A review of risk-based security and its impact on TSA PreCheck

References

• Babu, V.L.L., Batta, R. and Lin, L. (2006) Passenger grouping under constant threat probability in an airport security system. European Journal of Operational Research, 168(2), 633–644.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, M., Sinha, A., Schlenker, A. and Tambe, M. (2016) One size does not fit all: A game-theoretic approach for dynamically and effectively screening for threats. Proceedings of the 30th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 2016 February 12–17, Research Collection School Of Information Systems, pp. 425–431. https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/4786.
   Google Scholar
• Cavusoglu, H., Koh, B. and Raghunathan, S. (2010) An analysis of the impact of passenger profiling for transportation security. Operations Research, 58(5), 1287–1302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavusoglu, H., Kwark, Y., Mai, B. and Raghunathan, S. (2013) Passenger profiling and screening for aviation security in the presence of strategic attackers. Decision Analysis, 10(1), 63–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarti, S. and Strauss, A. (2002) Carnival booth: An algorithm for defeating the computer-assisted passenger screening system. First Monday, 7(10). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v7i10.992
   Google Scholar
• Da Cunha, D.A., Macário, R. and Reis, V. (2017) Keeping cargo security costs down: A risk-based approach to air cargo airport security in small and medium airports. Journal of Air Transport Management, 61, 115–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeGrave, M.J. (2004) Airline passenger profiling and the fourth amendment: Will CAPPS II be cleared for takeoff. Boston University Journal of Science and Technology Review, 10, 125–151.
   Google Scholar
• Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General (2014) Transportation Security Administration’s deployment and use of advanced imaging technology. OIG-13-120 Revised, Department of Homeland Security, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Derman, C., Lieberman, G.J. and Ross, S.M. (1972) A sequential stochastic assignment problem. Management Science, 18(7), 349–355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deutsch, Y. and Golany, B. (2019) Securing gates of a protected area: A hybrid game and queueing theory modeling approach. Decision Analysis, 16(1), 31–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elias, B. (2012) Airport body scanners: The role of advanced imaging technology in airline passenger screening. Report R42750, Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Feng, Q., Sahin, H. and Karson, M.J. (2009) Bayesian analysis models for aviation baggage screening. IIE Transactions, 41(11), 995–1006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske, I.D. (2010) Failing to secure the skies: Why America has struggled to protect itself and how it can change. Virginia Journal of Law and Technology, 15, 172–173.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, K. and Abbas, A. (2018) A value measure for public – sector enterprise risk management: A TSA case study. Risk Analysis, 38(5), 991–1008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher, K.C. (2011) Aviation security: A case for risk-based passenger screening. Master’s thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Hanumantha, G.J., Arici, B.T., Sefair, J.A. and Askin, R. (2020) Demand prediction and dynamic workforce allocation to improve airport screening operations. IISE Transactions, 52(12), 1324–1342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy, G.H., Littlewood, J.E. and Polya, G. (1952) Inequalities, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
   Google Scholar
• INFORMS (2018) Institute for operations research and the management sciences (informs) impact prize, 2018 awardees. https://www.informs.org/Recognizing-Excellence/INFORMS-Prizes/Impact-Prize, accessed August 4, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, B.A. (2008) Marrying prevention and resiliency. Rand Report, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, B.A. and Frelinger, D. (2009) Emerging threats and security planning: How should we decide what hypothetical threats to worry about? Rand Report, Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson, S.H. (2020) Airport security in a post-COVID-19 world. The Hill. https://thehill.com/opinion/national-security/494479-airport-security-in-a-post-covid-19-world
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson, S.H., Khatibi, A. and Yu, G. (2017) When should TSA precheck be offered at no cost to travelers? Journal of Transportation Security, 10(1-2), 23–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson, S.H., Lee, A.J. and Nikolaev, A.G. (2009) Designing for flexibility in aviation security systems. Journal of Transportation Security, 2(1-2), 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Jain, M., Kardes, E., Kiekintveld, C., Ordónez, F. and Tambe, M. (2010) Security games with arbitrary schedules: A branch and price approach. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, July 2010, AAAI-10, Atlanta, Georgia, AAAI Press, pp. 792–797.
   Google Scholar
• Jain, M., Tsai, J., Pita, J., Kiekintveld, C., Rathi, S., Tambe, M. and Ordónez, F. (2010) Software assistants for randomized patrol planning for the LAX airport police and the Federal Air Marshal Service. Interfaces, 40(4), 267–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kar, D., Nguyen, T.H., Fang, F., Brown, M., Sinha, A., Tambe, M. and Jiang, A.X. (2018) Trends and applications in Stackelberg security games, in Başar T., Zaccour G. (eds.), Handbook of Dynamic Game Theory, Springer, Cham, pp. 1–47.
   Google Scholar
• Kean, T.H., Hamilton, L., Ben-Veniste, B., Kerrey, B., Fielding, F.F., Lehman, J.F., Gorelock, J., Roemer, T.J., Gorton, S. and Thompson, J. (2004) The 9/11 commission report: Final report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. https://www.9-11commission.gov/report/
   Google Scholar
• Kite, L.A. (2004) Red flagging civil liberties and due process rights of airline passengers: Will a redesigned CAPPS II system meet the constitutional challenge. Washington and Lee Law Review, 61, 1385–1436.
   Google Scholar
• Kravitz, D. (2010) Airport ‘pat-downs’ cause growing passenger backlash. Washington Post, November 13. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/11/12/AR2010111206580.html
   Google Scholar
• Lee, A.J. and Jacobson, S.H. (2011a) The impact of aviation checkpoint queues on optimizing security screening effectiveness. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 96(8), 900–911.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, A.J. and Jacobson, S.H. (2011b) Evaluating the effectiveness of sequential aviation security screening policies. IIE Transactions, 43(8), 547–565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, A.J. and Jacobson, S.H. (2012) Addressing passenger risk uncertainty for aviation security screening. Transportation Science, 46(2), 189–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, A.J., McLay, L.A. and Jacobson, S.H. (2009) Designing aviation security passenger screening systems using nonlinear control.SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, 48(4), 2085–2105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, A.J., Nikolaev, A.G. and Jacobson, S.H. (2008) Protecting air transportation: A survey of operations research applications to aviation security. Journal of Transportation Security, 1(3), 160–184.
   Google Scholar
• Mai, B. and Raghunathan, S. (2006) Economics of user segmentation, profiling, and detection in security. Profiling, and Detection in Security (July 2006).
   Google Scholar
• Martonosi, S.E. (2011) Dynamic server allocation at parallel queues.IIE Transactions, 43(12), 863–877.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martonosi, S.E. and Barnett, A. (2006) How effective is security screening of airline passengers? Interfaces, 36(6), 545–552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLay, L.A. (2011) Risk-based resource allocation models for aviation security, in Safety and Risk Modeling and Its Applications, London, Springer, pp. 243–261.
   Google Scholar
• McLay, L.A., Jacobson, S.H. and Kobza, J.E. (2006) A multilevel passenger screening problem for aviation security. Naval Research Logistics, 53(3), 183–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLay, L.A., Jacobson, S.H. and Kobza, J.E. (2007) Integer programming models and analysis for a multilevel passenger screening problem. IIE Transactions, 39(1), 73–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLay, L.A., Jacobson, S.H. and Kobza, J.E. (2008) The tradeoff between technology and prescreening intelligence in checked baggage screening for aviation security. Journal of Transportation Security, 1(2), 107–126.
   Google Scholar
• McLay, L.A., Jacobson, S.H. and Nikolaev, A.G. (2009) A sequential stochastic passenger screening problem for aviation security. IIE Transactions, 41(6), 575–591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLay, L.A., Lee, A.J. and Jacobson, S.H. (2010) Risk-based policies for airport security checkpoint screening. Transportation Science, 44(3), 333–349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naji, M., Abdelhalim, S., Al-Ani, A. and Al-Kilidar, H. (2018) Airport security screening process: A review. CICTP 2017: Transportation Reform and Change–Equity, Inclusiveness, Sharing, and Innovation, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, pp. 3978–3988.
   Google Scholar
• Nie, X. (2011) Risk-based grouping for checked baggage screening systems. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 96(11), 1499–1506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie, X. (2019) The impact of conditional dependence on checked baggage screening. European Journal of Operational Research, 278(3), 883–893.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie, X., Batta, R., Drury, C.G. and Lin, L. (2009) Passenger grouping with risk levels in an airport security system. European Journal of Operational Research, 194(2), 574–584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolaev, A.G., Jacobson, S.H. and McLay, L.A. (2007) A sequential stochastic security system design problem for aviation security. Transportation Science, 41(2), 182–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolaev, A.G., Lee, A.J. and Jacobson, S.H. (2011) Optimal aviation security screening strategies with dynamic passenger risk updates. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 13(1), 203–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahin, H. and Feng, Q. (2009) A mathematical framework for sequential passenger and baggage screening to enhance aviation security. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 57(1), 148–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlenker, A., Brown, M., Sinha, A., Tambe, M. and Mehta, R. (2016) Get me to my gate on time: Efficiently solving general-sum Bayesian threat screening games, in Proceedings of the Twenty-second European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 1476–1484.
   Google Scholar
• Sinha, A., Fang, F., An, B., Kiekintveld, C. and Tambe, M. (2018) Stackelberg security games: Looking beyond a decade of success, in Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-18), Stockholm, Sweden, July 13–19, Research Collection School of Information Systems, pp. 5494–5501. https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/4792.
   Google Scholar
• Song, C. and Zhuang, J. (2017a) Two-stage security screening strategies in the face of strategic applicants, congestions and screening errors. Annals of Operations Research, 258(2), 237–262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, C. and Zhuang, J. (2017b) N-stage security screening strategies in the face of strategic applicants. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 165, 292–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, C. and Zhuang, J. (2018) Modeling precheck parallel screening process in the face of strategic applicants with incomplete information and screening errors. Risk Analysis, 38(1), 118–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, M.G. and Mueller, J. (2011) Cost-benefit analysis of advanced imaging technology full body scanners for airline passenger security screening. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 8(1), 1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, M.G. and Mueller, J. (2013) Terrorism risks and cost-benefit analysis of aviation security. Risk Analysis, 33(5), 893–908.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, M.G. and Mueller, J. (2017) Risk and economic assessment of expedited passenger screening and TSA PreCheck. Journal of Transportation Security, 10(1-2), 1–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TSA (2006) Registered Traveler Program: Business model, Version 2.1, November 28, 2006. Department of Homeland Security, Arlington, VA.
   Google Scholar
• TSA (2020a) TSA checkpoint travel numbers for 2020 and 2019. https://www.tsa.gov/coronavirus/passenger-throughput, accessed August 4, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• TSA (2020b) Coronavirus (COVID-19) information. https://www.tsa.gov/coronavirus, accessed August 4, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Von Rochow-Leuschner, D. (2004) CAPPS II and the fourth amendment: Does it fly. Journal of Air Law and Commerce, 69, 139–176.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng, Y.J., Sheng, W.G., Sun, X.M. and Chen, S.Y. (2016) Airline passenger profiling based on fuzzy deep machine learning. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, 28(12), 2911–2923.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar