Governing Wildfire Risk in Canada: The Rise of an Apparatus of Security

References

• Baldwin, A. 2013. Vital ecosystem security: Emergence, circulation, and the biopolitical environmental citizen. Geoforum 45:52–61. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.01.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, U., S. Lash, and B. Wynne. 1992. Risk society: Towards a new modernity, Vol. 17. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Beverly, J. L. 2019. Burn probability simulation and subsequent wildland fire activity in Alberta, Canada. Forest Ecology and Management 451:117490. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2019.117490.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackburn, S., and M. Pelling. 2018. The political impacts of adaptation actions. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 9 (6):e549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, K., and A. Harwood. 2016. Insurance as a catastrophe. Geoforum 69:44–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, K., and D. Kendal. 2020. Underinsurance as adaptation. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 52 (4):728–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christianson, A. 2014. Social science research on Indigenous wildfire management in the 21st century and future research needs. International Journal of Wildland Fire 24 (2):190–200. doi: 10.1071/WF13048.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CIFFC. 2019. Canada report by Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre. Accessed January 5, 2021. https://www.ciffc.ca/sites/default/files/2020-07/Canada%20Report%202019.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke-Sather, A. 2019. From the heavens to the markets: Governing agricultural drought under Chinese fragmented authoritarianism. Annals of the American Association of Geographers 109 (2):456–64. doi: 10.1080/24694452.2018.1533800.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier, S. J. 2014. Neoliberalism and natural disaster: Insurance as political technology of catastrophe. Journal of Cultural Economy 7 (3):273–90. doi: 10.1080/17530350.2013.858064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coogan, S. C., L. D. Daniels, D. Boychuk, P. J. Burton, M. D. Flannigan, S. Gauthier, V. Kafka, J. S. Park, and B. M. Wotton. 2021. Fifty years of wildland fire science in Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 51 (2):283–302.
   Google Scholar
• Copes-Gerbitz, K., S. M. Hagerman, and L. D. Daniels. 2022. Transforming fire governance in British Columbia, Canada. Regional Environmental Change 22 (2):48. doi: 10.1007/s10113-022-01895-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CWFS. 2016. Canadian wildland fire strategy: A 10-year review and renewed call to action. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Forest Service Publications, Natural Resources Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Drushka, K., and B. Burt. 2001. The Canadian Forest Service: Catalyst for the forest sector. Forest History Today 2001 (Spring/Fall): 19–28.
   Google Scholar
• Elden, S. 2007. Rethinking governmentality. Political Geography 26 (1):29–33. doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2006.08.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksen, C. 2013. Gender and wildfire: Landscapes of uncertainty. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksen, C., and G. Simon. 2017. The affluence–vulnerability interface: Intersecting scales of risk, privilege and disaster. Environment and Planning A 49 (2):293–313.
   Google Scholar
• Erni, S., L. Johnston, Y. Boulanger, F. Manka, P. Bernier, B. Eddy, A. Christianson, T. Swystun, and S. Gauthier. 2021. Exposure of the Canadian wildland–human interface and population to wildland fire, under current and future climate conditions. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 51 (9):1357–67. doi: 10.1139/cjfr-2020-0422.
   Google Scholar
• Ewald, F. 2019. The values of Insurance. Grey Room 74:120–45. doi: 10.1162/grey_a_00266.
   Google Scholar
• Felli, R., and N. Castree. 2012. Neoliberalising adaptation to environmental change: Foresight or foreclosure? Environment and Planning A 44 (1):1–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FireSmart Canada. 2020. Understanding FireSmart | FireSmart principles and managing wildfire risk. FireSmart. https://firesmartcanada.ca/what-is-firesmart/understanding-firesmart/.
   Google Scholar
• Flannigan, M., and M. Wotton. 2017. How will Canada manage its wildfires in the future? The Conversation. Accessed August 30, 2020. http://theconversation.com/how-will-canada-manage-its-wildfires-in-the-future-86383.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. 2009. Security, territory, population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977–78. London: Picador, Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. 2010. The birth of biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978–1979. London: Picador, Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Gatti, E., and T. McGee. 2021. Survey of municipal land use planning for wildfire risk mitigation in Alberta. Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Human Dimensions of Hazards Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Goemans, M., and P. Ballamingie. 2013. Forest as hazard, forest as victim. The Canadian Geographer 57 (1):56–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin, R., and L. Hammond. 2014. Steward of the people’s forests. Victoria, Canada: Royal BC Museum.
   Google Scholar
• Hanes, C. C., X. Wang, P. Jain, M. A. Parisien, J. M. Little, and M. D. Flannigan. 2019. Fire-regime changes in Canada over the last half century. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 49 (3):256–69.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, T. W. 2015. Petroleum, politics, and the limits of left progressivism in Alberta. In Alberta oil and the decline of democracy in Canada, ed. M. Shrivastava and L. Stefanick, 69–88. Athabasca, Canada: AU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayek, F. A. 2014. The road to serfdom: Text and documents: The definitive edition. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Henstra, D., and J. Thistlethwaite. 2017. Flood risk and shared responsibility in Canada: Operating on flawed assumptions? CIGI Policy Brief No. 116.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, K. M., A. C. Christianson, S. Dickson-Hoyle, K. Copes-Gerbitz, W. Nikolakis, D. A. Diabo, R. McLeod, H. J. Michell, A. Al Mamun, A. Zahara, et al. 2022. The right to burn: Barriers and opportunities for Indigenous-led fire stewardship in Canada. Facets 7 (1):464–81. doi: 10.1139/facets-2021-0062.
   Google Scholar
• Hulse, D., A. Branscomb, C. Enright, B. Johnson, C, Evers, J. Bolte, and A. Ager. 2016. Anticipating surprise: Using agent-based alternative futures simulation modeling to identify and map surprising fires in the Willamette Valley, Oregon USA. Landscape and Urban Planning 156:26–43. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.05.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICLR. 2016. The ICLR strategic plan 2017 to 2021. Accessed September 30, 2020. https://www.iclr.org/wp-content/uploads/PDFS/ICLR_Five_year_report_2016.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• ICLR and A. Westhaver. 2017. Why some homes survived: Learning from the Fort McMurray wildland/urban interface fire disaster. Accessed September 30, 2020. https://www.iclr.org/westhaver_fort_mcmurray_final_2017-2/.
   Google Scholar
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2022. IPCC sixth assessment report: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, L. M., and M. D. Flannigan. 2018. Mapping Canadian wildland fire interface areas. International Journal of Wildland Fire 27 (1):1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klauser, F., T. Paasche, and O. Söderström. 2014. Michel Foucault and the smart city. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 32 (5):869–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosek, J. 2006. Understories: The political life of forests in northern New Mexico. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lobo-Guerrero, L. 2010. Insuring security: Biopolitics, security and risk. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lobo-Guerrero, L. 2016. Insuring life: Value, security and risk. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, C. H., and K. I. Booth. 2020. Privatizing climate adaptation. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 11 (6):e676.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansfield, B. 2012. Gendered biopolitics of public health. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 30 (4):588–602. doi: 10.1068/d11110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbajiorgu, N. 2018. FireSmart legislation: A presentation. Accessed September 1, 2020. https://firesmartcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Legislation_2018.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• McGee, T., B. McFarlane, and C. Tymstra. 2014. Wildfire: A Canadian perspective. In Wildfire hazards, risks, and disasters, ed. D. Paton, P. T. Buergelt, S. McCaffrey, F. Tedim, and J. F. Shroder, 35–58. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-410434-1.00003-8.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, P., and N. Rose. 2008. Governing the present. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Moritz, M. A., and S. G. Knowles. 2016. Coexisting with fire. American Scientist 104 (July):220–28. https://www.americanscientist.org/article/coexisting-with-wildfire. doi: 10.1511/2016.121.220.
   Google Scholar
• Natural Resources Canada. 2019. Cost of wildland fire protection in Canada. Natural Resources Canada. Accessed November 1 2020. https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/climate-change/impacts-adaptations/climate-change-impacts-forests/forest-change-indicators/cost-fire-protection/17783.
   Google Scholar
• Neale, T. 2016. Burning anticipation. Environment and Planning A 48 (10):2026–45. doi: 10.1177/0308518X16651446.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neale, T., J. K. Weir, and T. K. McGee. 2016. Knowing wildfire risk. Geoforum 72:16–25. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.03.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Malley, P. 2011. Security after risk: Security strategies for governing extreme uncertainty. Current Issues in Criminal Justice 23 (1):5–15.
   Google Scholar
• O’Malley, P. 2013. Uncertain governance and resilient subjects in the risk society. Oñati Socio-Legal Series 3 (2):180–95
   Google Scholar
• O’Malley, P., and S. Hutchinson. 2009. A genealogy of fire prevention. In Governance and regulation in social life, ed. A. Brannigan and G. Pavlich, 145–63. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pacholok, S. 2013. Into the fire: Disaster and the remaking of gender. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Parisien, M. A., Q. E. Barber, K. G. Hirsch, C. A. Stockdale, S. Erni, X. Wang, D. Arseneault, and S. A. Parks. 2020. Fire deficit increases wildfire risk for many communities in the Canadian boreal forest. Nature Communications 11 (1):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partners in Protection (PiP). 2003. FireSmart: Protecting your community from wildfire. 2nd ed. Edmonton, Alberta: Partners in Protection.
   Google Scholar
• Price, D. T., R. I. Alfaro, K. J. Brown, M. D. Flannigan, R. A. Fleming, E. H. Hogg, M. P. Girardin, T. Lakusta, M. Johnston, D. W. McKenney, et al. 2013. Anticipating the consequences of climate change for Canada’s boreal forest ecosystems. Environmental Reviews 21 (4):322–65. doi: 10.1139/er-2013-0042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyne, S. J. 2009. The human geography of fire: A research agenda. Progress in Human Geography 33 (4):443–46. doi: 10.1177/0309132508101598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyne, S. J. 2011. Awful splendour: A fire history of Canada. Vancouver, Canada: UBC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Radeloff, V. C., D. P. Helmers, H. A. Kramer, M. H. Mockrin, P. M. Alexandre, A. Bar-Massada, V. Butsic, T. J. Hawbaker, S. Martinuzzi, A. D. Syphard, et al. 2018. Rapid growth of the US wildland–urban interface raises wildfire risk. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115 (13):3314–19. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1718850115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sankey, S. 2018. Blueprint for wildland fire science in Canada (2019–2029). Edmonton, Alberta: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, NFC.
   Google Scholar
• Saul, J. R. 2009. A fair country: Telling truths about Canada. Toronto: Penguin Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Schoennagel, T., J. K. Balch, H. Brenkert-Smith, P. E. Dennison, B. J. Harvey, M. A. Krawchuk, N. Mietkiewicz, P. Morgan, M. A. Moritz, R. Rasker, et al. 2017. Adapt to more wildfire in western North American forests as climate changes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 (18):4582–90. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1617464114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, D. A. 1999. Beyond moral hazard: Insurance as moral opportunity. Connecticut Insurance Law Journal 6:11.
   Google Scholar
• Struzik, E. 2018. Fighting historic wildfires amid bad ideas and no funding. The Conversation. Accessed March 1, 2020. http://theconversation.com/fighting-historic-wildfires-amid-bad-ideas-and-no-funding-100992.
   Google Scholar
• Sutherland, C. R. 2019. Encountering the burn: Prescribed burns as contact zones. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 2 (4):781–98. doi: 10.1177/2514848619871047.
   Google Scholar
• Tymstra, C. 2015. The Chinchaga firestorm: When the moon and sun turned blue. Edmonton, Canada: University of Alberta.
   Google Scholar
• Tymstra, C., B. J. Stocks, X. Cai, and M. D. Flannigan. 2020. Wildfire management in Canada. Progress in Disaster Science 5:100045.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, H. M., M. G. Reed, and A. J. Fletcher. 2020. Wildfire in the news media. Geoforum 114:128–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, X., M.-A. Parisien, S. W. Taylor, J.-N. Can’dau, D. Stralberg, G. A. Marshall, J. M. Little, and M. D. Flannigan. 2017. Projected changes in daily fire spread across Canada over the next century. Environmental Research Letters 12 (2):025005. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/aa5835.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wotton, B. M., M. D. Flannigan, and G. A. Marshall. 2017. Potential climate change impacts on fire intensity and key wildfire suppression thresholds in Canada. Environmental Research Letters 12 (9):095003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahara, A. 2020. Breathing fire into landscapes that burn. Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 6:555–85. doi: 10.17351/ests2020.429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar