Synthetic cannabinoid for the treatment of severe chronic noncancer pain in children and adolescents

References

• King S, Chambers CT, Huguet A, MacNevin RC, McGrath PJ, Parker L, MacDonald AJ. The epidemiology of chronic pain in children and adolescents revisited: a systematic review. Pain. 2011;152(12):2729–38. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.07.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groenewald CB, Essner BS, Wright D, Fesinmeyer MD, Palermo TM. The economic costs of chronic pain among a cohort of treatment-seeking adolescents in the United States. J Pain. 2014;15(9):925–33. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2014.06.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eccleston C, Fisher E, Cooper TE, Grégoire MC, Heathcote LC, Krane E, Lord SM, Sethna NF, Anderson AK, Anderson B, et al. Pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in children: an overview of systematic reviews. Pain. 2019;160(8):1698–707. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harden RN. Chronic neuropathic pain. Mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment. The Neurologist. 2005;11(2):111–22. doi:10.1097/01.nrl.0000155180.60057.8e.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mai LM, Clark AJ, Gordon AS, Lynch ME, Morley-Forster PK, Nathan H, Smyth C, Stitt LW, Toth C, Ware MA, et al. Long-term outcomes in the management of painful diabetic neuropathy. Can J Neurol Sci. 2017;44(4):337–42. doi:10.1017/cjn.2016.429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mu A, Weinberg E, Moulin DE, Clarke H. Pharmacologic management of chronic neuropathic pain: review of the Canadian pain society consensus statement. Can Fam Physician. 2017;63:844–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulin D, Boulanger A, Clark AJ, Clarke H, Dao T, Finley GA, Furlan A, Gilron I, Gordon A, Morley-Forster PK, et al. Pharmacological management of chronic neuropathic pain: revised consensus statement from the Canadian pain society. Pain Res Manage. 2014;19(6):328–35. doi:10.1155/2014/754693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng H, Johnston B, Englesakis M, Moulin DE, Bhatia A. Selective Cannabinoids for chronic neuropathic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2017;125(5):1638–52. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000002110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong SS, Wilens TE. Medical cannabinoids in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2017;140(5). doi:10.1542/peds.2017-1818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch ME, Campbell F. Cannabinoids for treatment of chronic non-cancer pain; a systematic review of randomized trials. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;72(5):735–44. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03970.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudich Z, Stinson J, Jeavons M, Brown SC. Treatment of chronic intractable neuropathic pain with dronabinol: case report of two adolescents. Pain Res Manage. 2003;8(4):221–24. doi:10.1155/2003/675976.
   Google Scholar
• Libzon S, Schleider LB, Saban N, Levit L, Tamari Y, Linder I, Lerman-Sagie T, Blumkin L. Medical cannabis for pediatric moderate to severe complex motor disorders. J Child Neurol. 2018;33(9):565–71. doi:10.1177/0883073818773028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammerman S, Ryan S, Adelman WP. The impact of marijuana policies on youth: clinical, research, and legal update. Pediatrics. 2015;135(3):e769–85. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-4147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen K, Weizman A, Weinstein A. Positive and negative effects of cannabis and cannabinoids on health. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2019;105(5):1139–47. doi:10.1002/cpt.1381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman JS, Symonds C, Birch R. Efficacy of two cannabis based medicinal extracts for relief of central neuropathic pain from brachial plexus avulsion: results of a randomised controlled trial. Pain. 2004;112(3):299–306. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.09.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serpell M, Ratcliffe S, Hovorka J, Schofield M, Taylor L, Lauder H, Ehler E. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group study of THC/CBD spray in peripheral neuropathic pain treatment. European J Pain (London, England). 2014;18(7):999–1012. doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00445.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake DR, Robson P, Ho M, Jubb RW, McCabe CS. Preliminary assessment of the efficacy, tolerability and safety of a cannabis-based medicine (Sativex) in the treatment of pain caused by rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2006;45(1):50–52. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kei183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weizman L, Dayan L, Brill S, Nahman-Averbuch H, Hendler T, Jacob G, Sharon H. Cannabis analgesia in chronic neuropathic pain is associated with altered brain connectivity. Neurology. 2018;91(14):e1285–e94. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000006293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGolrick D, Frey N. CADTH rapid response reports. nabilone for chronic pain management: a review of clinical effectiveness and guidelines – an update. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in HealthCopyright © 2018 Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Ware MA, Doyle CR, Woods R, Lynch ME, Clark AJ. Cannabis use for chronic non-cancer pain: results of a prospective survey. Pain. 2003;102(1–2):211–16. doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00400-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan GM, Ramji J, Perry D, Ton J, Beahm NP, Crisp N, Dockrill B, Dubin RE, Findlay T, Kirkwood J, et al. Simplified guideline for prescribing medical cannabinoids in primary care. Can Fam Physician. 2018;64(2):111–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns HD, Van Laere K, Sanabria-Bohórquez S, Hamill TG, Bormans G, Eng WS, Gibson R, Ryan C, Connolly B, Patel S, et al. [18F]MK-9470, a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for in vivo human PET brain imaging of the cannabinoid-1 receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104(23):9800–05. doi:10.1073/pnas.0703472104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lisdahl KM, Gilbart ER, Wright NE, Shollenbarger S. Dare to delay? The impacts of adolescent alcohol and marijuana use onset on cognition, brain structure, and function. Front Psychiatry. 2013;4:53. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00053.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gage SH, Hickman M, Zammit S. Association between cannabis and psychosis: epidemiologic evidence. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;79(7):549–56. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieder MJ. Is the medical use of cannabis a therapeutic option for children? Paediatr Child Health. 2016;21(1):31–34. doi:10.1093/pch/21.1.31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar