997
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

An Evolution Rather than a Revolution: Cannabis Legalization Implementation from the Perspective of the Police in Washington State

, , , , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , , & show all
Pages 267-293 | Received 12 Nov 2019, Accepted 13 Apr 2020, Published online: 13 May 2020

References

  • Albers, B., Mildon, R., Lyon, A. R., & Shlonsky, A. (2017). Implementation frameworks in child, youth and family services – Results from a scoping review. Children and Youth Services Review, 81, 101–116. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.07.003
  • Alexander, M. (2010). The New Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York, NY: The New Press.
  • Allen, S. (2018). Feds ‘not ready’ to roll out cannabis legalization given ‘huge gap’ in police training: Critics. The Hill Times, Apr 25, Issue 1527, 12.
  • Asbridge, M., & Weerasinghe, S. (2009). Homicide in Chicago from 1890 to 1930: Prohibition and its impact on alcohol‐and non‐alcohol‐related homicides. Addiction, 104(3), 355–364. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02466.x
  • Ashmore, J. A., Ditterich, K. W., Conley, C. C., Wright, M. R., Howland, P. S., Huggins, K. L., … Andersen, B. L. (2019). Evaluating the effectiveness and implementation of evidence-based treatment: A multisite hybrid design. American Psychologist, 74(4), 459–473. doi:10.1037/amp0000309
  • Bagley, B. M., & Rosen, J. D. (2015). Drug trafficking, organized crime, and violence in the Americas today. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.
  • Baker, S. E., & Edwards, R. (2012). How many qualitative interviews is enough (NCRM Working Paper). Retrieved from http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/2273/.
  • Bergal, J. (2019). Police are now taking roadside blood samples to catch impaired drivers. Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/police-are-now-taking-roadside-blood-samples-to-catch-impaired-drivers.
  • Bergen‐Cico, D. (2013). Perspectives of US drug policy: Observations and advice from drug policy administrators in emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe. World Medical & Health Policy, 5(4), 362–388.
  • Blocker, J.S. (2006). Did prohibition really work? Alcohol prohibition as a public health innovation. American Journal of Public Health, 96(2), 233–243. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.065409
  • Blumstein, A. (1995). Youth violence, guns, and the illicit-drug industry. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-), 86(1), 10–36. doi:10.2307/1143998
  • Bureau of Prohibition. (1930). State cooperation: Federal and state responsibility under the concurrent power. United States: Bureau of Prohibition.
  • Carpenter, T.G. (2003). Bad neighbor policy: Washington’s futile war on drugs in Latin America. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Coghlan, A. T., Preskill, H., & Tzavaras, C. (2003). An overview of appreciative inquiry in evaluation. New Directions for Evaluation, 2003(100), 5–22. doi:10.1002/ev.96
  • Coyne, C.J., & Hall, A.R. (2017, April 12). Four decades and counting: The continued failure of the war on drugs. Cato Institute Policy Analysis (No.811). Retrieved from https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/four-decades-counting-continued-failure-war-drugs.
  • DeAngelo, G. J., Gittings, R. K., & Ross, A. (2018). Police incentives, policy spillovers, and the enforcement of drug crimes. Review of Law & Economics, 14(1)doi:10.1515/rle-2016-0033
  • Dills, A., Goffard, S., & Miron, J. (16 September, (2016). Dose of reality: The effect of state marijuana legalizations. Policy Analysis-CATO Institute (No. 799). Retrieved from https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/dose-reality-effect-state-marijuana-legalizations.
  • Drug Policy Alliance. (2019). A brief history of the drug war. Retrieved from http://www.drugpolicy.org/issues/brief-history-drug-war.
  • Edwards, G. (1980). Implementing public policy. Washington D.C. CQ Press
  • Fiedler, M., Specht, J., DeStefano, M., & Sigler, M. (2015). Colorado’s legalization of marijuana and the impact on public policy: A practical guide for law enforcement. The National Police Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.policefoundation.org/projects/colorados-legalization-of-marijuana-and-the-impact-on-public-policy-a-practical-guide-for-law-enforcement/.
  • Gonzalez III, J. J., & McGee, M. P. (Eds.). (2018). Legal marijuana: Perspectives on public benefits, risks and policy approaches. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
  • Grant, B. F., Nephew, T. M., Stinson, F. S., & Colliver, J. D, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U.S.), & Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System. (1985). U.S. alcohol epidemiologic data reference manual (Vol. 1). Rockville, Md.: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Retrieved from https://prohibition.osu.edu/brewing/consumption.
  • Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82. doi:10.1177/1525822X05279903
  • Hagar, M. (2018). Police face staffing, drug-testing hurdles as cannabis legalization nears. The Globe and Mail, Oct 02, A.12.
  • Hall, W. (2010). What are the policy lessons of National Alcohol Prohibition in the United States, 1920–1933? Addiction, 105(7), 1164–1173. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02926.x
  • Healthy Youth Survey. (2018). 2018 Washington State healthy youth survey data brief: Marijuana. Retrieved from https://www.doh.wa.gov/DataandStatisticalReports/DataSystems/HealthyYouthSurvey.
  • Jensen, G. F. (2000). Prohibition, alcohol, and murder: Untangling countervailing mechanisms. Homicide Studies, 4(1), 18–36. doi:10.1177/1088767900004001002
  • Kleiman, M. (2012). Against excess: Drug policy for results. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Levine, H.G., & Reinarman, C. (1991). From Prohibition to Regulation: Lessons from Alcohol Policy for Drug Policy. The Milbank Quarterly, 69(3), 461–494. doi:10.2307/3350105
  • Levine, H., & Small, D. P. (2008). Marijuana arrest crusade: Racial bias and police policy. New York, NY: New York Civil Liberties Union.
  • Lovrich, N.P., Christensen, E., & Routh, D. (2016). Cannabis-impaired driving: The extent of the problem and countermeasures being taken now and to be taken in the future. In N.E. Marion & J.B. Hill (Eds.), Legalizing marijuana: A shift in policies across America (pp. 135–160). Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
  • Lu, R., Willits, D., Stohr, M.K., Makin, D., Snyder, J., Lovrich, N.P., … Hemmens, C. (2019). The Cannabis effect on crime: Time-series analysis of crime in Washington State. Justice Quarterly, 1–31. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/07418825.2019.1666903
  • MacDougall, C., & Baum, F. (1997). The devil’s advocate: A strategy to avoid groupthink and stimulate discussion in focus groups. Qualitative Health Research, 7(4), 532–541. doi:10.1177/104973239700700407
  • Marion, N. E., & Hill, J. B. (2019). Marijuana 360: Differing perspectives on legalization. London, UK: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Mazmanian, D.A., & Sabatier, P.A. (1981). Effective policy implementation. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
  • Miron, J. A. (1999). Violence and the US prohibitions of drugs and alcohol. American Law and Economics Review, 1(1), 78–114. doi:10.1093/aler/1.1.78
  • Mueller, T., Tevendale, H., Fuller, T. R., House, L. D., Romero, L. M., Brittain, A., & Varanasi, B. (2017). Teen pregnancy prevention: Implementation of a multicomponent, community-wide approach. Journal of Adolescent Health, 60(3), S9–S17.
  • Nguyen, H., & Reuter, P. (2012). How risky is marijuana possession? Considering the role of age, race, and gender. Crime & Delinquency, 58(6), 879–910.
  • Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Leech, N. L., & Collins, K. M. (2012). Qualitative analysis techniques for the review of the literature. The Qualitative Report, 17(28), 1–28.
  • Pressman, J.L., & Wildavsky, A. (1973). Implementation: How great expectations in Washington are dashed in Oakland; or, why it’s amazing that federal programs work at all. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Rabson, M. (2017). Police call on Ottawa to delay cannabis legalization. The Globe and Mail, Sep 13, A-12.
  • Sandbrook, D. (2012, August 25). How Prohibition backfired and gave America an era of gangsters and speakeasies. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/film/2012/aug/26/lawless-prohibition-gangsters-speakeasies.
  • Seale, C., & Charteris-Black, J. (2010). Keyword analysis: A new tool for qualitative research. In I. Bourgeault, R. Dingwall, & R. De Vries (Eds.), The SAGE handbook qualitative methods health research (pp. 536–557). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publishing Ltd.
  • Sheley, J. F., & Hanlon, J. J. (1978). Unintended effects of police decisions to actively enforce laws: Implications for analysis of crime trends. Contemporary Crises, 2(3), 265–275. doi:10.1007/BF02741895
  • Siciliano, M. D., Moolenaar, N. M., Daly, A. J., Liou, Y. H., (2017). A cognitive perspective on policy implementation: Reform beliefs, sensemaking, and social networks. Public Administration Review, 77(6), 889–901.
  • Shumavon, D., & Hibbeln, H. K. (1986). Administrative discretion and public policy implementation. New York, NY: Praeger. doi:10.1111/puar.12797
  • Stohr, M. K., Woo, Y., Willits, D., & Hemmens, C. (2018). Final report: The role of THC and other intoxicants on traffic accidents in Washington State. Report submitted to the Washington State Traffic Safety Commission.
  • Then, K. L., Rankin, J. A., & Ali, E. (2014). Focus group research: What is it and how can it be used? Canadian Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing = Journal Canadien en Soins Infirmiers Cardio-Vasculaires, 24(1), 16–22.
  • Thornton, M. (1991, July 17). Alcohol prohibition was a failure. Cato Institute Policy Analysis (No. 157). Retrieved from https://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/alcohol-prohibition-was-failure.
  • Timmer, S. G., Urquiza, A. J., Boys, D. K., Forte, L. A., Quick-Abdullah, D., Chan, S., & Gould, W. (2016). Filling potholes on the implementation highway: Evaluating the implementation of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy in Los Angeles County. Child Abuse & Neglect, 53, 40–50. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.11.011
  • United States Government Accountability Office (USGAO). (2015). Drug impaired driving: Additional supported needed for public awareness initiatives. Retrieved from https://www.gao.gov/assets/670/668776.pdf.
  • Ward, K. C., Lucas, P. A., & Murphy, A. (2019). The impact of marijuana legalization on law enforcement in states surrounding Colorado. Police Quarterly, 22(2), 217–242. doi:10.1177/1098611118819902
  • Washington State Health Assessment. (2018). Marijuana use. Retrieved from https://www.doh.wa.gov/Portals/1/Documents/1000/SHA-MarijuanaUse.pdf.
  • Washington Traffic Safety Commission. (2016). Driver toxicology testing and the involvement of marijuana in fatal crashes, 2010-2014. Olympia, WA: WTSC.
  • Washington Traffic Safety Commission (2018, November 29). New cannabis and alcohol traffic safety culture study reveals: Washington drivers intervene to prevent driving under the influence. Retrieved from https://wtsc.wa.gov/new-cannabis-and-alcohol-traffic-safety-culture-study-reveals-washington-drivers-intervene-to-prevent-driving-under-the-influence/.
  • Werb, D. (2018). Post-war prevention: Emerging frameworks to prevent drug use after the War on Drugs. International Journal of Drug Policy, 51, 160–164. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.06.012
  • Whitney, D., & Trosten-Bloom, A. (2003). The power of appreciative inquiry. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.