References
- Allwood, C., Jonsson, A., & Granhag, P. (2005). The effects of source and type of feedback on child witnesses’ metamemory accuracy. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19(3), 331–344. doi:10.1002/acp.1071
- Allwood, C., Knutsson, J., & Anders Granhag, P. (2006). Eyewitnesses under influence: How feedback affects the realism in confidence judgements. Psychology, Crime & Law, 12(1), 25–38.
- Asch, S. (1955). Opinions and social pressure. Scientific American, 193(5), 31–35. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1155-31
- Asch, S. E. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgment. In H. Guetzkow (Ed.), Groups, leadership and men. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Press.
- Asch, S. E. (1952). Social psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Babbie, E. (2013). The basics of social research (1st ed., p. 187). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
- Baron, R., Vandello, J., & Brunsman, B. (1996). The forgotten variable in conformity research: Impact of task importance on social influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(5), 915–927. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.71.5.915
- Bass, B. M. (1961). Conformity, Deviation, and a General Theory of Interpersonal Behavior. In I. A. Berg & B. M. Bass (Eds.), Conformity and deviation (pp. 38–100). New York, NY: Harper & Brothers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/11122-003
- Blank, H. (2009). Remembering. Social Psychology, 40(3), 164–175. doi:10.1027/1864-9335.40.3.164
- Bond, R. (2005). Group size and conformity. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 8(4), 331–354. doi:10.1177/1368430205056464
- Bothwell, R. K., Brigham, J. C., & Pigott, M. A. (1987). An exploratory study of personality differences in eyewitness memory. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 2(3), 335.
- Campbell, J., & Fairey, P. (1989). Informational and normative routes to conformity: The effect of faction size as a function of norm extremity and attention to the stimulus. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(3), 457–468. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.57.3.457
- Carlucci, M., Kieckhaefer, J., Schwartz, S., Villalba, D., & Wright, D. (2010). The South Beach study: Bystanders’ memories are more malleable. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25(4), 562–566. doi:10.1002/acp.1720
- Cialdini, R., & Goldstein, N. (2004). Social influence: Compliance and conformity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55(1), 591–621. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142015
- Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Deutsch, M., & Gerard, H. B. (1955). A study of normative and informative social influences upon individual judgment. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 51(6), 29–36. doi:10.1037/h0046408
- Di Vesta, F. (1959). Effects of confidence and motivation on susceptibility to informational social influence. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59(2), 204–209. doi:10.1037/h0042945
- Doughty, N., Paterson, H., MacCann, C., & Monds, L. (2017). Personality and memory conformity. Journal of Individual Differences, 38(1), 12–20. doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000217
- Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140. doi:10.1177/001872675400700202
- French, L., Garry, M., & Mori, K. (2011). Relative—not absolute—judgments of credibility affect susceptibility to misinformation conveyed during discussion. Acta Psychologica, 136(1), 119–128. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.10.009
- Frenda, S., Nichols, R., & Loftus, E. (2011). Current issues and advances in misinformation research. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(1), 20–23. doi:10.1177/0963721410396620
- Furnham, A. (1990). The fakeability of the 16 PF, Myers-Briggs and FIRO-B personality measures. Personality and Individual Differences, 11(7), 711–716. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90256-q
- Gabbert, F., Memon, A., & Allan, K. (2003). Memory conformity: Can eyewitnesses influence each other’s memories for an event? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17(5), 533–543. doi:10.1002/acp.885
- Gabbert, F., Memon, A., Allan, K., & Wright, D. (2004). Say it to my face: Examining the effects of socially encountered misinformation. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 9(2), 215–227. doi:10.1348/1355325041719428
- Garry, M., French, L., Kinzett, T., & Mori, K. (2008). Eyewitness memory following discussion: Using the MORI technique with a Western sample. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22(4), 431–439. doi:10.1002/acp.1376
- Gerard, H., Wilhelmy, R., & COnolley, E. (1968). Conformity and group size. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(Vol. 1, Pt.1), 79–82. doi:10.1037/h0025325
- Gilbert, P. (1993). Defence and safety: Their function in social behaviour and psychopathology. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32(2), 131–153. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1993.tb01039.x
- Gilbert, P., & Allan, S. (1994). Assertiveness, submissive behaviour and social comparison. British Journal Of Clinical Psychology, 33(3), 295–306. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01125.x
- Glomb, T., & Liao, H. (2003). Interpersonal aggression in work groups: Social influence, reciprocal, and individual effects. Academy of Management Journal, 46(4), 486–496. doi:10.2307/30040640
- Gluck, G. A. (1983). Psychometric properties of the FIRO-B: A guide to research. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Goodwin, K., Kukucka, J., & Hawks, I. (2012). Co-witness confidence, conformity, and eyewitness memory: An examination of normative and informational social influences. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 27(1), 91–100. doi:10.1002/acp.2877
- Gosling, S., Rentfrow, P., & Swann, W. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37(6), 504–528. doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(03)00046-1
- Heerdink, M., Van Kleef, G., Homan, A., & Fischer, A. (2013). On the social influence of emotions in groups: Interpersonal effects of anger and happiness on conformity versus deviance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(2), 262–284. doi:10.1037/a0033362
- Huertas, S., & Powell, L. (1986). Effect of appointed leadership on conformity. Psychological Reports, 59(2), 679–682. doi:10.2466/pr0.1986.59.2.679
- Hutcherson, D. (1965). Junior high school social studies teacher–pupil compatibility: Its relation to pupil sex, social level, and indexes of achievement. The Journal of Educational Research, 59(1), 39–44. doi:10.1080/00220671.1965.10883295
- Jack, F., Zydervelt, S., & Zajac, R. (2013). Are co-witnesses special? Comparing the influence of co-witness and interviewer misinformation on eyewitness reports. Memory, 22(3), 243–255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2013.778291
- Jones, W., Freemon, J., & Goswick, R. (1981). The persistence of loneliness: Self and other determinants1. Journal of Personality, 49(1), 27–48. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1981.tb00844.x
- Kaplan, M., & Miller, C. (1987). Group decision making and normative versus informational influence: Effects of type of issue and assigned decision rule. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(2), 306–313. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.2.306
- Kramer, E. (1967). A contribution toward the validation of the FIRO-B questionnaire. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 31(4), 80–81. doi:10.1080/0091651x.1967.10120397
- Latane, B. (1981). The psychology of social impact. American Psychologist, 36(4), 343–356. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.36.4.343
- Levett, L. (2011). Co-witness information influences whether a witness is likely to choose from a lineup. Legal And Criminological Psychology, 18(1), 168–180. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8333.2011.02033.x
- Liebman, J., McKinley-Pace, M., Leonard, A., Sheesley, L., Gallant, C., Renkey, M., & Lehman, E. (2002). Cognitive and psychosocial correlates of adults’ eyewitness accuracy and suggestibility. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(1), 49–66. doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(01)00135-0
- Loftus, E. (2005). Planting misinformation in the human mind: A 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory. Learning & Memory, 12(4), 361–366. doi:10.1101/lm.94705
- Luus, C., & Wells, G. (1994). The malleability of eyewitness confidence: Co-witness and perseverance effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(5), 714–723. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.79.5.714
- Mahoney, J. M., & Stasson, M. F. (2005). Interpersonal and personality dimensions of behavior: FIRO-B and the big five. North American Journal of Psychology, 7(2), 205–216.
- McFarlin, D., & Blascovich, J. (1981). Effects of self-esteem and performance feedback on future affective preferences and cognitive expectations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(3), 521–531. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.40.3.521
- McKay, M., Boduszek, D., & Harvey, S. (2014). The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: A bifactor answer to a two-factor question? Journal of Personality Assessment, 96(6), 654–660. doi:10.1080/00223891.2014.923436
- Mudd, K., & Govern, J. M. (2004). Conformity to misinformation and time delay negatively affect eyewitness confidence and accuracy. North American Journal of Psychology, 6(2), 227–238.
- Naydenova, I. N. (2007) Development and validation of the control in relationships scale (Master’s thesis). University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee.
- Paterson, H., & Kemp, R. (2006). Comparing methods of encountering post-event information: The power of co-witness suggestion. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20(8), 1083–1099. doi:10.1002/acp.1261
- Paterson, H., Kemp, R., & Forgas, J. (2009). Co-witnesses, confederates, and conformity: Effects of discussion and delay on eyewitness memory [Supplement]. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 16, S112–S124. doi:10.1080/13218710802620380
- Poorman, P., & Seelau, S. (2001). Lesbians who abuse their partners. Women & Therapy, 23(3), 87–105. doi:10.1300/j015v23n03_07
- Pulford, B., & Sohal, H. (2006). The influence of personality on HE students’ confidence in their academic abilities. Personality And Individual Differences, 41(8), 1409–1419. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.05.010
- Roediger, H., Meade, M., & Bergman, E. (2001). Social contagion of memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8(2), 365–371. doi:10.3758/bf03196174
- Rosenberg, L. (1961). Group size, prior experience, and conformity. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63(2), 436–437. doi:10.1037/h0047007
- Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Ryan, B., Maguire, T., & Ryan, T. (1970). An examination of the construct validity of the FIRO-B. Journal of Projective Techniques and Personality Assessment, 34(5), 419–425. doi:10.1080/0091651x.1970.10380277
- Schutz, W. (1958). FIRO: A three-dimensional theory of interpersonal behavior. New York, NY: Rinehart.
- Schutz, W. (1978). FIRO awareness scales manual (1st ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
- Semmler, C., Brewer, N., & Wells, G. (2004). Effects of postidentification feedback on eyewitness identification and nonidentification confidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(2), 334–346. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.89.2.334
- Skagerberg, E., & Wright, D. (2008). Manipulating power can affect memory conformity. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22(2), 207–216. doi:10.1002/acp.1353
- Skagerberg, E., & Wright, D. (2009). Susceptibility to postidentification feedback is affected by source credibility. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 23(4), 506–523. doi:10.1002/acp.1470
- Stang, D. (1976). Group size effects on conformity. The Journal of Social Psychology, 98(2), 175–181. doi:10.1080/00224545.1976.9923388
- Stevens, J. (2009). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Stimpson, D., & Maughan, M. (1978). Some correlates of trust. The Journal of Psychology, 99(1), 103–108. doi:10.1080/00223980.1978.9921447
- Thorley, C. (2013). Memory conformity and suggestibility. Psychology, Crime & Law, 19(7), 565–575. doi:10.1080/1068316x.2011.648637
- Thorley, C. (2015). Blame conformity: Innocent bystanders can be blamed for a crime as a result of misinformation from a young, but not elderly, adult co-witness. Plos One, 10(7), e0134739. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134739
- Thorley, C., & Dewhurst, S. (2009). False and veridical collaborative recognition. Memory, 17(1), 17–25. doi:10.1080/09658210802484817
- Vrij, A., Pannell, H., & Ost, J. (2005). The influence of social pressure and black clothing on crime judgements. Psychology, Crime & Law, 11(3), 265–274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10683160410001680780
- Walther, E., Bless, H., Strack, F., Rackstraw, P., Wagner, D., & Werth, L. (2002). Conformity effects in memory as a function of group size, dissenters and uncertainty. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 16(7), 793–810. doi:10.1002/acp.828
- Willcoxson, L., & Chatham, R. (2006). Testing the accuracy of the IT stereotype: Profiling IT managers’ personality and behavioural characteristics. Information & Management, 43(6), 697–705. doi:10.1016/j.im.2004.04.009
- Williamson, P., Weber, N., & Robertson, M. (2013). The effect of expertise on memory conformity: A test of informational influence. Behavioral Sciences & The Law, 31(5), 607–623. doi:10.1002/bsl.2094
- Wright, D., London, K., & Waechter, M. (2009). Social anxiety moderates memory conformity in adolescents. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(7), 1034–1045. doi:10.1002/acp.1604
- Wright, D., Memon, A., Skagerberg, E., & Gabbert, F. (2009). When eyewitnesses talk. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(3), 174–178. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01631.x
- Wright, D., Self, G., & Justice, C. (2000). Memory conformity: Exploring misinformation effects when presented by another person. British Journal of Psychology, 91(2), 189–202. doi:10.1348/000712600161781
- Young, P. (2000). “I might as well give up”: Self-esteem and mature students’ feelings about feedback on assignments. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 24(3), 409–418. doi:10.1080/030987700750022325