Beyond classroom-newsroom gap: why do Nigerian students study journalism in the age of convergence?

References

• Adam, G. S. 1988. “Thinking Journalism”. Content (Jul.–Aug.). Ottawa: Carleton University.
   Google Scholar
• Ahva, L. 2016. Practice Theory for Journalism Studies: Operationalizing the Concept of Practice for the Study of Participation. http://www.uta.fi/cmt/yhteystiedot/henkilokunta/laura_ahva/index/Accepted%20Manuscript_Practice%20Theory_Ahva.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Allen, D. G. 2006. “Do Organizational Socialization Tactics Influence Newcomer Embeddedness and Turnover?” Journal of Management 32: 237–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Press Institute. 2016. What Is journalism? https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/journalism-essentials/what-is-journalism/.
   Google Scholar
• Appelgen, E. 2004. “Convergence and Divergence in Media: Different Perspectives.” Paper Presented at the 8th ICCC International Conference on Electronic Publishing Brasilia - DF, Brazil June 2004. http://elpub.scix.net/data/works/att/237elpub2004.content.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ashong, C. A., and H. E. Batta. 2011. “Gender Representation in Communication Education and Practice in Nigeria.” Journal of Communication 2 (1): 13–22.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. 1977. “Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifymg Theory of Behavioral Change.” Psychological Review 84: 191–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. 1986. Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Baquedano-Lopez, P. 2001. “Creating Social Identities Through Doctrina Narratives.” In Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader, edited by A. Duranti, 27–45. Cornwall: Blackwell Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, L., T. Vlad, and P. Desnoes. 2010. “Job Market Goes from bad to Worse: Annual Survey of Journalism and Mass Communication Graduates.” AEJMC News 44: 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Bovee, W. G. 1999. Discovering Journalism. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bratton, J., and J. Gold. 2007. Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Carrico, C., H. M. Matusovich, and M. C. Paretti. 2019. “A Qualitative Analysis of Career Choice Pathways of College-Oriented Rural Central Appalachian High School Students.” Journal of Career Development 46 (2): 94–111. doi:10.1177/0894845317725603.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chioma, P. E., S. Okere, O. O. Alao, I. O. Atakiti, and O. O. Jegede. 2015. “Career Considerations in Journalism among Female Mass Communication Students of Redeemers University.” Research on Humanities and Social Sciences 5 (14). http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/RHSS/article/viewFile/24536/25174.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, N. 2012. “Total Number of Entry-Level Jobs in Journalism Each Year is in the Low Hundreds.” April 18. Accessed August 14, 2012, from http://www.theaustralian.com.au/media/total-number-of-entry-level-jobs-in-journalism-each-year-is-in-the-low-hundreds/story-fnd7xvub-1226330750398.
   Google Scholar
• Claussen, D. S. 2007. “Medill 2020: 411 or 911?” Journalism & Mass Communication Educator 62 (4): 337–340.
   Google Scholar
• Corrigan, T. F. 2015. “Media and Cultural Industries Internships: A Thematic Review and Digital Labor Parallels.” tripleC 13 (2): 336–350. http://www.triple c.at/index.php/tripleC/article/viewFile/608/737.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. 2014. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 4th ed. New Delhi: Sage Publications Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Daily Beast. 2012. “The 13 Most Useless Majors, from Philosophy to Journalism.” April 23. http://www.thedailybeast.com/galleries/2012/04/23/the-13-most-uselessmajors-from-philosophy-to-journalism.html.
   Google Scholar
• Daugherty, E. L. 2011. “The Public Relations Internship Experience: A Comparison of Student and Site Supervisor Perspectives.” Public Relations Review 37 (5): 470–477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deuze, M. 2004. “What is Multimedia Journalism?” Journalism Studies 5 (2): 139–152.
   Google Scholar
• Deuze, M. 2006. “Global Journalism Education: A Conceptual Approach.” Journalism Studies 7 (1): 19–34.
   Google Scholar
• Deuze, M. 2015. “Understanding Journalism as Newswork: How it Changes, and how it Remains the Same.” Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture 5 (2): 4–23. https://www.westminster.ac.uk/file/7101/download?token=oEuWDfow.
   Google Scholar
• Dias, P., A. Freedman, P. Medway, and A. Paré. 1999. Worlds Apart: Acting and Writing in Academic and Workplace Contexts. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Edmonds, R. 2013. ASNE Census Finds 2,600 Newsroom Jobs Were lost in 2012. June 26. Accessed May 19, 2016. http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/business-news/the-biz-blog/216617/asne-census-finds-2600-newsroom-jobs-were-lost-in-2012/.
   Google Scholar
• el-Nawawy, M. 2007. “Between the Newsroom and the Classroom: Education Standards and Practices for Print Journalism in Egypt and Jordan.” International Communication Gazette 69 (1): 69–90. doi:10.1177/1748048507072785.
   Google Scholar
• Emenyeonu, N. B. 1991. “Motivations for Choice of Course and Career Preferences of Nigerian Female Students: Implications for the Status of Media Women in a Developing Nation.” African Media Review 5 (2): 71–82.
   Google Scholar
• Emmanuel, N. O. 2017. “Assessment of Journalism Trends and Practices in New Media Era: A New Direction for Journalism Education in Nigeria.” International Journal of Communication 21 (1): 12–36. http://journal.ijcunn.com/index.php/IJC/article/view/281.
   Google Scholar
• Emmanuel, N. O. 2019. “Assessment of Classroom-Newsroom Gap in Journalism Education in Nigeria.” Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
   Google Scholar
• Finberg, H. 2013. State of Journalism Education 2013. https://www.newsu.org/course_files/StateOfJournalismEducation2013.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Finucane, P. 2006. “Teaching Journalism for an Unknown Future: Journalism Professors Work to Align Essential Skills with Emerging Technology.” Nieman Reports 60 (1): 59–61.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, C. D. 1986. “Organisational Socialization: An Integrative Review.” Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management 4: 101–145.
   Google Scholar
• Folkerts, J., J. M. Hamilton, and N. Lemann. 2013. Educating Journalists: A New Plea for the University Tradition. http://www.journalism.columbia.edu/system/documents/785/original/75881_JSchool_Educating_Journalists-PPG_V2-16.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Godole, J., and M. Karçanaj. 2016. “Albania: A Need for Dialogue with Media Outlets on Internships.” In Requirements for Modern Journalism Education: The Perspective of Students in South East, edited by V. Car, M. Radojković, and M. Zlateva, 11–35. Berlin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, E.V. http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_470831522-2-30.pdf?170130122152.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, R. 2003. “The Meanings and Implications of Convergence.” In Digital Journalism: Emerging Media and the Changing Horizons of Journalism, edited by K. Kawamoto, 57–74. Oxford, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberger, E. 1988. “Working in Teenage America.” In Work Experience and Psychological Development through the Lifespan, edited by J. Mortimer and K. Borman, 104–111. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Griffin, M. 1991. “Defining Visual Communication for a Multi-Media World.” The Journalism Educator 46 (1): 9–15.
   Google Scholar
• Gugerty, C. A. 2011. “Internships in Public Relations and Advertising: The Nature of the Experience from the Students’ Perspective.” MA thesis, University of South Florida. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3133.
   Google Scholar
• Guttman, A. 2020. Nigeria Ad Spend 2018-2020, by Medium. https://www.statista.com/statistics/614932/nigeria-advertising-spending-medium/.
   Google Scholar
• Hancock, B., E. Ockleford, and K. Windridge. 2007. An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Sheffield, UK: The NIHR RDS EM / YH. https://www.rds-yh.nihr.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/5_Introductionto-qualitative-research-2009.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Hanna, M., and K. Sanders. 2007. “Journalism Education in Britain: Who Are the Students and What Do They Want?” Journalism Practice 1 (3): 404–420. doi:10.1080/17512780701505093.
   Google Scholar
• Hanson, E. C. 2010. “A History of International Communication Studies.” In The International Studies Encyclopedia. Vol. 6, edited by R. Denemark, 3396–3417. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Hanusch, F. 2008. “Mapping Australian Journalism Culture: Results from a Survey of Journalists’ Role Perceptions.” Australian Journalism Review 30 (2): 97–109.
   Google Scholar
• Hanusch, F. 2012. “Australian Journalism Students’ Motivations and Job Expectations: Evidence from a Survey Across Six Universities.” Australian Journalism Review 34 (2): 85–98.
   Google Scholar
• Hanusch, F., C. Mellado, P. Boshoff, M. L. Humanes, S. de León, F. Pereira, M. Márquez Ramírez, S. Roses, F. Subervi, V. Wyss, and L. Yez. 2015. “Journalism Students’ Motivations and Expectations of Their Work in Comparative Perspective.” Journalism and Mass Communication Educator 70 (2): 141–160.
   Google Scholar
• Haski-Leventhal, D., and D. Bargal. 2008. “The Volunteer Stages and Transitions Model: Organizational Socialization of Volunteers.” Human Relations 61: 67–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haverkamp, B., and R. Young. 2007. “Paradigms, Purpose, and the Role of the Literature: Formulating a Rationale for Qualitative Investigations.” The Counseling Psychologist 35 (2): 265–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helme, S., and J. Polesel. 2004. Young Visions 2004: A Follow up Study of Young Visions Participants and Their Destinations one Year Later. Canberra: DEST.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes, T., S. Hadwin, and G. Mottershead. 2013. The 21st Century Journalism Handbook: Essential Skills for the Modern Journalist. Harlow: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Hovden, J. F., G. Bjørnsen, R. Ottosen, I. Willig, and H. Zilliacus-Tikkanen. 2009. “The Nordic Journalists of Tomorrow. An Exploration of First Year Journalism Students in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.” Nordicom Review 30 (1): 149–165.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins, H. 2006. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Josephi, B., and I. Richards. 2012. “The Australian Journalist in the 21st Century.” In The Global Journalist in the 21st Century, edited by D. Weaver, and L. Willnat, 115–125. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kraeplin, C., and C. A. Criado. 2005. “Building a Case for Convergence Journalism Curriculum.” Journalism & Mass Communication Educator 60 (1): 47–56.
   Google Scholar
• Kuban, A. J. 2014. “Journalism Educators, Their Students, and Local Media Practitioners: A Case Study Exploration.” Journal of Case Studies in Education. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1060629.
   Google Scholar
• Küng, L. 2015. Innovators in Digital News. London: I.B.Tauris & Co. Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Lent, R. W., and S. D. Brown. 2006. “On Conceptualizing and Assessing Social Cognitive Constructs in Career Research: A Measurement Guide.” Journal of Career Assessment 14: 12–35. doi:10.1177/1069072705281364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lent, R. W., S. Brown, and G. Hacket. 1994. “Toward a Unifying Social Cognitive Theory of Career and Academic Interest, Choice, and Performance.” Journal of Vocational Behaviour 45 (1): 79–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuaid, R., and S. Bond. 2003. Gender Stereotyping of Career Choice. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://www.careers-scotland.org.uk.
   Google Scholar
• Mellado, C., and A. Scherman. 2017. “Influences on Job Expectations among Chilean Journalism Students.” International Journal of Communication 11: 2136–2153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mensing, D. 2010. “Rethinking [Again] the Future of Journalism Education.” Journalism Studies 11: 511–523. doi:10.1080/14616701003638376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moody, M., and C. Burleson. 2013. “Using Service-Based Collaborative Teaching in Journalism Courses.” Teaching Journalism and Mass Communication. http://www.univie.ac.at/constructivism/archive/fulltexts/936.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Neidobf, S. M. 2008. “Wanted: A First Job in Journalism—An Exploration of Factors That May Influence Initial Job-Search Outcomes for News-Editorial Students.” Journalism & Mass Communication Educator 63: 56–65.
   Google Scholar
• Odunlami, D. 2014. “Journalism and Mass Communication Education in Nigeria: In Search of the Right Pedagogy.” Journal of Literature, Languages and Linguistics 3: 45–49. http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/JLLL/article/viewFile/10058/15747.
   Google Scholar
• Ojomo, O. 2007. “Optimizing Internships in Mass Communication Training.” Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 15 (1): 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Ojomo, O. 2015. “Journalism Trainers and Newspapers Editors Agree on Internship as a Weak Link in Journalism Training in Nigeria.” International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 5 (4). http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_5_No_4_1_April_2015/12.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Okojide, A., A. Adekeye, and E. Bakare. 2018. Factors Influencing Career Choice among Undergraduates in Covenant University. Proceedings of ICERI2018 Conference, 12th–14th November 2018, Seville, Spain.
   Google Scholar
• Okon, G., and T. Eleba. 2013. “Information Technology and Journalism Practice in Nigeria: A Survey of Journalists in Portharcourt Metropolis.” Review of European Studies 5 (5): 111–118. doi:10.5539/res.v5n5p111.
   Google Scholar
• Okwori, J. Z., and A. M. Adeyanju. 2006. Nigeria: Research findings and conclusions. African Media Development Initiative. http://africanmediainitiative.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/10/AMDI-Report-Nigeria.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Pavlik, J. V. 2001. Journalism and new Media. New York: Columbia University Press. http://icankihsan.weebly.com/uploads/1/8/7/4/18748648/journalism_and_new_media.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Raudsepp, E. 1989. “Reinventing Journalism Education.” Canadian Journal of Communication 14 (2): 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, I., and C. C. Self. 2017. “Going Global: Journalism Education Gets its act Together.” In Global Journalism Education in the 21st Century: Challenges & Innovations, edited by R. S. Goodman, and E. Steyn, 1–13. Knight Center for Journalism in the Americas, University of Texas at Austin. https://knightcenter.utexas.edu/books/GlobalJournalism.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, L. 1999. The Effects of Part-Time Work on School Students: Longitudinal Surveys of Australian Youth, Research Report Number 9. Melbourne: Australian Council for Educational Research.
   Google Scholar
• Seelig, M. 2010. Journalism and mass communication education: The impact of technology on pedagogy. 245–258. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/intellect/eme/2010/00000009/00000004/art00005.
   Google Scholar
• Simon, M. K. 2011. Dissertation and Scholarly Research: Recipes for Success. Seattle, WA: Dissertation Success, LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Skunner, D., M. J. Gasher, and J. Compton. 2001. “Putting Theory to Practice: A Critical Approach to Journalism Studies.” Journalism 2 (3): 341–360. doi:14648849(200112)2:3;341–360;019734.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, E., and A. Green. 2005. How Workplace Experiences While at School Affect Career Pathways. National Centre for Vocational Education Research (NCVER). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED494040.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Splichal, S., and C. Sparks. 1994. Journalists for the 21st Century: Tendencies of Professionalization among first-year Students in 22 Countries. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
   Google Scholar
• Vaina, D. 2007. How J-School Students See the Future. Pew Research Center's Project for Excellence in Journalism. Retrieved from http://www.journalism.org/node/5509.
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, D. H., and L. Willnat. 2012. The Global Journalist in the 21st Century: News People Around the World. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Weiler, H. N. 2005. “Theory and Practice Dichotomies of Knowledge.” A paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Comparative and International Education Society (CIES), Stanford University, March, 22–26. http://web.stanford.edu/~weiler/Texts05/CIES_paper.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Wenger, D., and L. C. Owens. 2013. “An Examination of Job Skills Required by Top U.S. Broadcast News Companies and Potential Impact on Journalism Curricula.” Electronic News 7: 22–35. doi:10.1177/1931243113484314.
   Google Scholar
• Willnat, L., D. H. Weaver, and J. Choi. 2013. “The Global Journalist in the Twenty-First Century.” Journalism Practice 7 (2): 163–183.
   Google Scholar