The need for novel strategies to address postoperative pain associated with cardiac surgery: A commentary and introduction to “SMArTVIEW”

References

• Noly PE, Rubens FD, Ouzounian M, Quantz M, Shao-Hua W, Pelletier M, Carrier M, Perrault LP, Bouchard D. Cardiac surgery training in Canada: current state and future perspectives. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017;154(3):998–1005. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.04.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Institute for Health Information. Cardiac Care Quality Indicators Report. Ottawa (ON): CIHI; 2017. https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/cardiac-care-quality-indicators-report-en-web.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Iribarne A, Chang H, Alexander JH, Gillinov AM, Moquete E, Puskas JD, Bagiella E, Acker MA, Mayer ML, Ferguson TB, et al. Readmissions after cardiac surgery: experience of the NIH/CIHR Cardiothoracic Surgical Trials Network. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014;98(4):1274. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.06.059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Association for the Study of Pain. IASP curricula. Washington (DC): Author; 2012 Jan1 [ accessed 2018 Dec 29]. http://www.iasppain.org/Education/CurriculaList.aspx?navitemNumber=647.
   Google Scholar
• Bruce J, Drury N, Poobalan A, Jeffrey R, Smith WSC, Chambers WA. The prevalence of chronic chest and leg pain following cardiac surgery: a historical cohort study. Pain. 2003;104:265–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi K, Heitz JW, Viscusi ER. Challenges in acute pain management. Anesthesiol Clin. 2011;29(2):291–309. doi:10.1016/j.anclin.2011.04.009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McWilliams LA, Cox BJ, Enns MW. Mood and anxiety disorders associated with chronic pain: an examination in a nationally representative sample. Pain. 2003;106:127–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gureje O, Von Korff M, Simon GE, Gater R. Persistent pain and well-being: a World Health Organization Study in Primary Care. JAMA. 1998;280:147–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohayon MM, Schatzberg AF. Using chronic pain to predict depressive morbidity in the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:39–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantyselka PT, Turunen JH, Ahonen RS, Kumpusalo EA. Chronic pain and poor self-rated health. JAMA. 2003;290:2435–42. doi:10.1001/jama.290.18.2435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choinière M, Watt-Watson J, Victor JC, Baskett RJ, Bussières JS, Carrier M, Cogan J, Costello J, Feindel C, Guertin MC, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for persistent postoperative nonanginal pain after cardiac surgery: a 2-year prospective multicentre study. Cmaj. 2014;186(7):E213–23. doi:10.1503/cmaj.131012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cogan J, Ouimette MF, Yegin Z, Ferland V, Vargas G, Lambert J, Rochon AG, Belisle S. Perioperative pain management barriers in cardiac surgery: should we persevere? Appl Nurs Res. 2017;35:6–12. doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2017.02.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apfelbaum JL, Chen C, Mehta SS, Gan TJ. Postoperative pain experience: results from a national survey suggest postoperative pain continues to be undermanaged. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:534–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Liu Z, Chen S, Ye X, Xie W, Hu C, Iezzi T, Jackson T. Pre-surgery beliefs about pain and surgery as predictors of acute and chronic post-surgical pain: A prospective cohort study. Int J Surg. 2018;52:50–55. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.02.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunnarsdottir S, Serlin RC, Ward S. Patient-related barriers to pain management: the Icelandic Barriers Questionnaire II. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2005;29(3):273–85. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2004.06.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGillion M, Turner A, Carroll SL, Furze G, Busse J, Lamy A. Optimising self-management to reduce chronic pain and disability after cardiac surgery. Br J Cardiol. 2015;22:38. doi:10.5837/bjc.2015.011.
   Google Scholar
• McGillion M, Yost J, Turner A, Bender D, Scott T, Carroll S, Ritvo P, Peter E, Lamy A, Furze G, et al. Technology-enabled remote monitoring and self-management—vision for patient empowerment following cardiac and vascular surgery: user testing and randomized controlled trial protocol. JMIR Res Protoc. 2016 Jul;5(3). doi:10.2196/resprot.5763.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockopp D, Warden S, Colclough G, Brockopp G. Elderly people‘s knowledge of and attitudes to pain management. Br J Nurs. 1996;5(9):556–62. doi:10.12968/bjon.1996.5.9.556.
   Google Scholar
• Bell L, Duffy A. Pain assessment and management in surgical nursing: a literature review. Br J Nurs. 2009;18(3):153–56. doi:10.12968/bjon.2009.18.3.39042.
   Google Scholar
• Leegaard M, Nåden D, Fagermoen MS. Postoperative pain and self-management: women’s experiences after cardiac surgery. J Adv Nurs. 2008;63(5):476–85. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04727.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton Health Sciences. Path to recovery after heart surgery. Hamilton (ON) [ accessed 2018 Dec 20]. http://hamiltonhealthsciences.ca/documents/Patient%20Education/PathToRecoveryAfterHeartSurg-trh.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• van Dijk JF, Schuurmans MJ, Alblas EE, Kalkman CJ, van Wijck AJ. Postoperative pain: knowledge and beliefs of patients and nurses. J Clin Nurs. 2017;26(21–22):3500–10. doi:10.1111/jocn.13714.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGillion MH, Watt-Watson J. Pain assessment and management in Canada: we’ve come a long way but there are challenges on the road ahead. Can J Nurs Res. 2015;47(1):9–16. doi:10.1177/084456211504700102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cogan J, Ouimette MF, Vargas-Schaffer G, Yegin Z, Deschamps A, Denault A. Patient attitudes and beliefs regarding pain medication after cardiac surgery: barriers to adequate pain management. Pain Manag Nurs. 2014;15(3):574–79. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2013.01.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt-Watson J, Stevens B, Katz J, Costello J, Reid GJ, David T. Impact of preoperative education on pain outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Pain. 2004;109:73–85. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.01.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parry M, Watt-Watson J, Hodnett E, Tranmer J, Dennis CL, Brooks D. Cardiac home education and support trial (CHEST): a pilot study. Can J Cardiol. 2009;25:e393–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martorella G, Côté J, Racine M, Choinière M. Web-based nursing intervention for self-management of pain after cardiac surgery: pilot randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2012 Nov;14(6):e177. doi:10.2196/jmir.2070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shuldham CM, Fleming S, Goodman H. The impact of pre-operative education on recovery following coronary artery bypass surgery. A randomized controlled clinical trial. Eur Heart J. 2002;23(8):666–74. doi:10.1053/euhj.2001.2897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sørlie T, Busund R, Sexton J, Sexton H, Sørlie D. Video information combined with individualized information sessions: effects upon emotional well-being following coronary artery bypass surgery—a randomized trial. Pat Educ Couns. 2007;65:180–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjørnnes AK, Rustøen T, Lie I, Watt-Watson J, Leegaard M. Pain characteristics and analgesic intake before and following cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiovas Nurs. 2016;15:47–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murnion BP, Gnjidic D, Hilmer SN. Prescription and administration of opioids to hospital in-patients, and barriers to effective use. Pain Med. 2010;11:58–66. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00747.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiskopf C. Communicating pain and pain management needs after surgery. Appl Nurs Res. 2000;13:70–75. doi:10.1016/S0897-1897(00)80003-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt-Watson J, Chung F, Chan VW, Mcgillion M. Pain management following discharge after ambulatory same-day surgery. J Nurs Manag. 2004;12(3):153–61. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2004.00470.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martorella G, Graven L, Schluck G, Bérubé M, Gélinas C. Nurses’ perception of a tailored web-based intervention for the self-management of pain after cardiac surgery. SAGE Open Nurs. 2018;4. doi:10.1177/2377960818806270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polomano RC, Dunwoody CJ, Krenzischek DA, Rathmell JP. Perspective on pain management in the 21st century. Pain Manag Nurs. 2008;9(1):3–10. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2007.11.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt-Watson J, Stevens B, Garfinkel P, Streiner D, Gallop R. Relationship between nurses’ pain knowledge and pain management outcomes for their postoperative cardiac patients. J Adv Nurs. 2001;36:535–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloman R, Rosen G, Rom M, Shir Y. Nurses’ assessment of pain in surgical patients. J Adv Nurs. 2005;52(2):125–32. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03573.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt-Watson J, McGillion M, Hunter J, Choiniere M, Clark AJ, Dewar A, Johnston C, Lynch M, Morley-Forster P, Moulin D, et al. A survey of prelicensure pain curricula in health science faculties in Canadian universities. Pain Res Manag. 2009;14:439–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lax L, Watt-Watson J, Pennefather P, Hunter J, Scardamalia M. The Pain Week E-Learning Project: an undergraduate interprofessional knowledge building initiative. J Pain. 2007;4:726.
   Google Scholar
• Rochman DL. Student’s knowledge of pain: A survey of four schools. Occup Ther Int. 1998;5:140–54.
   Google Scholar
• Strong J, Tooth L, Unruh A. Knowledge about pain among newly graduated occupational therapists: relevance for curriculum development. Can J Occup Ther. 1999;66:221–28. doi:10.1177/000841749906600505.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Unruh A. Teaching student occupational therapists about pain: A course evaluation. Can J Occup Ther. 1995;62:30–36. doi:10.1177/000841749506200106.
   Google Scholar
• Mezei L, Murinson BB, Johns Hopkins Pain Curriculum Development Team. Pain education in North American medical schools. J Pain. 2011;12(12):1199–208. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2011.06.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggsl EV, Carrl EC, Whittakerl MS. Survey of undergraduate pain curricula for healthcare professionals in the United Kingdom. Eur J Pain. 2011;15(8):789–95. doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2011.01.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs EV, Battelli D, Gordon D, Kopf A, Ribeiro S, Puig MM, Kress HG. Current pain education within undergraduate medical studies across Europe: Advancing the Provision of Pain Education and Learning (APPEAL) study. BMJ Open. 2015;5(8):e006984. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipton EE, Bate F, Garrick R, Steketee C, Shipton EA, Visser EJ. Systematic review of pain medicine content, teaching, and assessment in medical school curricula internationally. Pain Ther. 2018;7(2):139–61. doi:10.1007/s40122-018-0103-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt-Watson J, Hunter J, Pennefather P, Librach L, Raman-Wilms L, Schreiber M, Lax L, Stinson J, Dao T, Gordon A, et al. An integrated undergraduate pain curriculum, based on IASP curricula, for six health science faculties. Pain. 2004;110(1–2):140–48. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.03.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter J, Watt-Watson J, McGillion M, Raman-Wilms L, Cockburn L, Lax L, Stinson J, Cameron A, Dao T, Pennefather P, et al. An interfaculty pain curriculum: lessons learned from six years experience. Pain. 2008;140(1):74–86. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2008.07.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt-Watson J, Murinson BB. Current challenges in pain education. Pain Manag. 2013;3(5):351–57. doi:10.2217/pmt.13.39.
   Google Scholar
• Lax L, Watt-Watson J, Lui M, Dubrowski A, McGillion M, Hunter J, MacLennan C, Knickle K, Robb A, Lapeyre J. Innovation and design of a web-based pain education interprofessional resource. Pain Res Manag. 2011;16:427–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watt-Watson J, McGillion M, Lax L, Oskarsson J, Hunter J, MacLennan C, Knickle K, Victor JC. Evaluating an innovative elearning pain education interprofessional resource: a pre–post study. Pain Med. 2018 Jun 20. doi:10.1093/pm/pny105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cogan J, Eipe N, Vargas-Schaffer G, Ouimette MF, Belisle S. “CAPS” cardiac acute pain services—a nationwide survey from Canada. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2017;31(4):1235–40. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2016.10.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Routledge F, Tsuyuki R, Hervas-Malo M, LeBlanc P, McFetridge-Durdle J, King K. The influence of coronary artery bypass graft harvest site on women’s pain, functional status, and health services utilization throughout the first post-operative years: A longitudinal study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009;46:1054–60. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.02.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch M. The need for a Canadian pain strategy. Pain ResManag. 2011;16:77–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick LE, Altmaier EM, Found EM. Long-term outcomes in multidisciplinary treatment of chronic low back pain: results of a 13-year follow-up. Spine. 2004;29:850–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz J, Weinrib A, Fashler SR, Katznelzon R, Shah BR, Ladak SS, Jiang J, Li Q, McMillan K, Santa Mina D, et al. The Toronto General Hospital Transitional Pain Service: development and implementation of a multidisciplinary program to prevent chronic postsurgical pain. J Pain Res. 2015;8:695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGillion MH, Duceppe E, Allan K, Marcucci M, Yang S, Johnson AP, Ross-Howe S, Peter E, Scott T, Ouellette C, et al. Postoperative remote automated monitoring: need for and state of the science. Can J Cardiol. 2018;34(7):850–62. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2018.04.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario (RNAO) Best Practice Guideline. Assessment and management of pain. 2013 [ accessed 2019 Jan 4]. https://rnao.ca/bpg/guidelines/assessment-and-management-pain.
   Google Scholar
• Parry M, Bjørnnes AK, Clarke H, Cooper L, Gordon A, Harvey P, Lalloo C, Leegaard M, LeFort S, McFetridge-Durdle J, et al. Self-management of cardiac pain in women: an evidence map. BMJ Open. 2017;7(11):e018549. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parry M, Bjørnnes AK, Victor JC, Ayala AP, Lenton E, Clarke H, Harvey P, Lalloo C, McFetridge-Durdle J, McGillion MH, et al. Self-management interventions for women with cardiac pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol. 2018;34(4):458–67. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2017.12.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jovicic A, Holroyd-Leduc JM, Straus SE. Effects of self-management intervention on health outcomes of patients with heart failure: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2006;6:43. doi:10.1186/1471-2261-6-43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stellefson M, Chaney B, Barry AE, Chavarria E, Tennant B, Walsh-Childers K, Sriram PS, Zagora J. Web 2.0 chronic disease self-management for older adults: a systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2013 Feb;15(2):e35. doi:10.2196/jmir.2439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panagioti M, Richardson G, Small N, Murray E, Rogers A, Kennedy A, Newman S, Bower P. Self-management support interventions to reduce health care utilisation without compromising outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14:356. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeuw M, Goossens ME, Linton SJ, Crombez G, Boersma K, Vlaeyen JW. The fear-avoidance model of musculoskeletal pain: current state of scientific evidence. J Behav Med. 2007;30(1):77–94. doi:10.1007/s10865-006-9085-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner A, Martin F. Spreading HOPE: the development of a hope-based self-management intervention. In: Matz E, editor. Promoting self-management of chronic health conditions: theories and practice. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press; 2017. p. 58–79.
   Google Scholar
• Kosmala-Anderson J, Turner A, Clyne W. Evaluation of the effectiveness of HOPE self-management programme for people living with multiple sclerosis. Disabil Rehabil. 2017;39(11):1114–21. doi:10.1080/09638288.2016.1181211.
   Google Scholar
• Martin F, Pearce G, Clyne W, Turner A. Self-management support intervention for parents of children with developmental disorders: the role of gratitude and hope. 2018, J Child Fam Stud. Accepted for publication.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteman B, Grant-Pearce C, Cooper L, Turner A. Surviving cancer: pilot of a web-based self-management support programme, eHOPE. Lancet. 2015;386:S7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00845-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura A, Walters RH. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice-Hall; 1977.
   Google Scholar