References
- Craig KD. Social communication model of pain. Pain. 2015;156(7):1198–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000185.
- Hadjistavropoulos T, Craig KD, Duck S, Cano A, Goubert L, Jackson PL, Mogil JS, Rainville P, Sullivan MJL, de C Williams AC, et al. A biopsychosocial formulation of pain communication. Psychol Bull. 2011;137(6):910–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023876.
- Goubert L, Craig KD, Vervoort T, Morley S, Sullivan MJLL, de Williams CAC, Cano A, Crombez G, De C Williams AC. Facing others in pain: the effects of empathy. Pain. 2005;118(3):285–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2005.10.025.
- Chambers CT, Craig KD, Bennett SM. The impact of maternal behavior on children’s pain experiences: an experimental analysis. J Pediatr Psychol. 2002;27(3):293–301. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/27.3.293.
- Dahlquist LM, Power TG, Carlson L. Physician and Parent Behavior During Invasive Pediatric Cancer Procedures: relationships to Child Behavioral Distress. J Pediatr Psychol. 1995;20(4):477–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/20.4.477.
- Frank NC, Blount RL, Smith A, Manimala M, Martin JK. Parent and staff behavior, previous child medical experience, and maternal anxiety as they relate to child procedural distress and coping. J Pediatr Psychol. 1995;20(3):277–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/20.3.277.
- Birnie KA, Noel M, Chambers CT, Uman LS, Parker JA. Psychological interventions for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005179.pub4.
- McMurtry CM, McGrath PJ, Chambers CT, Armstrong FD, Shifman L, Guerra E, Al. E. Reassurance can hurt: parental behavior and painful medical procedures. J Pediatr. 2006;148(4):560–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.10.040.
- McMurtry CM, Chambers CT, McGrath PJ, Asp E. When “don’t worry” communicates fear: children’s perceptions of parental reassurance and distraction during a painful medical procedure. Pain. 2010;150(1):52–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.02.021.
- Birnie KA, Noel M, Parker JA, Chambers CT, Uman LSS, Kisely SR, McGrath PJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of distraction and hypnosis for needle-related pain and distress in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Psychol. 2014;39(8):783–808. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsu029.
- Demore M, Cohen LL. Distraction for pediatric immunization pain: a critical review 1. J Clin Psychol in Med Set. 2005;12(4). doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-005-7813-1.
- Penner LA, Cline RJW, Albrecht TL, Harper FWK, Peterson AM, Taub JM, Ruckdeschel JC. Parents’ empathic responses and pain and distress in pediatric patients. Basic Appl Soc Psychol. 2008;30(2):102–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01973530802208824.
- Stern JA, Borelli JL, Smiley PA. Assessing parental empathy: a role for empathy in child attachment. Attach Hum Dev. 2015;17(1):1–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2014.969749. PMID: 25373381.
- Davidov M, Grusec JE. Untangling the links of parental responsiveness to distress and warmth to child outcomes. Child Dev. 2006;77(1):44–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00855.x. PMID: 16460524.
- Brown EA, De Young A, Kimble R, Kenardy J. Development and validity of the Burns-Child Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale (B-CAMPIS) for young children. Burns. 2019;45(1):76–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2018.08.027. PMID: 30274811.
- Emery HT, McElwain NL, Groh AM, Haydon KC, Roisman GI. Maternal dispositional empathy and electrodermal reactivity: interactive contributions to maternal sensitivity with toddler-aged children. J Fam Psychol. 2014;28(4):505–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036986.
- Gottman JM, Katz LF, Hooven C. Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: theoretical models and preliminary data. J Fam Psychol. 1996;10(3):243–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.10.3.243.
- Sobol-Kwapińska M, Sobol M, Woźnica-Niesobska E. Parental behavior and child distress and pain during pediatric medical procedures: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Health Psychol. 2020;39(7):558–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000864.
- Dix T. The affective organization of parenting: adaptive and maladaptative processes. Psychol Bull. 1991;110(1):3–25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.3. PMID: 1891517.
- Birnie KA, Chambers CT, Chorney JM, Fernandez CV, McGrath PJ. Dyadic analysis of child and parent trait and state pain catastrophizing in the process of children’s pain communication. Pain. 2016;157(4):938–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000461.
- Caes L, Vervoort T, Devos P, Verlooy J, Benoit Y, Goubert L. Parental Distress and Catastrophic Thoughts About Child Pain. Clin J Pain. 2014;30(9):787–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000000028.
- Caes L, Vervoort T, Eccleston C, Vandenhende M, Goubert L. Parental catastrophizing about child’s pain and its relationship with activity restriction: the mediating role of parental distress. Pain. 2011;152(1):212–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.10.037.
- Caes L, Vervoort T, Trost Z, Goubert L. Impact of parental catastrophizing and contextual threat on parents’ emotional and behavioral responses to their child’s pain. Pain. 2012;153(3):687–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2011.12.007.
- Goubert L, Vervoort T, Cano A, Crombez G. Catastrophizing about their children’s pain is related to higher parent-child congruency in pain ratings: an experimental investigation. Eur J Pain. 2009;13(2):196–201. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.03.009.
- Goubert L, Vervoort T, Sullivan MJL, Verhoeven K, Crombez G. Parental emotional responses to their child’s pain: the role of dispositional empathy and catastrophizing about their child’s pain. J Pain. 2008;9(3):272–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2007.11.006.
- Walker LS, Williams SE, Smith CA, Garber J, Van Slyke DA, Lipani TA, Van Slyke DA, Lipani TA. Parent attention versus distraction: impact on symptom complaints by children with and without chronic functional abdominal pain. Pain. 2006;122(1):43–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2005.12.020.
- Gonzalez JC, Routh DK, Armstrong FD. Effects of maternal distraction versus reassurance on children’s reactions to injections. J Pediatr Psychol. 1993;18(5):593–604. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/18.5.593.
- Blount RL, Corbin SM, Sturges JW, Wolfe VV, Prater JM, Denise James L. The relationship between adults’ behavior and child coping and distress during BMA/LP procedures: a sequential analysis. Behav Ther. 1989;20(4):585–601. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(89)80136-4.
- Blount RL, Cohen LL, Frank NC, Bachanas PJ, Smith AJ, Manimala MR, Pate JT. The Child-Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale-Revised: an assessment of validity. J Pediatr Psychol. 1997;22(1):73–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/22.1.73.
- Blount RL. Commentary: acute pediatric procedural pain, distress, and coping. J Pediatr Psychol. 2019;44(7):798–802. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsz041. [accessed 2020 Mar 9].
- Blount RL, Sturges JW, Powers SW. Analysis of child and adult behavioral variations by phase of medical procedure. Behav Ther. 1990;21(1):33–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80187-X.
- Manimala MR, Blount RL, Cohen LL. The effects of parental reassurance versus distraction on child distress and coping during immunizations. Child Health Care. 2000;29(3):161–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326888CHC2903_2.
- Manne SL, Bakeman R, Jacobsen PB, Gorfinkle K, Bernstein D, Redd WH. Adult-child interaction during invasive medical procedures. Health Psychol. 1992;11(4):241. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.11.4.241.
- Blount RL, Bunke V, Cohen LL, Forbes CJ. The Child-Adult Medical Procedure Interaction Scale-Short Form (CAMPIS-SF): validation of a rating Scale for children’s and adults’ behaviors during painful medical procedures. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2001;22(1):591–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0885-3924(01)00303-7.
- Smith RW, Shah V, Goldman RD, Taddio A. Caregivers’ responses to pain in their children in the emergency department. Arch Pediat Adol Med. 2007;161(6):578–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.161.6.578.
- Sadhasivam S, Cohen LL, Szabova A, Varughese A, Kurth CD, Willging P, Wang Y, Nick TG, Gunter J. Real-time assessment of perioperative behaviors and prediction of perioperative outcomes. Anesth Analg. 2009;108(3):822–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e318195c115.
- Sauter DA, Eisner F, Calder AJ, Scott SK. Perceptual cues in nonverbal vocal expressions of emotion. Q J Exp Psychol. 2010;63(11):2251–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17470211003721642.
- Chorney JM, McMurtry CM, Chambers CT, Bakeman R. Developing and modifying behavioral coding schemes in pediatric psychology: a practical guide. J Pediatr Psychol. 2015;40(1):154–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsu099.
- Spagrud LJ, von Baeyer CL, Ali K, Mpofu C, Fennell LP, Friesen K, Mitchell J. Pain, distress, and adult-child interaction during venipuncture in pediatric oncology: an examination of three types of venous access. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2008;36(2):173–84. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2007.10.009.
- Mahoney L, Ayers S, Seddon P. The association between parent’s and healthcare professional’s behavior and children’s coping and distress during venepuncture. J Pediatr Psychol. 2010;35(9):985–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsq009.
- Earp BD, Trafimow D. Replication, falsification, and the crisis of confidence in social psychology. Front Psychol. 2015;6:621. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00621.
- Kaufman EA, Xia M, Fosco G, Yaptangco M, Skidmore CR, Crowell SE. The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form (DERS-SF): validation and replication in adolescent and adult samples. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2016;38(3):443–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-015-9529-3.
- Roediger III HL. Psychology’s Woes and a partial cure: the value of replication. APS Obs. 2012;25(2):1–4.
- McCarthy AM. Impact of parent-provided distraction on child responses to an IV insertion. Child Health Care. 2010;39(2):125–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02739611003679915.
- Jaaniste T, Noel M, Yee RD, Bang J, Tan AC, Champion GD. Why unidimensional pain measurement prevails in the pediatric acute pain context and what multidimensional self-report methods can offer. Children. 2019;6(12):132. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/children6120132.
- Noel M, McMurtry CM, Chambers CT, McGrath PJ. Children’s Memory for Painful Procedures: the Relationship of Pain Intensity, Anxiety, and Adult Behaviors to Subsequent Recall. J Pediatr Psychol. 2010;35(6):626–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsp096.
- McMurtry CM, Noel M, Chambers CT, McGrath PJ. Children’s fear during procedural pain: preliminary investigation of the Children’s Fear Scale. Health Psychol. 2011;30(6):780–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024817.
- Miller D. Handbook of research design and social measurement: a text and reference book for the social and behavioral sciences. 4th. New York (NY): Longman; 1983.
- Fleiss JL, Levin B, Paik MC. Statistical methods for rates and proportions. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley; 2013.
- Hicks CL, von Baeyer CL, Spafford PA, van Korlaar I, Goodenough B. The faces pain scale – revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain. 2001;93(2):173–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1.
- Stinson JN, Kavanagh T, Yamada J, Gill N, Stevens B. Systematic review of the psychometric properties, interpretability and feasibility of self-report pain intensity measures for use in clinical trials in children and adolescents. Pain. 2006;125(1–2):143–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2006.05.006.
- Birnie KA, Hundert AS, Lalloo C, Nguyen C, Stinson JN. Recommendations for selection of self-report pain intensity measures in children and adolescents: a systematic review and quality assessment of measurement properties. Pain. 2019;160(1):5–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001377.
- Kuttner L, LePage T. Face scales for the assessment of pediatric pain: a critical review. Can J Behav Sci. 1989;21(2):198–209. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079818.
- Fowler-Kerry S, Lander J. Assessment of sex differences in children’s andadolescents’ self-reported pain from venipuncture. J Pediatr Psychol. 1991;16(6):783–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/16.6.783.
- Goubert L, Eccleston C, Vervoort T, Jordan A, Crombez G. Parental catastrophizing about their child’s pain. The parent version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS-P): a preliminary validation. Pain. 2006;123(3):254–63. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2006.02.035.
- Spielberger CD. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory STAI. Palo Alto, California: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1983.
- Julian LJ. Measures of anxiety: state-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety (HADS-A). Arthritis Care Res. 2011;63(S11):S467–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.20561.
- Davis MH, Mulitdimensional A. Approach to individual differences in empathy. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1983;44(1):113–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113.
- McKinley S, Coote K, Stein-Parbury J. Development and testing of a Faces Scale for the assessment of anxiety in critically ill patients. J Adv Nurs. 2003;41(1):73–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02508.x.
- McKinley S, Madronio C. Validity of the faces anxiety scale for the assessment of state anxiety in intensive care patients not receiving mechanical ventilation. J Psychosom Res. 2008;64(5):503–07. doi:https://doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2004.13.2.146.
- McKinley S, Stein-Parbury J, Chehelnabi A, Lovas J. Assessment of anxiety in intensive care patients by using the faces anxiety scale. Am J Crit Care. 2004;13(2):146–52. PMID: 15043242.
- Blount RL, Devine KA, Cheng PS, Simons LE, Hayutin L. The impact of adult behaviors and vocalizations on infant distress during immunizations. J Pediatr Psychol. 2008;33(10):1163–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsn030.
- Dahlquist LM, Power TG, Cox CN, Fernbach DJ. Parenting and child distress during cancer procedures: a multidimensional assessment. Child Health Care. 1994;23(3):149–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326888chc2303_1.
- Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175–91. doi:https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146.
- Campbell L, Pillai Riddell R, Cribbie R, Garfield H, Greenberg S. Preschool children’s coping responses and outcomes in the vaccination context: child and caregiver transactional and longitudinal relationships. Pain. 2018;159(2):314–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001092.
- Bush JP, Cockrell CS. Maternal factors predicting parenting behaviors in the pediatric clinic. J Pediatr Psychol. 1987;12(4):505–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/12.4.505.
- Cohen LL, Manimala R, Blount RL. Easier said than done: what parents say they do and what they do during children’s immunizations. Child Health Care. 2000;29(2):79–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326888CHC2902_1.
- Dix T, Gershoff ET, Meunier LN, Miller PC. The affective structure of supportive parenting: depressive symptoms, immediate emotions, and Child-oriented motivation. Dev Psychol. 2004;40(6):1212–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1212.
- Durand H, Birnie KA, Noel M, Vervoort T, Goubert L, Boerner KE, Chambers CT, Caes L. State versus trait: validating state assessment of child and parental catastrophic thinking about children’s acute pain. J Pain. 2017;18(4):385–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2016.11.012.