Pinus morrisonicola needles essential oil nanoemulsions as a novel strong antioxidant and anticancer agent

References

• Bray, F.; Ferlay, J.; Soerjomataram, I.; Siegel, R. L.; Torre, L. A.; Jemal, A. Global Cancer Statistics 2018: Globocan Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2018, 68, 394–424. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosseini, A.; Ghorbani, A. Cancer Therapy with Phytochemicals: Evidence from Clinical Studies. Avicenna J. Phytomed. 2015, 5, 84–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Natheer, S. E. Antimicrobial and Biochemical Analysis of Some Spices Extract against Food Spoilage Pathogens. Internet J. Food Saf. 2010, 12, 71–75.
   Google Scholar
• Owolabi, O. O.; James, D. B.; Sani, I.; Andongma, B. T.; Fasanya, O. O.; Kure, B. Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and anti-Inflammatory Potential of Feretia Apodanthera Root Bark Extracts. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2018, 18, 12–12. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-2070-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, A. P.; Nascimento da Silva, L. C.; da Fonseca, M.; Caíque, S.; de Araújo, J. M.; Correia, M. T.; Cavalcanti, MdS.; Lima, V. L. Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Organic Extracts from Cleome spinosa Jaqc. Front. Microbiol. 2016, 7, 963. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, K.-Y.; Chung, H.-J. Flavor Compounds of Pine Sprout Tea and Pine Needle Tea. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000, 48, 1269–1272. DOI: 10.1021/jf9900229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Y.-H.; Hsieh, P.-C.; Mau, J.-L.; Sheu, S.-C. Antioxidant Properties and Mutagenicity of Pinus Morrisonicola and Its Vinegar Preparation. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 2011, 44, 1477–1481. DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2011.01.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen, G.-C.; Duh, P.-D.; Huang, D.-W.; Hsu, C.-L.; Fu, T. Y.-C. Protective Effect of Pine (Pinus Morrisonicola Hay.) Needle on Ldl Oxidation and Its anti-Inflammatory Action by Modulation of Inos and Cox-2 Expression in Lps-Stimulated Raw 264.7 Macrophages. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2008, 46, 175–185. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.07.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwiczuk, A.; Skalicka-Woźniak, K.; Georgiev, M. Terpenoids. In Pharmacognosy: Fundamentals, Applications and Strategies, Academic Press, 2017. Simone Badal (Ed.), Rupika Deelgoda, p. 233–266, Kingston, Jamaica.
   Google Scholar
• Liao, C.-L.; Chen, C.-M.; Chang, Y.-Z.; Liu, G.-Y.; Hung, H.-C.; Hsieh, T.-Y.; Lin, C.-L. Pine (Pinus Morrisonicola Hayata) Needle Extracts Sensitize Gbm8901 Human Glioblastoma Cells to Temozolomide by Downregulating Autophagy and O(6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase expression. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2014, 62, 10458–10467. DOI: 10.1021/jf501234b.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmood, Z.; Jahangir, M.; Liaquat, M.; Ahmad Shah, S. W.; Mumtaz Khan, M.; Stanley, R.; D'Arcy, B. Potential of Nano-Emulsions as Phytochemical Delivery System for Food Preservation. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 2017, 30, 2259–2263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao, P. V.; Nallappan, D.; Madhavi, K.; Rahman, S.; Jun Wei, L.; Gan, S. H. Phytochemicals and Biogenic Metallic Nanoparticles as Anticancer Agents. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2016, 2016, 3685671. DOI: 10.1155/2016/3685671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solans, C.; Izquierdo, P.; Nolla, J.; Azemar, N.; Garcia-Celma, M. J. Nano-Emulsions. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2005, 10, 102–110. DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2005.06.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Date, A. A.; Desai, N.; Dixit, R.; Nagarsenker, M. Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems: Formulation Insights, Applications and Advances. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010, 5, 1595–1616. DOI: 10.2217/nnm.10.126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahdi Jafari, S.; He, Y.; Bhandari, B. Nano-Emulsion Production by Sonication and Microfluidization—A Comparison. Int. J. Food Prop. 2006, 9, 475–485. DOI: 10.1080/10942910600596464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasan, K. M. Role of Lipid Excipients in Modifying Oral and Parenteral Drug Delivery: Basic Principles and Biological Examples; John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Unger, E. C.; Porter, T.; Culp, W.; Labell, R.; Matsunaga, T.; Zutshi, R. Therapeutic Applications of Lipid-Coated Microbubbles. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2004, 56, 1291–1314. DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2003.12.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantinides, P. P.; Han, J.; Davis, S. S. Advances in the Use of Tocols as Drug Delivery Vehicles. Pharm. Res. 2006, 23, 243–255. DOI: 10.1007/s11095-005-9262-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantinides, P. P.; Chaubal, M. V.; Shorr, R. Advances in Lipid Nanodispersions for Parenteral Drug Delivery and Targeting. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2008, 60, 757–767. DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.10.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahato, R. Nanoemulsion as Targeted Drug Delivery System for Cancer Therapeutics. J. Pharm. Sci. Pharmacol. 2017, 3, 83–97. DOI: 10.1166/jpsp.2017.1082.
   Google Scholar
• Praveen Kumar, G.; Divya, A. Nanoemulsion Based Targeting in Cancer Therapeutics. Med. Chem. 2015, 5, 272–284.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, I.; Bahuguna, A.; Kumar, P.; Bajpai, V. K.; Kang, S. C. In Vitro and in Vivo Antitumor Potential of Carvacrol Nanoemulsion against Human Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Cells via Mitochondrial Mediated Apoptosis. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 144–144. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18644-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migotto, A.; Carvalho, V. F.; Salata, G. C.; da Silva, F. W.; Yan, C. Y. I.; Ishida, K.; Costa-Lotufo, L. V.; Steiner, A. A.; Lopes, L. B. Multifunctional Nanoemulsions for Intraductal Delivery as a New Platform for Local Treatment of Breast Cancer. Drug Delivery 2018, 25, 654–667. DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1440665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan, Y.-B.; Zhou, S.-Y.; Zhang, Y.-Q.; Wang, J-l.; Tian, Y.-D.; Jia, Y.-Y.; Sun, Y.-J. Therapeutic Effects of Curcumin Nanoemulsions on Prostate Cancer. J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol. Med. Sci. 2017, 37, 371–378. DOI: 10.1007/s11596-017-1742-8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Portt, L.; Norman, G.; Clapp, C.; Greenwood, M.; Greenwood, M. T. Anti-Apoptosis and Cell Survival: A Review. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2011, 1813, 238–259. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.10.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philchenkov, A.; Zavelevich, M.; Kroczak, T. J.; Los, M. J. Caspases and Cancer: Mechanisms of Inactivation and New Treatment Modalities. Exp. Oncol. 2004, 26, 82–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L.; Zhang, W.; Ding, Y.; Xiu, B.; Li, P.; Dong, Y.; Zhu, Q.; Liang, A. Up-Regulation of Vegf and Its Receptor in Refractory Leukemia Cells. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Path. 2015, 8, 5282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ighodaro, O.; Akinloye, O. First Line Defence Antioxidants-Superoxide Dismutase (Sod), Catalase (Cat) and Glutathione Peroxidase (Gpx): Their Fundamental Role in the Entire Antioxidant Defence Grid. Alexandria J. Med. 2018, 54, 287–293. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2017.09.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shengdong, Z. H. U.; Yuanxin, W. U.; Qiming, C.; Fan, D.; Huafang, F.; Ruan, C. H. I.; Ziniu, Y. U. Method for Extracting Pine Needle Essential Oil from Pine Needle. Wuhan Institute of Technology: Wuhan, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Xin, X.; Zhang, H.; Xu, G.; Tan, Y.; Zhang, J.; Lv, X. Influence of Ctab and Sds on the Properties of Oil-in-Water Nano-Emulsion with Paraffin and Span 20/Tween 20. Colloids Surf, A. 2013, 418, 60–67. DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.10.065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh, V.; Saranya, S.; Mukherjee, A.; Chandrasekaran, N. Cinnamon Oil Nanoemulsion Formulation by Ultrasonic Emulsification: Investigation of Its Bactericidal Activity. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2013, 13, 114–122. DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2013.6701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahdizadeh, R.; Homayouni‐Tabrizi, M.; Neamati, A.; Seyedi, S. M. R.; Tavakkol Afshari, H. S. Green synthesized-zinc oxide nanoparticles, the strong apoptosis inducer as an exclusive antitumor agent in murine breast tumor model and human breast cancer cell lines (MCF7). J. Cell. Biochem. 2019, 120, 17984–17993. DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghorbani, P.; Namvar, F.; Homayouni-Tabrizi, M.; Soltani, M.; Karimi, E.; Yaghmaei, P. Apoptotic Efficacy and Antiproliferative Potential of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesised from Aqueous Extract of Sumac (Rhus Coriaria L.). IET Nanobiotechnol. 2018, 12, 600–603. DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammad, G. R. K. S.; Tabrizi, M. H.; Ardalan, T.; Yadamani, S.; Safavi, E. Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Evaluation of anti-Angiogenesis, anti-Inflammatory and Cytotoxicity Properties. J. Biosci. 2019, 44, 30. DOI: 10.1007/s12038-019-9845-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahraki, F.; Tabrizi, M. H.; Moghaddam, M. N.; Hajebi, S. Bio-Green Synthesis Zno-Nps in Brassica Napus Pollen Extract: Biosynthesis, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity and Pro-Apoptotic Properties. IET Nanobiotechnol. 2019, 13, 471–476. DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2018.5164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajebi, S.; Tabrizi, M. H.; Moghaddam, M. N.; Shahraki, F.; Yadamani, S. Rapeseed Flower Pollen Bio-Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles: A Promising Antioxidant, Anticancer and Antiangiogenic Compound. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 2019, 24, 395–404. DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01655-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahdizadeh, R.; Homayouni-Tabrizi, M.; Neamati, A.; Seyedi, S. M. R.; Tavakkol Afshari, H. S. Green Synthesized-Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, the Strong Apoptosis Inducer as an Exclusive Antitumor Agent in Murine Breast Tumor Model and Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines (Mcf7). J. Cell. Biochem. 2019, 120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, P.; Nijhawan, D.; Budihardjo, I.; Srinivasula, S. M.; Ahmad, M.; Alnemri, E. S.; Wang, X. Cytochrome C and Datp-Dependent Formation of Apaf-1/Caspase-9 Complex Initiates an Apoptotic Protease Cascade. Cell 1997, 91, 479–489. DOI: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80434-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, A. G.; Jänicke, R. U. Emerging Roles of Caspase-3 in Apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 1999, 6, 99–104. DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basagiannis, D.; Zografou, S.; Murphy, C.; Fotsis, T.; Morbidelli, L.; Ziche, M.; Bleck, C.; Mercer, J.; Christoforidis, S. Vegf Induces Signalling and Angiogenesis by Directing Vegfr2 Internalisation through Macropinocytosis. J. Cell Sci. 2016, 129, 4091–4104. DOI: 10.1242/jcs.188219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, L.; Qin, S.; Zheng, Y.; Han, L.; Zhang, M.; Luo, N.; Liu, Z.; Gu, N.; Gu, X.; Yin, X. Molecular Targeting of Vegf/Vegfr Signaling by the anti-Vegf Monoclonal Antibody Bd0801 Inhibits the Growth and Induces Apoptosis of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells in Vitro and in Vivo. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2017, 18, 166–176. DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1282019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyrd-Hansen, M.; Farkas, T.; Fehrenbacher, N.; Bastholm, L.; Høyer-Hansen, M.; Elling, F.; Wallach, D.; Flavell, R.; Kroemer, G.; Nylandsted, J.; Jäättelä, M. Apoptosome-Independent Activation of the Lysosomal Cell Death Pathway by Caspase-9. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2006, 26, 7880–7891. DOI: 10.1128/MCB.00716-06.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, N.; Bansal, M.; Visht, S.; Sharma, P.; Kulkarni, G. Nanoemulsion: A New Concept of Delivery System. Chronicles Young Sci. 2010, 1, 2.
   Google Scholar
• Ziani, K.; Chang, Y.; McLandsborough, L.; McClements, D. J. Influence of Surfactant Charge on Antimicrobial Efficacy of Surfactant-Stabilized Thyme Oil Nanoemulsions. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2011, 59, 6247–6255. DOI: 10.1021/jf200450m.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farshi, P.; Tabibiazar, M.; Ghorbani, M.; Hamishehkar, H. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity of Cumin Seed Oil Nanoemulsion Stabilized by Sodium Caseinate-Guar Gum. Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2017, 23, 293–300.
   Google Scholar
• Yen, C.-C.; Chen, Y.-C.; Wu, M.-T.; Wang, C.-C.; Wu, Y.-T. Nanoemulsion as a Strategy for Improving the Oral Bioavailability and anti-Inflammatory Activity of Andrographolide. Int. J. Nanomed. 2018, 13, 669–680. DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S154824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakulku, U.; Nuchuchua, O.; Uawongyart, N.; Puttipipatkhachorn, S.; Soottitantawat, A.; Ruktanonchai, U. Characterization and Mosquito Repellent Activity of Citronella Oil Nanoemulsion. Int. J. Pharm. 2009, 372, 105–111. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.12.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anjali, C.; Sharma, Y.; Mukherjee, A.; Chandrasekaran, N. Neem Oil (Azadirachta Indica) nanoemulsion-a potent larvicidal agent against Culex quinquefasciatus. Pest Manage. Sci. 2012, 68, 158–163. DOI: 10.1002/ps.2233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pant, M.; Dubey, S.; Patanjali, P.; Naik, S.; Sharma, S. Insecticidal Activity of Eucalyptus Oil Nanoemulsion with Karanja and Jatropha Aqueous Filtrates. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 2014, 91, 119–127. DOI: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.11.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvia-Trujillo, L.; Rojas-Graü, A.; Soliva-Fortuny, R.; Martín-Belloso, O. Physicochemical Characterization of Lemongrass Essential Oil–Alginate Nanoemulsions: Effect of Ultrasound Processing Parameters. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2013, 6, 2439–2446. DOI: 10.1007/s11947-012-0881-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anwer, M. K.; Jamil, S.; Ibnouf, E. O.; Shakeel, F. Enhanced Antibacterial Effects of Clove Essential Oil by Nanoemulsion. J. Oleo Sci. 2014, 63, ess13213–354. DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess13213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maragheh, A. D.; Tabrizi, M. H.; Karimi, E.; Seyedi, S. M. R.; Khatamian, N. Producing the Sour Cherry Pit Oil Nanoemulsion and Evaluation of Its anti-Cancer Effects on Both Breast Cancer Murine Model and Mcf-7 Cell Line. J. Microencapsul. 2019, 36, 399–409. DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2019.1638460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansal, P.; Gupta V, V.; Bansal, R.; Sapra, R. Dietary Phytochemicals in Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis-an Insight. J. Drug Delivery Ther. 2012, 2, 8–17. DOI: 10.22270/jddt.v2i2.121.
   Google Scholar
• Fernald, K.; Kurokawa, M. Evading Apoptosis in Cancer. Trends Cell Biol. 2013, 23, 620–633. DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.07.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawane, J. S.; Pandit, V. A. Understanding Redox Homeostasis and Its Role in Cancer. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2012, 6, 1796–1802. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2012/4947.2654.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lichota, A.; Gwozdzinski, K. Anticancer Activity of Natural Compounds from Plant and Marine Environment. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 3533. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pistritto, G.; Trisciuoglio, D.; Ceci, C.; Garufi, A.; D'Orazi, G. Apoptosis as Anticancer Mechanism: Function and Dysfunction of Its Modulators and Targeted Therapeutic Strategies. Aging (Albany NY) 2016, 8, 603–619. DOI: 10.18632/aging.100934.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sznarkowska, A.; Kostecka, A.; Meller, K.; Bielawski, K. P. Inhibition of Cancer Antioxidant Defense by Natural Compounds. Oncotarget 2017, 8, 15996–16016. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13723.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bower, J. J.; Vance, L. D.; Psioda, M.; Smith-Roe, S. L.; Simpson, D. A.; Ibrahim, J. G.; Hoadley, K. A.; Perou, C. M.; Kaufmann, W. K. Patterns of Cell Cycle Checkpoint Deregulation Associated with Intrinsic Molecular Subtypes of Human Breast Cancer Cells. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2017, 3, 9. DOI: 10.1038/s41523-017-0009-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousefzadi, M.; Riahi-Madvar, A.; Hadian, J.; Rezaee, F.; Rafiee, R.; Biniaz, M. Toxicity of Essential Oil of Satureja Khuzistanica: In Vitro Cytotoxicity and anti-Microbial Activity. J. Immunotoxicol. 2014, 11, 50–55. DOI: 10.3109/1547691X.2013.789939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bou, D. D.; Lago, J. H. G.; Figueiredo, C. R.; Matsuo, A. L.; Guadagnin, R. C.; Soares, M. G.; Sartorelli, P. Chemical Composition and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Essential Oil from Leaves of Casearia Sylvestris, Its Main Compound Α-Zingiberene and Derivatives. Molecules 2013, 18, 9477–9487. DOI: 10.3390/molecules18089477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afoulous, S.; Ferhout, H.; Raoelison, E. G.; Valentin, A.; Moukarzel, B.; Couderc, F.; Bouajila, J. Chemical Composition and Anticancer, Antiinflammatory, Antioxidant and Antimalarial Activities of Leaves Essential Oil of Cedrelopsis Grevei. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2013, 56, 352–362. DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogang, H. P. D.; Maggi, F.; Tapondjou, L. A.; Womeni, H. M.; Papa, F.; Quassinti, L.; Bramucci, M.; Vitali, L. A.; Petrelli, D.; Lupidi, G.; et al. In Vitro Biological Activities of Seed Essential Oils from the Cameroonian Spices Afrostyrax Lepidophyllus Mildbr. And Scorodophloeus Zenkeri Harms Rich in Sulfur-Containing Compounds. Chem. Biodivers. 2014, 11, 161–169. DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keawsa-Ard, S.; Liawruangrath, B.; Liawruangrath, S.; Teerawutgulrag, A.; Pyne, S. G. Chemical Constituents and Antioxidant and Biological Activities of the Essential Oil from Leaves of Solanum Spirale. Natural Product Communications. 2012, 7(7), 955–958.
   Google Scholar
• Brentnall, M.; Rodriguez-Menocal, L.; De Guevara, R. L.; Cepero, E.; Boise, L. H. Caspase-9, Caspase-3 and Caspase-7 Have Distinct Roles during Intrinsic Apoptosis. BMC Cell Biol. 2013, 14, 32. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-14-32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. H.; Jeong, D.; Han, Y.-S.; Baek, M. J. Pivotal Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Pathway in Tumor Angiogenesis. Ann. Surg. Treat. Res. 2015, 89, 1–8. DOI: 10.4174/astr.2015.89.1.1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu, B.; Jiang, W.; Qiu, W.; Mu, W.; Qin, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Zhang, J.; Wang, Q.; Liu, D.; Qu, Z. Pine Needle Oil Induces G2/M Arrest of Hepg2 Cells by Activating the Atm Pathway. Exp. Ther. Med. 2018, 15, 1975–1981. DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren, P.; Ren, X.; Cheng, L.; Xu, L. Frankincense, Pine Needle and Geranium Essential Oils Suppress Tumor Progression through the Regulation of the Ampk/Mtor Pathway in Breast Cancer. Oncol. Rep. 2018, 39, 129–137. DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.6067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar