Does work have to be so painful? A review of the literature examining the effects of fibromyalgia on the working experience from the patient perspective

References

• Clauw DJ. Fibromyalgia: a clinical review. JAMA. 2014;311(15):1547–55. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.3266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bombardier CH, Buchwald D. Chronic fatigue, chronic fatigue syndrome, and fibromyalgia. Disability and health-care use. Med Care. 1996;34(9):924–30. doi:10.1097/00005650-199609000-00005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guymer EK, Littlejohn GO, Brand CK, Kwiatek RA. Fibromyalgia onset has a high impact on work ability in Australians. Intern Med J. 2016;46(9):1069–74. doi:10.1111/imj.13135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liedberg GM, Henriksson CM. Factors of importance for work disability in women with fibromyalgia: an interview study. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;47(3):266–74. doi:10.1002/art.10454.
   Google Scholar
• Rakovski C, Zettel-Watson L, Rutledge D. Association of employment and working conditions with physical and mental health symptoms for people with fibromyalgia. Disabil Rehabil. 2012;34(15):1277–83. doi:10.3109/09638288.2011.641658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavergne MR, Cole DC, Kerr K, Marshall LM. Functional impairment in chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and multiple chemical sensitivity. Can Fam Physician. 2010;56:e57–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Allaf AW. Work disability and health system utilization in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. J Clin Rheumatol. 2007;13(4):199–201. doi:10.1097/RHU.0b013e31812e6b0c.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boonen A, van den Heuvel R, van Tubergen A, Goossens M, Severens JL, van der Heijde D, van der Linden S. Large differences in cost of illness and wellbeing between patients with fibromyalgia, chronic low back pain, or ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(3):396–402. doi:10.1136/ard.2003.019711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White LA, Birnbaum HG, Kaltenboeck A, Tang J, Mallett D, Robinson RL. Employees with fibromyalgia: medical comorbidity, healthcare costs, and work loss. J Occup Environ Med. 2008;50(1):13–24. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e31815cff4b.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choy E, Perrot S, Leon T, Kaplan J, Petersel D, Ginovker A, Kramer E. A patient survey of the impact of fibromyalgia and the journey to diagnosis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;10(1):102–110. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-10-102.
   Google Scholar
• Martinez JE, Ferraz MB, Sato EI, Atra E. Fibromyalgia versus rheumatoid arthritis: a longitudinal comparison of the quality of life. J Rheumatol. 1995;22:270–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linder J, Ekholm KS, Jansen GB, Lundh G, Ekholm J. Long-term sick leavers with difficulty in resuming work: comparisons between psychiatric-somatic comorbidity and monodiagnosis. Int J Rehabil Res. 2009;32:20–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linder J, Ekholm KS, Lundh G, Ekholm J. Long-term sick-leavers with fibromyalgia: comparing their multidisciplinarily assessed characteristics with those of others with chronic pain conditions and depression. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2009;2:23–27. doi:10.2147/JMDH.S4659.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzcharles M-A, Ste-Marie PA, Rampakakis E, Sampalis JS, Shir Y. Disability in fibromyalgia associates with symptom severity and occupation characteristics. J Rheumatol. 2016;43(5):931–36. doi:10.3899/jrheum.151041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe F, Walitt BT, Katz RS, Häuser W. Social security work disability and its predictors in patients with fibromyalgia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014;66(9):1354–63. doi:10.1002/acr.22305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White KP, Speechley M, Harth M, Ostbye T. Comparing self-reported function and work disability in 100 community cases of fibromyalgia syndrome versus controls in London, Ontario. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(1):76–83. doi:10.1002/1529-0131(199901)42:1<76::AID-ANR10>3.0.CO;2-G.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger A, Sadosky A, Dukes E, Martin S, Edelsberg J, Oster G. Characteristics and patterns of healthcare utilization of patients with fibromyalgia in general practitioner settings in Germany. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24(9):2489–99. doi:10.1185/03007990802316550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans CJ, Parthan A, Le K. Economic and humanistic burden of fibromyalgia in the USA. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2006;6(3):303–14. doi:10.1586/14737167.6.3.303.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winkelmann A, Perrot S, Schaefer C, Ryan K, Chandran A, Sadosky A, Zlateva G. Impact of fibromyalgia severity on health economic costs. Appl Health Econ Health Policy. 2011;9(2):125–36. doi:10.2165/11535250-000000000-00000.
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe F, Anderson J, Harkness D, Bennett RM, Caro XJ, Goldenberg DL, Russell IJ, Yunus MB. A prospective, longitudinal, multicenter study of service utilization and costs in fibromyalgia. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40(9):1560–70. doi:10.1002/art.1780400904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman S, Dukes EM, Johnston SS, Brandenburg NA, Sadosky A, Huse DM. The economic burden of fibromyalgia: comparative analysis with rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25(4):829–40. doi:10.1185/03007990902728456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger A, Dukes E, Martin S, Edelsberg J, Oster G. Characteristics and health-care costs of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61(9):1498–508. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2007.01480.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skaer TL. Fibromyalgia: disease synopsis, medication cost effectiveness and economic burden. Pharmacoeconomics. 2014;32(5):457–66. doi:10.1007/s40273-014-0137-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCain GA, Cameron R, Kennedy JC. The problem of longterm disability payments and litigation in primary fibromyalgia: the Canadian perspective. J Rheumatol. 1989;16:174–76.
   Google Scholar
• Lacasse A, Bourgault P, Choinière M. Fibromyalgia-related costs and loss of productivity: a substantial societal burden. BMC Musculoskelet Disords. 2016;17(1):168. doi:10.1186/s12891-016-1027-6.
   Google Scholar
• Lee LK, Ebata N, Hlavacek P, DiBonaventura M, Cappelleri JC, Sadosky A. Humanistic and economic burden of fibromyalgia in Japan. J Pain Res. 2016;9:967–78. doi:10.2147/JPR.S110707.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crooks VA. Women’s experiences of developing musculoskeletal diseases: employment challenges and policy recommendations. Disabil Rehabil. 2007;29(14):1107–16. doi:10.1080/09638280600948193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries HJ, Brouwer S, Groothoff JW, Geertzen JHB, Reneman MF. Staying at work with chronic nonspecific musculoskeletal pain: a qualitative study of workers’ experiences. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011;12(1):126–136. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-12-126.
   Google Scholar
• McGuire C, Kristman VL, Shaw WS, Loisel P, Reguly P, Williams-Whitt K, Soklaridis S. Supervisors’ perceptions of organizational policies are associated with their likelihood to accommodate back-injured workers. Disabil Rehabil. 2017;39(4):346–53. doi:10.3109/09638288.2016.1141245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakman J, Keegel T, Kinsman N, Briggs AM. Persistent musculoskeletal pain and productive employment; a systematic review of interventions. Occup Environ Med. 2016;73(3):206–14. doi:10.1136/oemed-2015-103208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakman J, Kinsman N, Briggs AM. Working with persistent pain: an exploration of strategies utilised to stay productive at work. J Occup Rehabil. 2017;27(1):4014. doi:10.1007/s10926-016-9626-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart AM, Polak E, Young R, Schultz IZ. Injured workers’ construction of expectations of return to work with sub-acute back pain: the role of perceived uncertainty. J Occup Rehabil. 2012;22(1):1–14. doi:10.1007/s10926-011-9312-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antao L, Shaw L, Ollson K, Reen K, To F, Bossers A, Cooper L. Chronic pain in episodic illness and its influence on work occupations: a scoping review. Work. 2013;44(1):11–36. doi:10.3233/WOR-2012-01559.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toye F, Seers K, Allcock N, Briggs M, Carr E, Barker K. A synthesis of qualitative research exploring the barriers to staying in work with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Disabil Rehabil. 2016;38(6):566–72. doi:10.3109/09638288.2015.1049377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palstam A, Gard G, Mannerkorpi K. Factors promoting sustainable work in women with fibromyalgia. Disabil Rehabil. 2013;35(19):1622–29. doi:10.3109/09638288.2012.748842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palstam A, Bjersing JL, Mannerkorpi K. Which aspects of health differ between working and nonworking women with fibromyalgia? A cross-sectional study of work status and health. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):1076. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-1076.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cacchione PZ. The evolving methodology of scoping reviews. Clin Nurs Res. 2016;25(2):115–19. doi:10.1177/1054773816637493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tranfield D, Denyer D, Smart P. Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. Br J Manage. 2003;14(3):207–22. doi:10.1111/1467-8551.00375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palstam A, Mannerkorpi K. Work ability in fibromyalgia: an update in the 21st century. Curr Rheumatol Rev. 2017;13(3):180–87. doi:10.2174/1573397113666170502152955.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandran A, Schaefer C, Ryan K, Baik R, McNett M, Zlateva G. The comparative economic burden of mild, moderate, and severe fibromyalgia: results from a retrospective chart review and cross-sectional survey of working-age U.S. adults. J Manage Care Pharm. 2012;18(6):415–26. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2012.18.6.415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinman N, Harnett J, Melkonian A, Lynch W, Kaplan-Machlis B, Silverman SL. Burden of fibromyalgia and comparisons with osteoarthritis in the workforce. J Occup Environ Med. 2009;51(12):1384–93. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181bb808b.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinman NL, Sanchez RJ, Lynch WD, Cappelleri JC, Beren IA, Joshi AV. Health outcomes and costs among employees with fibromyalgia treated with pregabalin vs. standard of care. Pain Pract. 2011;11(6):540–51. doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2011.00453.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penrod JR, Bernatsky S, Adam V, Baron M, Dayan N, Dobkin PL. Health service costs and their determinants in women with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:1391–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabariego C, Brach M, Stucki G. Determinants of major direct medical cost categories among patients with osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, back pain, or fibromyalgia undergoing outpatient rehabilitation. J Rehabil Med. 2011;43(8):703–08. doi:10.2340/16501977-0845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer C, Mann R, Masters ET, Cappelleri JC, Daniel SR, Zlateva G, McElroy HJ, Chandran AB, Adams EH, Asssaf AR, et al. The comparative burden of chronic widespread pain and fibromyalgia in the United States. Pain Pract. 2015;16(5):565–79. doi:10.1111/papr.12302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toussaint L, Vincent A, McAllister SJ, Whipple M. Intra-and inter-patient symptom variability in fibromyalgia: results of a 90-day assessment. Musculoskeletal Care. 2015;13(2):93–100. doi:10.1002/msc.1090.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cella M, Sharpe M, Chalder T. Measuring disability in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: reliability and validity of the Work and Social Adjustment Scale. J Psychom Res. 2011;71(3):124–28. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.02.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Descatha A, Jasso-Mosqueda G, Couillerot A-L, Rumeau-Pichon C, Ozguler A, Bruxelle J. Study of the work status of chronic pain patients based on a French cross-sectional survey. J Occup Environ Med. 2009;51(12):1361–62. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e3181c73469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steihaug S. Women’s strategies for handling chronic muscle pain: a qualitative study. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2007;25(1):44–48. doi:10.1080/02813430601016944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Álvarez-Gallardo I, Estévez-López F, Torres-Aguilar XC, Segura-Jiménez V, Borges-Cosic M, Soriano-Maldonado A, Camiletti-Moirón D, García-Rodríguez IC, Munguía-Izquierdo D, Sierras-Robles Á, et al. Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, physical fitness, and cognitive performance in women with fibromyalgia who engage in reproductive and productive work: the al-Ándalus project. Clin Rheumatol. 2019;38(12):3585–93. doi:10.1007/s10067-019-04750-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald M, DiBonaventura M, Ullman S. Musculoskeletal pain in the workforce: the effects of back, arthritis, and fibromyalgia pain on quality of life and work productivity. J Occup Environ Med. 2011;53(7):765–70. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e318222af81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Åsbring P, Närvänen A-L. Ideal versus reality: physicians [sic] perspectives on patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and fibromyalgia. Soc Sci Med. 2003;57(4):711–20. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00420-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwarswaard J, Bakker EJM, van Staa AL, Boeije HR. Self-management support from the perspective of patients with a chronic condition: a thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. Health Expect. 2015;19(2):194–208. doi:10.1111/hex.12346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grodman I, Buskila D, Arnson Y, Altaman A, Amital D, Amital H. Understanding fibromyalgia and its resultant disability. Isr Med Assoc J. 2011;13:769–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadler NM, Ehrlich GE. Fibromyalgia and the conundrum of disability determination. J Occup Environ Med. 2003;45(10):1030–33. doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000088879.70638.14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helfenstein M Jr, Goldenfum MA, Siena CAF. Fibromyalgia: clinical and occupational aspects. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2012;58:358–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksson CM, Liedberg GM, Gerdle B. Women with fibromyalgia: work and rehabilitation. Disabil Rehabil. 2005;27(12):685–94. doi:10.1080/09638280400009089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim J, Madden S. Illness experience in fibromyalgia syndrome: a metasynthesis of qualitative studies. Soc Sci Med. 2008;67(1):57–67. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe F, Potter J. Fibromyalgia and work disability. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1996;22(2):369–91. doi:10.1016/S0889-857X(05)70277-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yunus MB. Suffering, science and sabotage. J MusculoskeletPain. 2004;12(2):3–18. doi:10.1300/J094v12n02_02.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossingham D. Return to work: a historical perspective. Rheumatology. 2012;51(2):206–07. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ker164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harth M. Work-related physical trauma and fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 2013;40(9):1621. doi:10.3899/jrheum.130306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobelt G. Economic studies in rheumatology: data, perspectives, challenges. Rheumatology. 2012;51(2):208–09. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ker374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straube S, Derry S, Moore RA. Chronic widespread pain and interference with functioning. Pain. 2011;152(11):2449–50. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.06.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidbeck J. Central hyperexcitability in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a conceptual breakthrough with multiple clinical implications. Pain Res Manage. 2002;7(2):81–92. doi:10.1155/2002/310974.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eliuk J Psychophysiological aspects of fibromyalgia [dissertation]. Edmonton (Canada): University of Alberta; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia-Fontanals A, García-Blanco S, Portell M, Pujol J, Poca-Dias V, García-Fructuoso, López-Ruiz M, Gutiérrez-Rosado T, Gomà-I-Friexanet M, Deus J. Cloninger’s psychobiological model of personality and psychological distress in fibromyalgia. Int J of Rheum Dis. 2016;19:852–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbonell-Baeza A, Aparicio VA, Sjöström M, Ruiz JR, Delgado-Fernández M. Pain and functional capacity in female fibromyalgia patients. Pain Med. 2011;12(11):1667–75. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01239.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellingson LD, Shields MR, Stegner A, Cook DB. Physical activity, sustained sedentary behavior and pain modulation in women with fibromyalgia. J Pain. 2012;13(2):195–206. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2011.11.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girela-Rejón MJ, Gavilán-Carrera B, Aparicio-Ortega E, Borges-Cosic M, García-Rodríguez IC, Delgado-Fernández M, Estévez-López F. Is type of work associated with physical activity and sedentary behavior in women with fibromyalgia? A cross-sectional study from the al-Ándalus Project. BMJ Open. 2020;10(4):e034697. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomides APM, Bezerra JC, Rosário E Souza EJ, de Mota LMH, Santos-Neto LL. Work disability in fibromyalgia and other soft tissue disorders: analysis of preventive benefits in Brazil from 2006 to 2015. Adv Rheumatol. 2018;58(1):13. doi:10.1186/s42358-018-0015-y.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly M, Gagne R, Newman JD, Olney C, Gualtieri C, Trail D. Assessment of fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome: a new protocol designed to determine work capability – chronic pain abilities determination (CPAD). Ir Med J. 2008;101:277–78.
   Google Scholar
• Lambin DI, Thibault P, Simmonds M, Lariviere C, Sullivan MJL. Repetition-induced activity-related summation of pain in patients with fibromyalgia. Pain. 2011;152(6):1424–30. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.02.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laroche F, Azoulay D, Trouvin AP, Coste J, Perrot S. Fibromyalgia in the workplace: risk factors for sick leave are related to professional context rather than fibromyalgia characteristics – a French national survey of 955 patients. BMC Rheumatol. 2019;3(1):44. doi:10.1186/s41927-019-0089-0.
   Google Scholar
• Russek L, Gardner S, Maguire K. A cross-sectional survey assessing sources of movement-related fear among people with fibromyalgia syndrome. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34(6):1109–19. doi:10.1007/s10067-014-2494-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vøllestad NK, Mengshoel AM. Relationships between neuromuscular functioning, disability and pain in fibromyalgia. Disabil Rehabil. 2005;27(12):667–73. doi:10.1080/09638280400009055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kivimaki M, Leino-Arjas P, Virtanen M, Elovainio M, Keltikangas-Järvinen L, Puttonen S, Vartia M, Brunner E, Vahtera J. Work stress and incidence of newly diagnosed fibromyalgia: prospective cohort study. J Psychosom Res. 2004;57:417–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson B, Balogh I. Is there a relationship between fibromyalgia syndrome and work conditions? J Musculoskelet Pain. 2005;13(4):5–14. doi:10.1300/J094v13n04_03.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartzell MM, Neblett R, Perez Y, Brede E, Mayer TG, Gatchel RJ. Do comorbid fibromyalgia diagnoses change after a functional restoration program in patients with chronic disabling occupational musculoskeletal disorders? Spine. 2014;39(17):1393–400. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000000406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landstad BJ, Schüldt K, Ekholm J, Broman L, Bergroth A. Women at work despite ill health: diagnoses and pain before and after personnel support. J Rehabil Med. 2001;33(5):216–24. doi:10.1080/165019701750419617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palstam A, Larsson A, Löfgren M, Ernberg M, Bjersing J, Bileviciute-Ljungar I, Gerdle B, Kosek E, Mannerkorpi K. Decrease of fear avoidance beliefs following person-centered progressive resistance exercise contributes to reduced pain disability in women with fibromyalgia: secondary exploratory analyses from a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Res Ther. 2016;18:116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skouen JS, Grasdal A, Haldorsen EMH. Return to work after comparing outpatient multidisciplinary treatment programs versus treatment in general practice for patients with chronic widespread pain. Eur J Pain. 2006;10(2):145–52. doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.02.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suoyrjö H, Oksanen T, Hinkka K, Pentti J, Kivimäki M, Klaukka T, Vahtera J. A comparison of two multidisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation programmes for fibromyalgia: a register linkage study on work disability. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41(1):66–72. doi:10.2340/16501977-0278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres X, Collado A, Arias A, Peri JM, Bailles E, Salamero M, Valdés M. Pain locus of control predicts return to work among Spanish fibromyalgia patients after completion of a multidisciplinary pain program. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2009;31(2):137–45. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.12.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walitt B, Nahin RL, Katz RS, Bergman MJ, Wolfe F. The prevalence and characteristics of fibromyalgia in the 2012 National Health Interview Survey. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0138024. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walitt B, Katz RS, Bergmann MJ, Wolfe F. Three-quarters of persons in the US population reporting a clinical diagnosis of fibromyalgia do not satisfy fibromyalgia criteria: the 2012 National Health Interview Survey. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0157235. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzcharles M-A, Ste-Marie PA, Shir Y. A medicolegal analysis of worker appeals for fibromyalgia as a compensable condition following workplace soft-tissue injury. J Rheumatol. 2013;40(3):323–28. doi:10.3899/jrheum.121062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acker SM. The doctor-patient relationship in the treatment of fibromyalgia [dissertation]. Newton (USA): Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Asbring P. Chronic illness – a disruption in life: identity-transformation among women with chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. J Adv Nurs. 2001;34(3):312–19. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2001.01767.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossema ER, Kool MB, Cornet D, Vermaas P, de Jong M, van Middendorp H, Geenen R. Characteristics of suitable work from the perspective of patients with fibromyalgia. Rheumatology. 2012;51(2):311–18. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ker312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis NL, Larkin M, Derbyshire SWG. ‘A giant mess’ – making sense of complexity in the accounts of people with fibromyalgia. Br J Health Psychol. 2013;18(4):763–81. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson MW. The workplace lives of men with fibromyalgia: a qualitative study [dissertation]. Bloomington (USA): Indiana University; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Gauer JS. Fibromyalgia in the workplace: exploring the impact of chronic pain upon white-collar workers [dissertation]. USA: Capella University; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Hallberg LR, Carlsson SG. Psychosocial vulnerability and maintaining forces related to fibromyalgia. In-depth interviews with twenty-two female patients. Scand J Caring Sci. 1998;12:95–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juuso P, Skär L, Olsson M, Söderberg S. Living with a double burden: meanings of pain for women with fibromyalgia. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being. 2011;6(3):7184–7192. doi:10.3402/qhwv6i3.7184.
   Google Scholar
• Juuso P, Skär L, Sundin K, Söderberg S. The workplace experiences of women with fibromyalgia. Musculoskeletal Care. 2016;14(2):69–76. doi:10.1002/msc.1125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liedberg GM, Burckhardt CS, Henriksson CM. Young women with fibromyalgia in the United States and Sweden: perceived difficulties during the first year after diagnosis. Disabil Rehabil. 2006;28(19):1177–84. doi:10.1080/09638280600551534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löfgren M, Ekholm J, Ohman A. “A constant struggle”: successful strategies of women in work despite fibromyalgia. Disabil Rehabil. 2006;15(7):447–55. doi:10.1080/09638280500197891.
   Google Scholar
• Mannerkorpi K, Gard G. Hinders for continued work among persons with fibromyalgia. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012;13(1):96–103. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-13-96.
   Google Scholar
• Oldfield M, MacEachen E, Kirsch B, MacNeill M. Impromptu everyday disclosure dances: how women with fibromyalgia respond to disclosure risks at work. Disabil Rehabil. 2016;38(15):1442–53. doi:10.3109/09638288.2015.1103794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldfield M, MacEachen E, MacNeill M, Kirsh B. ‘You want to show you’re a valuable employee’: a critical discourse analysis of multi-perspective portrayals of employed women with fibromyalgia. Chronic Illn. 2018;14:135–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulson M, Danielson E, Söderberg S. Struggling for a tolerable existence: the meaning of men’s lived experiences of living with pain of fibromyalgia type. Qual Health Res. 2002;12(2):238–49. doi:10.1177/104973202129119865.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paxman CG. “Everyone thinks I am just lazy”: legitimacy narratives of Americans suffering from fibromyalgia. Health. 2019. doi:10.1177/1363459319857457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallinen M, Kukkurainen ML, Peltokallio L, Mikkelsson M. Women’s narratives on experiences of work ability and functioning in fibromyalgia. Musculoskeletal Care. 2010;8(1):18–26. doi:10.1002/msc.162.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sallinen M, Mengshoel AM. “I just want my life back!” – men’s narratives about living with fibromyalgia. Disabil Rehabil. 2019;41(4):422–29. doi:10.1080/09638288.2017.1395085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Söderberg S, Lundman B, Norberg A. The meaning of fatigue and tiredness as narrated by women with fibromyalgia and healthy women. J Clin Nurs. 2002;11:247–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Söderberg S, Strand M, Haapala M, Lundman B. Living with a woman with fibromyalgia from the perspective of the husband. J Adv Nurs. 2003;42(2):143–50. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02597.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blom D, Thomaes S, Kool MB, Middendorp H, Lumley MA, Bijlsma JWJ, Geenen R. A combination of illness invalidation from the work environment and helplessness is associated with embitterment in patients with FM. Rheumatology. 2012;51(2):347–53. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ker342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehm A, Eisenberg E, Lampel S. The contribution of social capital and coping strategies to functioning and quality of life of patients with fibromyalgia. Clin J Pain. 2011;27(3):233–39. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181fdabcf.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collado A, Gomez E, Coscolla R, Sunyol R, Solé E, Rivera J, Altarriba E, Carbonell J, Castells X. Work, family and social environment in patients with Fibromyalgia in Spain: an epidemiological study: EPIFFAC study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14(1):513. doi:10.1186/s12913-014-0513-5.
   Google Scholar
• Côté E. Program designed to evaluate and develop the functional and work capacities of clients suffering from fibromyalgia. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 1999;12(3):145–50. doi:10.3233/BMR-1999-12302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liedberg GM, Björk M. Symptoms of subordinated importance in fibromyalgia when differentiating working from non-working women. Work. 2014;48(2):155–64. doi:10.3233/WOR-131607.
   Google Scholar
• Martin MY, Bradley LA, Alexander RW, Alarcón GS, Triana-Alexander M, Aaron LA, Alberts KR. Coping strategies predict disability in patients with primary fibromyalgia. Pain. 1996;68:45–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palstam A, Larsson A, Bjersing J, Löfgren M, Ernberg M, Bileviciute-Ljungar I, Ghafouri B, Sjörs A, Larsson B, Gerdle B, et al. Perceived exertion at work in women with fibromyalgia: explanatory factors and comparison with healthy women. J Rehabil Med. 2014;46(8):773–80. doi:10.2340/16501977-1843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera J, Esteve-Vives J, Vallejo MA, Rejas J; Grupo ICAF. Factors associated with temporary work disability in patients with fibromyalgia. Rheumatol Int. 2011;31(11):1471–77. doi:10.1007/s00296-010-1523-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksson C, Liedberg G. Factors of importance for work disability in women with fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:171–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron J, Walker C, Hart A. Supporting workers with mental health problems to retain employment: users’ experiences of a UK job retention project. Work. 2012;42(4):461–71. doi:10.3233/WOR-2012-1370.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson L, Kocum L, Loughlin C, Bryson L, Dimoff JK. I wanted you to know: breast cancer survivors’ control of workplace communication about cancer. J Occup Health Psychol. 2015;20(4):446–56. doi:10.1037/a0039142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suddaby R. What grounded theory is not. Acad Manage J. 2006;49(4):633–42. doi:10.5465/amj.2006.22083020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruppel PS, Mey G. Grounded theory methodology – narrativity revisited. Integr Psychol Behav Sci. 2015;49(2):174–86. doi:10.1007/s12124-015-9301-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver C. Critical realist grounded theory: a new approach for social work research. Br J Soc Work. 2012;42(2):371–87. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcr064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann TV, Clark E. Grounded theory in nursing research: part 1 – methodology. Nurse Res. 2003a;11(2):7–18. doi:10.7748/nr2004.01.11.2.7.c5918.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCann TV, Clark E. Grounded theory in nursing research: part 2 – critique. Nurse Res. 2003b;11:19–28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCann TV, Clark E. Grounded theory in nursing research: part 3 – application. Nurse Res. 2003c;11(2):29–39. doi:10.7748/nr2004.01.11.2.29.c5920.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karasek R. Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: implications for job redesign. Admin Sci Q. 1979;24(2):285–308. doi:10.2307/2392498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira A. HIV/Aids and discrimination in the workplace: the cook and the surgeon living with HIV. Eur J Health Law. 2010;17:139–47.
   Google Scholar
• Carville SF, Arendt-Nielsen L, Bliddal H, Blotman F, Branco JC, Buskila D, Da Silva JAP, Danneskiold-Samsøe B, Dincer F, Henriksson C, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67(4):536–41. doi:10.1136/ard.2007.071522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzcharles MA, Ste-Marie PA, Goldenberg DL, Pereira JX, Abbey S, Choinière M, Ko G, Moulin DE, Panopalis P, Proulx J, et al. 2012 Canadian Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of fibromyalgia syndrome: executive summary. Pain Res Manage. 2012;18(3):119–26. doi:10.1155/2013/918216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe F, Smythe HA, Yunus MB, Bennett RM, Bombardier C, Goldenberg DL, Tugwell P, Campbell SM, Abeles M, Clark P, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia. Report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33(2):160–72. doi:10.1002/art.1780330203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwenk TL, Marquez JT, Lefever D, Cohen M. Physician and patient determinants of difficult physician-patient relationships. J Fam Pract. 1989;28:59–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar