References
- Abbiss, C. R. , & Laursen, P. B. (2005). Models to explain fatigue during prolonged endurance cycling. Sports Medicine , 35(10), 865–898. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535100-00004
- Ament, W. , & Verkerke, G. J. (2009). Exercise and fatigue. Sports Medicine , 39(5), 389–422. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939050-00005
- Aubert, A. E. , Seps, B. , & Beckers, F. (2003). Heart rate variability in athletes. Sports Medicine , 33(12), 889–919. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333120-00003
- Berntson, G. G. , Quigley, K. S. , Jang, J. F. , & Boysen, S. T. (1990). An approach to artifact identification: Application to heart period data. Psychophysiology , 27(5), 586–598. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb01982.x
- Billman, G. E. (2009). Cardiac autonomic neural remodeling and susceptibility to sudden cardiac death: Effect of endurance exercise training. The American Journal of Physiology , 297(4), H1171–H1193. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00534.2009
- Blasco-Lafarga, C. , Camarena, B. , & Mateo-March, M. (2017). Cardiovascular and autonomic responses to a maximal exercise test in elite youngsters. International Journal of Sports Medicine , 38(9), 666–674. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-110680
- Blasco-Lafarga, C. , Martínez-Navarro, I. , & Mateo-March, M. (2013). Is baseline cardiac autonomic modulation related to performance and physiological responses following a supramaximal Judo test? PloS One , 8(10), e78584. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078584
- Casties, J. , Mottet, D. , & Le Gallais, D. (2006). Non-linear analyses of heart rate variability during heavy exercise and recovery in cyclists. International Journal of Sports Medicine , 27(10), 780–785. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-872968
- Cohen, J. W. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences . Erlbaum.
- Cottin, F. , Slawinski, J. , Lopes, P. , de, V. , Louw, A. , & Billat, V. (2007). Effect of a 24-h continuous walking race on cardiac autonomic control. European Journal of Applied Physiology , 99(3), 245–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0341-3
- de Aguiar, R. A. , Lisbôa, F. D. , Turnes, T. , de Oliveira Cruz, R. S. , & Caputo, F. (2015). The effects of different training backgrounds on VO2 responses to all-out and supramaximal constant-velocity running bouts. PloS One , 10(8), e0133785. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133785
- de Godoy, M. F. (2016). Nonlinear analysis of heart rate variability: A comprehensive review. Journal of Cardiology and Therapy , 3(3), 528–533. https://doi.org/10.17554/j..2309-6861.2016.03.101-4
- di Prampero, P. E. , Atchou, G. , Brückner, J. C. , & Moia, C. (1986). The energetics of endurance running. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology , 55(3), 259–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02343797
- do Carmo, E. C. , Barroso, R. , Renfree, A. , Gil, S. , & Tricoli, V. (2016). Influence of an enforced fast start on 10-km-running performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance , 11(6), 736–741. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0397
- Faude, O. , & Meyer, T. (2008). Methodische Aspekte der Laktatbestimmung [Methodological aspects of lactate determination]. German Journal of Sports Medicine , 59(12), 305–309. https://www.germanjournalsportsmedicine.com/fileadmin/content/archiv2008/heft12/uebersicht_faude_12_2008.pdf
- Goldberger, A. L. , Amaral, L. A. , Hausdorff, J. M. , Ivanov, P. C. , Peng, C. K. , & Stanley, H. E. (2002). Fractal dynamics in physiology: Alterations with disease and aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 99(Suppl. 1), 2466–2472. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.012579499
- Gronwald, T. , & Hoos, O. (2019). Correlation properties of heart rate variability during endurance exercise: A systematic review. Annals of Noninvasive Electrocardiology , 25(1), e12697. https://doi.org/10.1111/anec.12697
- Gronwald, T. , Hoos, O. , & Hottenrott, K. (2019b). Effects of a short-term cycling interval session and active recovery on non-linear dynamics of cardiac autonomic activity in endurance trained cyclists. Journal of Clinical Medicine , 8(2), 194. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8020194
- Gronwald, T. , Hoos, O. , & Hottenrott, K. (2019c). Effects of acute normobaric hypoxia on non-linear dynamics of cardiac autonomic activity during constant workload cycling exercise. Frontiers in Physiology - Exercise Physiology , 10(999), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00999
- Gronwald, T. , Hoos, O. , Ludyga, S. , & Hottenrott, K. (2019a). Non-linear dynamics of heart rate variability during incremental cycling exercise. Research in Sports Medicine , 27(1), 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2018.1502182
- Gronwald, T. , Ludyga, S. , Hoos, O. , & Hottenrott, K. (2018). Non-linear dynamics of cardiac autonomic activity during cycling exercise with varied cadence. Human Movement Science , 60, 225–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2018.06.013
- Hautala, A. J. , Makikallio, T. H. , Seppanen, T. , Huikuri, H. V. , & Tulppo, M. P. (2003). Short-term correlation properties of R-R interval dynamics at different exercise intensity levels. Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging , 23(4), 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1475-097X.2003.00499.x
- Heffernan, K. S. , Sosnoff, J. J. , Fahs, C. A. , Shinsako, K. K. , Jae, S. Y. , & Fernhall, B. (2008). Fractal scaling properties of heart rate dynamics following resistance exercise training. Journal of Applied Physiology , 105(1), 109–113. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00150.2008
- Hoos, O. , Boeselt, T. , Steiner, M. , Hottenrott, K. , & Beneke, R. (2014). Long-range correlations and complex regulation of pacing in long-distance road racing. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance , 9(3), 544–553. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2012-0334
- Hottenrott, K. , & Hoos, O. (2017). Heart rate variability analysis in exercise physiology. In H. Jelinek , A. Khandoker , & D. Cornforth (Eds.), ECG time series analysis: Engineering to medicine (pp. 245–257). CRC Press.
- Huikuri, H. V. , Mäkikallio, T. H. , & Perkiömäki, J. (2003). Measurement of heart rate variability by methods based on nonlinear dynamics. Journal of Electrocardiology , 36(Suppl. 1), 95–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2003.09.021
- Huikuri, H. V. , Perkiömäki, J. S. , Maestri, R. , & Pinna, G. D. (2009). Clinical impact of evaluation of cardiovascular control by novel methods of heart rate dynamics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences , 367(1892), 1223–1238. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0294
- Ivanov, P. C. , Amaral, L. N. , Goldberger, A. L. , & Stanley, H. E. (1998). Stochastic feedback and the regulation of biological rhythms. Europhysics Letters (EPL) , 43(4), 363–368. https://doi.org/10.1209/epl/i1998-00366-3
- Kannankeril, P. J. , & Goldberger, J. J. (2002). Parasympathetic effects on cardiac electrophysiology during exercise and recovery. The American Journal of Physiology , 282(6), H2091–H2098.
- Karasik, R. , Sapir, N. , Ashkenazy, Y. , Ivanov, P. C. , Dvir, I. , Lavie, P. , & Havlin, S. (2002). Correlation differences in heartbeat fluctuations during rest and exercise. Physical Review E , 66(6), 062902. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.66.062902
- Karavirta, L. , Tulppo, M. P. , Laaksonen, D. E. , Nyman, K. A. I. , Laukkanen, R. T. , Kinnunen, H. , Häkkinen, A. , & Häkkinen, K. (2009). Heart rate dynamics after combined endurance and strength training in older men. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise , 41(7), 1436–1443. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181994a91
- Lewis, M. J. , & Short, A. L. (2010). Exercise and cardiac regulation: What can electrocardiographic time series tell us? Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports , 20(6), 794–804. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01150.x
- Marcora, S. M. (2008). Do we really need a central governor to explain brain regulation of exercise performance? European Journal of Applied Physiology , 104(5), 929–931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0818-3
- Marino, F. E. , Gard, M. , & Drinkwater, E. J. (2011). The limits to exercise performance and the future of fatigue research. British Journal of Sports Medicine , 45(1), 65–67. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.067611
- Mendonca, G. V. , Heffernan, K. S. , Rossow, L. , Guerra, M. , Pereira, F. D. , & Fernhall, B. (2010). Sex differences in linear and nonlinear heart rate variability during early recovery from supramaximal exercise. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism , 35(S1), 439–446. https://doi.org/10.1139/H10-028
- Michael, S. , Graham, K. S. , & Davis, G. M. (2017). Cardiac autonomic responses during exercise and post-exercise recovery using heart rate variability and systolic time intervals - A review. Frontiers in Physiology , 8, 301. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00301
- Millet, G. Y. (2011). Can neuromuscular fatigue explain running strategies and performance in ultra-marathons? Flush model. Sports Medicine , 41(6), 489–506. https://doi.org/10.2165/11588760-000000000-00000
- Murgatroyd, S. R. , Ferguson, C. , Ward, S. A. , Whipp, B. J. , & Rossiter, H. B. (2011). Pulmonary O 2 uptake kinetics as a determinant of high-intensity exercise tolerance in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology , 110(6), 1598–1606. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01092.2010
- Nakamura, Y. , Yamamoto, Y. , & Muraoka, I. (1993). Autonomic control of heart rate during physical exercise and fractal dimension of heart rate variability. Journal of Applied Physiology , 74(2), 875–881. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.2.875
- Noakes, T. D. (2011). Time to move beyond a brainless exercise physiology: The evidence for complex regulation of human exercise performance. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism , 36(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1139/H10-082
- Noakes, T. D. (2012). Fatigue is a brain-derived emotion that regulates the exercise behavior to ensure the protection of whole body homeostasis. Frontiers in Physiology , 3, 82. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00082
- Peng, C. K. , Havlin, S. , Stanley, H. E. , & Goldberger, A. L. (1995). Quantification of scaling exponents and crossover phenomena in nonstationary heartbeat time series. Chaos , 5(1), 82–87. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.166141
- Persson, P. B. (1996). Modulation of cardiovascular control mechanisms and their interaction. Physiological Reviews , 76(1), 193–244. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1996.76.1.193
- Platisa, M. M. , & Gal, V. (2008). Correlation properties of heartbeat dynamics. European Biophysics Journal , 37(7), 1247–1252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00249-007-0254-z
- Platisa, M. M. , Mazic, S. , Nestorovic, Z. , & Gal, V. (2008). Complexity of heartbeat interval series in young healthy trained and untrained men. Physiological Measurement , 29(4), 439–450. https://doi.org/10.1088/0967-3334/29/4/002
- Rosenwinkel, E. T. , Bloomfield, D. M. , Arwady, M. A. , & Goldsmith, R. L. (2001). Exercise and autonomic function in health and cardiovascular disease. Cardiology Clinics , 19(3), 369–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0733-8651(05)70223-X
- Sandercock, G. R. H. , & Brodie, D. A. (2006). The use of heart rate variability measures to assess autonomic control during exercise. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports , 16(5), 302–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00556.x
- Sassi, R. , Cerutti, S. , Lombardi, F. , Malik, M. , Huikuri, H. V. , Peng, C. K. , Schmidt, G. , Yamamoto, Y. , Gorenek, B. , Lip, G. Y. H. , Grassi, G. , Kudaiberdieva, G. , Fisher, J. P. , Zabel, M. , & Macfadyen, R. (2015). Advances in heart rate variability signal analysis: Joint position statement by the e-cardiology ESC working group and the European Heart Rhythm Association co-endorsed by the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society. Europace , 17(9), 1341–1353. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euv015
- Seely, A. J. E. , & Macklem, P. T. (2004). Complex systems and the technology of variability analysis. Crit Ical Care , 8(6), R367–384. https://doi.org/10.1186/cc2948
- Sen, J. , & McGill, D. (2018). Fractal analysis of heart rate variability as a predictor of mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chaos , 28(7), 072101. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5038818
- Shaffer, F. , McCraty, R. , & Zerr, C. L. (2014). A healthy heart is not a metronome: An integrative review of the heart’s anatomy and heart rate variability. Frontiers in Psychology , 5, 1040. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01040
- Silva, L. E. V. , Silva, C. A. A. , Salgado, H. C. , & Fazan, J. R. (2017). The role of sympathetic and vagal cardiac control on complexity of heart rate dynamics. The American Journal of Physiology , 312(3), H469–H477.
- Smirmaul, B. P. , Fontes, E. B. , & Noakes, T. D. (2010). Afferent feedback from fatigued locomotor muscles is important, but not limiting, for endurance exercise performance. Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory, Environmental and Exercise Physiology , 108(2), 458.
- Smirmaul, B. P. C. , Dantas, J. L. , Nakamura, F. Y. , & Pereira, G. (2013). The psychobiological model: A new explanation to intensity regulation and (in) tolerance in endurance exercise. Revista Brasileira De Educação Física E Esporte , 27(2), 333–340. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-55092013005000008
- Spasić, S. Z. , & Kesić, S. (2019). Nonlinearity in living systems: Theoretical and practical perspectives on metrics of physiological signal complexity. Frontiers in Physiology , 10, 298. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00298
- St Clair Gibson, A. , Swart, J. , & Tucker, R. (2018). The interaction of psychological and physiological homeostatic drives and role of general control principles in the regulation of physiological systems, exercise and the fatigue process - The Integrative Governor theory. European Journal of Sport Science , 18(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1321688
- Sztajzel, J. , Atchou, G. , Adamec, R. , de, B. , & Luna, A. (2006). Effects of extreme endurance running on cardiac autonomic nervous modulation in healthy trained subjects. The American Journal of Cardiology , 97(2), 276–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.08.040
- Tarvainen, M. P. , Niskanen, J. P. , Lipponen, J. A. , Ranta-Aho, P. O. , & Karjalainen, P. A. (2014). Kubios HRV–heart rate variability analysis software. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine , 113(1), 210–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2013.07.024
- Task Force . (1996). Task force of the European society of cardiology and the North American society of pacing and electrophysiology: Heart rate variability - Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Circulation , 93(5), 1043–1065. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.93.5.1043
- Tulppo, M. P. , Hautala, A. J. , Makikallio, T. H. , Laukkanen, R. T. , Nissila, S. , Hughson, R. L. , & Huikuri, H. V. (2003). Effects of aerobic training on heart rate dynamics in sedentary subjects. Journal of Applied Physiology , 95(1), 364–372. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00751.2002
- Tulppo, M. P. , Hughson, R. L. , Makikallio, T. H. , Airaksinen, K. E. , Seppanen, T. , & Huikuri, H. V. (2001). Effects of exercise and passive head-up tilt on fractal and complexity properties of heart rate dynamics. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology , 280(3), H1081–H1087. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2001.280.3.H1081
- Venhorst, A. , Micklewright, D. , & Noakes, T. D. (2018). Towards a three-dimensional framework of centrally regulated and goal-directed exercise behaviour: A narrative review. British Journal of Sports Medicine , 52(15), 957–966. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096907
- von Bertalanffy, L. (1950a). The theory of open systems in physics and biology. Science , 111(2872), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.111.2872.23
- von Bertalanffy, L. (1950b). An outline of general system theory. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science , 1(2), 134–165. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjps/I.2.134
- West, B. J. (2010). Fractal physiology and the fractional calculus: A perspective. Frontiers in Physiology , 1, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2010.00012
- Williams, C. , & Nute, M. L. (1983). Some physiological demands of a half-marathon race on recreational runners. British Journal of Sports Medicine , 17(3), 152–161. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.17.3.152
- Yeh, R. G. , Chen, G. Y. , Shieh, J. S. , & Kuo, C. D. (2010). Parameter investigation of detrended fluctuation analysis for short-term human heart rate variability. Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering , 30(5), 277–282. https://doi.org/10.5405/jmbe.30.5.02