Canadian Thoracic Society 2021 Guideline update: Diagnosis and management of asthma in preschoolers, children and adults

References

• Yang CL, Hicks EA, Mitchell P, et al. 2021 Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline – A focused update on the management of very mild and mild asthma. Can J Respir Criti Care Sleep Med. 2021;5(4). doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/24745332.2021.1877043.
   Google Scholar
• Lougheed MD, Lemière C, Dell SD, Canadian Thoracic Society Asthma Committee, et al. Canadian Thoracic Society Asthma Management Continuum-2010 Consensus Summary for children six years of age and over, and adults. Can Respir J. 2010;17(1):15–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/827281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lougheed MD, Lemiere C, Ducharme FM, Canadian Thoracic Society Asthma Clinical Assembly, et al. Canadian Thoracic Society 2012 guideline update: diagnosis and management of asthma in preschoolers, children and adults. Can Respir J. 2012;19(2):127–164. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/635624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducharme FM, Dell SD, Radhakrishnan D, et al. Diagnosis and Management of Asthma in Preschoolers: A Canadian Thoracic Society and Canadian Paediatric Society Position Paper. Can Respir J. 2015;22:101572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canadian Thoracic Society. Canadian Thoracic Society Guideline/Position Statement Update Policy - 2016. Available at: https://cts-sct.ca/guideline-library/methodology/. Accessed on December 8, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• FitzGerald JM, Lemiere C, Lougheed MD, et al. Recognition and management of severe asthma: A Canadian Thoracic Society position statement. Can J Respir Crit Care Sleep Med. 2017;1(4):199–221. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/24745332.2017.1395250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus SC, Krishnan JA, King TS, et al. Mometasone or Tiotropium in Mild Asthma with a Low Sputum Eosinophil Level. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(21):2009–2019. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1814917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavord ID, Beasley R, Agusti A, et al. After asthma: redefining airways diseases. The Lancet. 2018;391(10118):350–400. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30879-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Asthma: diagnosis and Monitoring of Asthma in Adults, Children and Young People. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK); 2017. Nov. PMID: 29206391.
   Google Scholar
• Castro-Rodriguez JA, Holberg CJ, Wright AL, et al. A Clinical Index to Define Risk of Asthma in Young Children with Recurrent Wheezing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(4 Pt 1):1403–1406. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.162.4.9912111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallas HW, Chawes BL, Rasmussen MA, et al. Airway obstruction and bronchial reactivity from age 1 month until 13 years in children with asthma: A prospective birth cohort study. PLoS Med. 2019;16(1):e1002722. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddel HK, Taylor DR, Bateman ED, American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Task Force on Asthma Control and Exacerbations, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: asthma control and exacerbations: standardizing endpoints for clinical asthma trials and clinical practice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180(1):59–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200801-060ST.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coates AL, Wanger J, Cockcroft DW, the Bronchoprovocation Testing Task Force, et al. ERS technical standard on bronchial challenge testing: general considerations and performance of methacholine challenge tests. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(5):1601526. doi:https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01526-2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buelo A, McLean S, Julious S, ARC Group, et al. At-risk children with asthma (ARC): a systematic review. Thorax. 2018;73(9):813–824. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British Thoracic Society/Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma. 2019. Available from: https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/quality-improvement/guidelines/asthma/. Accessed on September 18, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Nwaru BI, Ekström M, Hasvold P, et al. Overuse of short-acting β2-agonists in asthma is associated with increased risk of exacerbation and mortality: a nationwide cohort study of the global SABINA programme. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(4):1901872. doi:https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01872-2019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayly JE, Bernat D, Porter L, et al. Secondhand Exposure to Aerosols From Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and Asthma Exacerbations Among Youth With Asthma. Chest. 2019;155(1):88–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2018.10.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Committee on the Review of the Health Effects of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes. Eaton DL, Kwan LY, Stratton K, editors. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Royal College of Physicians. Why asthma still kills: the National Review of Asthma Deaths (NRAD) Confidential Enquiry report. 2014. Available from: https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/why-asthma-still-kills. Accessed on September 18, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• To T, Zhu J, Williams DP, et al. Frequency of health service use in the year prior to asthma death. J Asthma. 2016;53(5):505–509. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2015.1064949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhogal SK, Zemek RL, Ducharme F. Written action plans for asthma in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2006; Issue (3)Art. No.: CD005306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson PG, Powell H, Wilson A, et al. Self-management education and regular practitioner review for adults with asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1998; Issue (4)Art. No.: CD001117.
   Google Scholar
• Buist AS, Vollmer WM, Wilson SR, et al. A Randomized Clinical Trial of Peak Flow versus Symptom Monitoring in Older Adults with Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174(10):1077–1087. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200510-1606OC.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams RJ, Boath K, Homan S, et al. A randomized trial of peak-flow and symptom-based action plans in adults with moderate-to-severe asthma. Respirology. 2001;6(4):297–304. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1843.2001.00350.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson AR, Dimich-Ward HD, Manfreda J, et al. Occupational Asthma in Adults in Six Canadian Communities. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162(6):2058–2062. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.162.6.9805079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell F, Gibson PG. Feather versus non‐feather bedding for asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2000; Issue (4). Art. No.: CD002154.
   Google Scholar
• Gøtzsche PC, Johansen HK. House dust mite control measures for asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008; Issue (2). Art. No.: CD001187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilburn SA, Lasserson TJ, McKean MC. Pet allergen control measures for allergic asthma in children and adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2003; Issue (1). Art. No.: CD002989.
   Google Scholar
• Singh M, Jaiswal N. Dehumidifiers for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013; Issue (6). Art. No.: CD003563.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloutier MM, Baptist AP, Blake KV, Expert Panel Working Group of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) administered and coordinated National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee (NAEPPCC), et al. 2020 Focused Updates to the Asthma Management Guidelines: A Report from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee Expert Panel Working Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(6):1217–1270. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clapp PW, Peden DB, Jaspers I. E-cigarettes, vaping-related pulmonary illnesses, and asthma: A perspective from inhalation toxicologists. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145(1):97–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchis J, Gich I, Pedersen S, Aerosol Drug Management Improvement Team (ADMIT) Systematic Review of Errors in Inhaler Use: Has Patient Technique Improved Over Time?Chest. 2016;150(2):394–406. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2016.03.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price DB, Román-Rodríguez M, McQueen RB, et al. Inhaler Errors in the CRITIKAL Study: Type, Frequency, and Association with Asthma Outcomes. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017;5(4):1071–1081.e1079. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.01.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavorini F, Barreto C, van Boven JFM, et al. Spacers and Valved Holding Chambers-The Risk of Switching to Different Chambers. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(5):1569–1573. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.12.035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volerman A, Balachandran U, Siros M, et al. Mask Use with Spacers/Valved Holding Chambers and Metered Dose Inhalers among Children with Asthma. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2021;18(1):17–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.202005-522CME.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark AR, Weers JG, Dhand R. The Confusing World of Dry Powder Inhalers: It Is All About Inspiratory Pressures, Not Inspiratory Flow Rates. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv. 2020;33(1):1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/jamp.2019.1556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laube BL, Janssens HM, de Jongh FH, International Society for Aerosols in Medicine, et al. What the pulmonary specialist should know about the new inhalation therapies. Eur Respir J. 2011;37(6):1308–1331. doi:https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00166410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vathenen AS, Knox AJ, Wisniewski A, et al. Time Course of Change in Bronchial Reactivity with an Inhaled Corticosteroid in Asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;143(6):1317–1321. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/143.6.1317.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bateman ED, Boushey HA, Bousquet J, et al. Can Guideline-defined Asthma Control Be Achieved?Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;170(8):836–844. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200401-033OC.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brand PL, Duiverman EJ, Waalkens HJ, et al. Peak flow variation in childhood asthma: correlation with symptoms, airways obstruction, and hyperresponsiveness during long-term treatment with inhaled corticosteroids. Dutch CNSLD Study Group. Thorax. 1999;54(2):103–107. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.54.2.103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerstjens HA, Brand PL, de Jong PM, et al. Influence of treatment on peak expiratory flow and its relation to airway hyperresponsiveness and symptoms. The Dutch CNSLD Study Group. Thorax. 1994;49(11):1109–1115. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.49.11.1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beasley R, Holliday M, Reddel HK, et al. Controlled Trial of Budesonide–Formoterol as Needed for Mild Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(21):2020–2030. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1901963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Axelsson I, Chung M, Lau J. Dose response of inhaled corticosteroids in children with persistent asthma: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2011;127(1):129–138. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-1223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calhoun WJ, Ameredes BT, King TS, Asthma Clinical Research Network of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, et al. Comparison of physician-, biomarker-, and symptom-based strategies for adjustment of inhaled corticosteroid therapy in adults with asthma: the BASALT randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;308(10):987–997. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/2012.jama.10893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemanske RF, Mauger DT, Sorkness CA, et al. Step-up Therapy for Children with Uncontrolled Asthma Receiving Inhaled Corticosteroids. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(11):975–985. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1001278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Advisory Council Asthma Expert Working Group. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma (EPR-3). 2007. Available from: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/guidelines-for-diagnosis-management-of-asthma. Accessed on September 18, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, 2020. Available from: www.ginasthma.org. Accessed on September 18, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Stempel DA, Szefler SJ, Pedersen S, VESTRI Investigators, et al. Safety of Adding Salmeterol to Fluticasone Propionate in Children with Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(9):840–849. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1606356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USA Food and Drug Administration. FDA requires Boxed Warning about serious mental health side effects for asthma and allergy drug montelukast (Singulair); advises restricting use for allergic rhinitis. Available at:https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-requires-boxed-warning-about-serious-mental-health-side-effects-asthma-and-allergy-drug#:∼:text=FDA%20is%20requiring%20a%20Boxed,allergy%20medicine%20montelukast%20(Singulair). 2020. 3-4-2020 FDA Drug Safety Communication(Accessed on November 3, 2020.).
   Google Scholar
• Benard B, Bastien V, Vinet B, et al. Neuropsychiatric adverse drug reactions in children initiated on montelukast in real-life practice. Eur Respir J. 2017;50(2):1700148. doi:https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00148-2017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glockler-Lauf SD, Finkelstein Y, Zhu J, et al. Montelukast and Neuropsychiatric Events in Children with Asthma: A Nested Case-Control Study. J Pediatr. 2019;209:176–182.e174. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.02.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson DJ, Bacharier LB, Mauger DT, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute AsthmaNet, et al. Quintupling Inhaled Glucocorticoids to Prevent Childhood Asthma Exacerbations. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(10):891–901. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1710988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKeever T, Mortimer K, Wilson A, et al. Quadrupling Inhaled Glucocorticoid Dose to Abort Asthma Exacerbations. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(10):902–910. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1714257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar