- Zhang, Baijia, “Gaibianzijiyingxiang shijie—20 shiji zhongguo waijiao jiben xiansuo chuyi” [Transforming the self, influencing the world—Discussions on China's underlying foreign policy line in the 20th century], Zhongguo Shehui Kexae [Social Sciences in China] No. 1, 2002: 4–19.
- Western scholars often refer this as the tribute system. Huang, Zhilian. Tianchao Lizhi Tixi Yanjiu: Vol.1: Zhongguoyu Yanzhou Guojia Guanxi Xingtai-lun [The tribute system vol.1 China's relations with Asian countries] (Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 1992).
- The five submission zones are, tianfu, houfu, suifu (also called binfu), yaofu and huangfu. The four barbarians (man, yi, rong and di) lived in the yaofu (man and yi) and huangfu (rong and di). Convicted exiles also lived in the two fuzones. For details refer to, Shang Shu and Yu Gong, Guo Yu and Zhou Yu, and Xun Tzuand ZhengLun etc.
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