References
- Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2018 Report. 2018: 1–142. https://goldcopd.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/GOLD-2018-v6.0-FINAL-revised-20-Nov_WMS.pdf
- Marciniuk DD, Brooks D, Butcher S, Canadian Thoracic Society COPD Committee Expert Working Group, et al. Optimizing pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-practical issues: a Canadian Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Can Respir J. 2010;17(4):159–168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/425975.
- Spruit MA, Singh SJ, Garvey C, ATS/ERS Task Force on Pulmonary Rehabilitation, et al. An official american thoracic Society/European respiratory society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188(8):e13–e64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201309-1634ST.
- Maltais F, LeBlanc P, Jobin J, et al. Intensity of training and physiologic adaptation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155(2):555–561., doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.155.2.9032194.
- Vallet G, Ahmaïdi S, Serres I, et al. Comparison of two training programmes in chronic airway limitation patients: standardized versus individualized protocols. European Respir J. 1997;10(1):114–122., doi:https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.97.10010114.
- Vogiatzis I, Nanas S, Kastanakis E, Georgiadou O, Papazahou O, Roussos C. Dynamic hyperinflation and tolerance to interval exercise in patients with advanced COPD. Eur Respir J. 2004;24(3):385–390. doi:https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.04.00128903.
- Vallet G, Varray A, Fontaine JL, Prefaut C. Value of individualized rehabilitation at the ventilatory threshold level in moderately severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. [Interet du reentrainement a l'effort individualise, au niveau du seuil ventilatoire, au cours de la bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive de severite moderee]. Revue Des Maladies Respiratoires. 1994;11(5):493–501.
- Rizk AK, Wardini R, Chan-Thim E, Bacon SL, Lavoie KL, Pepin V. Acute responses to exercise training and relationship with exercise adherence in moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chron Respir Dis. 2015;12(4):329–339. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1479972315598691.
- Vogiatzis I, Nanas S, Roussos C. Interval training as an alternative modality to continuous exercise in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2002;20(1):12–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.02.01152001.
- Vogiatzis I, Terzis G, Nanas S, et al. Skeletal muscle adaptations to interval training in patients with advanced COPD. Chest. 2005;128(6):3838–3845., doi:S0012-3692(15)49625-4 [pii] doi:https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.128.6.3838.
- Coppoolse R, Schols AM, Baarends EM, et al. Interval versus continuous training in patients with severe COPD: A randomized clinical trial. Eur Respir J. 1999;14(2):258–263. doi:https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.14b04.x.
- CDC—Alzheimer’s disease and healthy aging. https://www.cdc.gov/aging/healthybrain/index.htm. Published November 6, 2015. Accessed August 17, 2020.
- Dodd JW, Getov SV, Jones PW. Cognitive function in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2010;35(4):913–922. doi:https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00125109.
- Yohannes AM, Chen W, Moga AM, Leroi I, Connolly MJ. Cognitive impairment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2017;18(5):451.e1–451.e11. doi:S1525-8610(17)30061-0 [pii] doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.01.014.
- Villeneuve S, Pepin V, Rahayel S, et al. Mild cognitive impairment in moderate to severe COPD: a preliminary study. Chest. 2012;142(6):1516–1523., doi:S0012-3692(12)60685-0 [pii] doi:https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.11-3035.
- Gauthier S, Reisberg B, Zaudig M, International Psychogeriatric Association Expert Conference on mild cognitive impairment, et al. Mild cognitive impairment. Lancet (London, England). 2006;367(9518):1262–1270. doi:S0140-6736(06)68542-5 [pii] doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68542-5.
- Petersen RC, Morris JC. Mild cognitive impairment as a clinical entity and treatment target. Arch Neurol. 2005;62(7):1160–1163. discussion 1167. doi:62/7/1160 [pii] doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.62.7.1160.
- Incalzi RA, Corsonello A, Pedone C, Corica F, Carbonin P, Bernabei R, & GIFA Investigators Construct validity of activities of daily living scale: a clue to distinguish the disabling effects of COPD and congestive heart failure. Chest. 2005;127(3):830–838. doi:S0012-3692(15)31091-6 [pii] doi:https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.127.3.830.
- Antonelli-Incalzi R, Corsonello A, Pedone C, et al. Drawing impairment predicts mortality in severe COPD. Chest. 2006;130(6):1687–1694. doi:S0012-3692(15)50888-X [pii]
- Cleutjens FAHM, Spruit MA, Ponds RWHM, et al. The impact of cognitive impairment on efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2017;18(5):420–426., doi:S1525-8610(16)30548-5 [pii] doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2016.11.016.
- Angevaren M, Aufdemkampe G, Verhaar HJ, Aleman A, Vanhees L. 2008. Physical activity and enhanced fitness to improve cognitive function in older people without known cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (3):CD005381. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005381.pub3.
- Tseng CN, Gau BS, Lou MF. The effectiveness of exercise on improving cognitive function in older people: a systematic review. J Nurs Res. 2011;19(2):119–131. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/JNR.0b013e3182198837.
- van Uffelen JG, Chin A Paw MJ, Hopman-Rock M, van Mechelen W. The effects of exercise on cognition in older adults with and without cognitive decline: a systematic review. Clin J Sport Med. 2008;18(6):486–500. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e3181845f0b.
- Williams P, Lord SR. Effects of group exercise on cognitive functioning and mood in older women. Aust N Z J Public Health. 1997;21(1):45–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842X.1997.tb01653.x.
- Nouchi R, Taki Y, Takeuchi H, et al. Four weeks of combination exercise training improved executive functions, episodic memory, and processing speed in healthy elderly people: evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Age (Dordr). 2014;36(2):787–799.,doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-013-9588-x.
- Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, et al. Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(7):3017–3022.,doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015950108.
- Colcombe SJ, Kramer AF, Erickson KI, et al. Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101(9):3316–3321.,doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0400266101.
- Guiney H, Lucas SJ, Cotter JD, Machado L. Evidence cerebral blood-flow regulation mediates exercise-cognition links in healthy young adults. Neuropsychology. 2015;29(1):1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000124.
- Pereira AC, Huddleston DE, Brickman AM, et al. An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104(13):5638–5643. doi:0611721104 [pii] doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611721104.
- Emery CF, Leatherman NE, Burker EJ, MacIntyre NR. Psychological outcomes of a pulmonary rehabilitation program. Chest. 1991;100(3):613–617. S0012-3692(16)32776-3 [pii] doi:https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.100.3.613.
- Desveaux L, Harrison SL, Gagnon JF, Goldstein RS, Brooks D, Pepin V. Effects of exercise training on cognition in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review. Respir Med. 2018;139:110–116. doi:S0954-6111(18)30154-9 [pii] doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2018.05.006.
- Aquino G, Iuliano E, di Cagno A, et al. Effects of combined training vs aerobic training on cognitive functions in COPD: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2016;11:711–718. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S96663.
- Emery CF. Effects of age on physiological and psychological functioning among COPD patients in an exercise program. J Aging Health. 1994;6(1):3–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/089826439400600101.
- Emery CF, Schein RL, Hauck ER, MacIntyre NR. Psychological and cognitive outcomes of a randomized trial of exercise among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Health Psychol. 1998;17(3):232–240. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.17.3.232.
- Etnier JL, Berry M. Fluid intelligence in an older COPD sample after short- or long-term exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(10):1620–1628. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200110000-00002.
- Kozora E, Tran ZV, Make B. Neurobehavioral improvement after brief rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2002;22(6):426–430. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200211000-00008.
- Pereira ED, Viana CS, Taunay TC, Sales PU, Lima JW, Holanda MA. Improvement of cognitive function after a three-month pulmonary rehabilitation program for COPD patients. Lung. 2011;189(4):279–285. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-011-9303-6.
- Emery CF, Shermer RL, Hauck ER, Hsiao ET, MacIntyre NR. Cognitive and psychological outcomes of exercise in a 1-year follow-up study of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Health Psychol. 2003;22(6):598–604. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.22.6.598.
- American Thoracic Society/American College of Chest Physicians. ATS/ACCP Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003; 167(2):211–277.
- American Thoracic Society. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152(5 Pt 2):S77–S121.
- Quanjer PH, Tammeling GJ, Cotes JE, Pedersen OF, Peslin R, Yernault JC. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Report working party standardization of lung function tests, European community for steel and coal. Official statement of the european respiratory society. Eur Respir J Suppl. 1993;16:5–40.
- Jones NL, Makrides L, Hitchcock C, et al. Normal standards for an incremental progressive cycle ergometer test. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;131(5):700–708. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/arrd.1985.131.5.700.
- Strauss E, Sherman EMS, Spreen O. A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: administration, Norms, and Commentary. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press; 2006.
- Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the national institute on aging-Alzheimer's association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(3):270–279.,doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008.
- Broadbent DE, Cooper PF, FitzGerald P, Parkes KR. The cognitive failures questionnaire (CFQ) and its correlates. Br J Clin Psychol. 1982;21(1):1–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1982.tb01421.x.
- Pescatello LS, Arena R, Riebe D, Thompson PD. ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2013: 334–338.
- Bourbeau J, Nault D, Sedeno M, et al. Living well with COPD: A plan of action for life. http://www.livingwellwithcopd.com/. Published 2006. Accessed August 17, 2020.
- Rizk AK, Wardini R, Chan-Thim E, Trutschnigg B, Forget A, Pepin V. Using continuous data tracking technology to study exercise adherence in pulmonary rehabilitation. JoVE. 2013;(81):e50643. doi:https://doi.org/10.3791/50643.
- Lakens D. Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front Psychol. 2013;4:863. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863.
- Xu L, Jiang CQ, Lam TH, Zhang WS, Thomas GN, Cheng KK. Dose-response relation between physical activity and cognitive function: Guangzhou biobank cohort study. Ann Epidemiol. 2011;21(11):857–863. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.06.002.
- Sanders LMJ, Hortobagyi T, la Bastide-van Gemert S, van der Zee EA, van Heuvelen MJG. Dose-response relationship between exercise and cognitive function in older adults with and without cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One. 2019;14(1):e0210036. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210036.
- Colcombe S, Kramer AF. Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study. Psychol Sci. 2003;14(2):125–130. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01430.
- Kimhy D, Lauriola V, Bartels MN, et al. Aerobic exercise for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia—the impact of frequency, duration, and fidelity with target training intensity. Schizophr Res. 2016;172(1–3):213–215. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.01.055.
- Northey JM, Cherbuin N, Pumpa KL, Smee DJ, Rattray B. Exercise interventions for cognitive function in adults older than 50: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(3):154–160. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096587.
- van Beers M, Janssen DJA, Gosker HR, Schols AMWJ. Cognitive impairment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: disease burden, determinants and possible future interventions. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2018;12(12):1061–1074. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/17476348.2018.1533405.
- Pierobon A, Ranzini L, Torlaschi V, et al. Screening for neuropsychological impairment in COPD patients undergoing rehabilitation. PloS One. 2018;13(8):e0199736. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199736.
- Tulek B, Atalay NB, Yildirim G, Kanat F, Suerdem M. Cognitive function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: relationship to global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease 2011 categories. Respirology. 2014;19(6):873–880. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/resp.12333.
- Donaldson GC, Seemungal TA, Patel IS, Lloyd-Owen SJ, Wilkinson TM, Wedzicha JA. Longitudinal changes in the nature, severity and frequency of COPD exacerbations. Eur Respir J. 2003;22(6):931–936. doi:https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.03.00038303.
- Hayton C, Clark A, Olive S, et al. Barriers to pulmonary rehabilitation: Characteristics that predict patient attendance and adherence. Respir Med. 2013;107(3):401–407. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2012.11.016.
- Incalzi RA, Chiappini F, Fuso L, Torrice MP, Gemma A, Pistelli R. Predicting cognitive decline in patients with hypoxaemic COPD. Respir Med. 1998;92(3):527–533. doi:S0954-6111(98)90303-1 [pii] doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0954-6111(98)90303-1.
- Zhou G, Liu J, Sun F, et al. Association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with cognitive decline in very elderly men. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord Extra. 2012;2(1):219–228. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000338378.
- Hung WW, Wisnivesky JP, Siu AL, Ross JS. Cognitive decline among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180(2):134–137. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200902-0276OC.