science 15 (1):61–78. doi:10.1214/ss/1009212674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trenberth, K. 2005. Climate: Uncertainty in hurricanes and global warming. Science 308 (5729):1753–54. doi:10.1126/science.1112551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, M. G. 2010. Disturbance and landscape dynamics in a changing world. Ecology 91 (10):2833–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, M. G., W. L. Baker, C. J. Peterson, and R. K. Peet. 1998. Factors influencing succession: Lessons from large, infrequent natural disturbances. Ecosystems 1 (6):511–23. doi:10.1007/s100219900047.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uriarte, M., and M. Papaik. 2007. Hurricane impacts on dynamics, structure and carbon sequestration potential of forest ecosystems in Southern New England. Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography 59 (4):519–28. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2007.00243.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veblen, T. T., K. S. Hadley, E. M. Nel, T. Kitzberger, M. Reid, and R. Villalba. 1994. Disturbance regime and disturbance interactions in a Rocky Mountain subalpine forest. The Journal of Ecology 82 (1):125–35. doi:10.2307/2261392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weakley, A. S., K. D. Patterson, S. Landaal, M. Pyne, et al. (Compilers). 1998. Terrestrial vegetation of the southeastern United States, Working draft of September 1998. Chapel Hill, NC: The Nature Conservancy, Southeast Regional Office.
   Google Scholar
• Webb, S. J. 1999. Disturbance by wind in temperate-zone forests. In Ecosystems of disturbed ground, ed. L. R. Walker, 187–263. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Webb, S. J., and S. E. Scanga. 2001. Windstorm disturbance without patch dynamics: Twelve years of change in a Minnesota forest. Ecology 82 (3):893–97. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[0893:WDWPDT.2.0.CO;2]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster, P. J., G. J. Holland, J. A. Curry, and H.-R. Chang. 2005. Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration, and intensity in a warming environment. Science 309 (5742):1844–46. doi:10.1126/science.1116448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerling, A. L. 2016. Increasing western U.S. forest wildfire activity: Sensitivity to changes in the timing of spring. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371 (1696):20150178. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiegand, T., and K. A. Moloney. 2004. Rings, circles, and null-models for point pattern analysis in ecology. Oikos 104 (2):209–29. doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12497.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiegand, T., and K. A. Moloney. 2014. Handbook of spatial point pattern analysis in ecology. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman and Hall/CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Xi, W., and R. K. Peet. 2011. The complexity of catastrophic wind impacts on temperate forests. In Recent hurricane research: Climate, dynamics, and societal impacts, ed. A. Lupo, 503–34. Shanghai, China: InTech.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, H., T. Wiegand, X. Yang, and L. Ci. 2009. The impact of fire and density-dependent mortality on the spatial patterns of a pine forest in the Hulun Buir sandland, Inner Mongolia, China. Forest Ecology and Management 257 (10):2098–2107. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.02.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, H., J. Q. Chambers, R. I. Negrón-Juárez, G. C. Hurtt, D. B. Baker, and M. D. Powell. 2009. Impacts of tropical cyclones on U.S. forest tree mortality and carbon flux from 1851 to 2000. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106 (19):7888–92. doi:10.1073/pnas.0808914106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar