Quantifying Safeguards Innovations: Impacts of Innovations on International Atomic Energy Agency Safeguards Inspection Effort

References

• Cooley, J., N. Khiebnikov, V. Kuchinov, and T. Shea. 2022. Efficiency of IAEA Safeguards Implementation and Innovation. Washington, DC and Moscow, Russia: Nuclear Threat Initiative and Center for Energy and Security Studies.
   Google Scholar
• ElBaradei, M. 2008. 20/20 Vision for the Future: Background Report by the Director General for the Commission of Eminent Persons. IAEA.
   Google Scholar
• International Atomic Energy Agency. 1972. “The Structure and Contents of Agreements Between the Agency and States Required in Connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.” June. INFCIRC/153 (Corrected).
   Google Scholar
• International Atomic Energy Agency. 1985. The Annual Report for 1984. GC(XXIX)/748.
   Google Scholar
• International Atomic Energy Agency. 1989. Statute. Vienna, Austria. www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/statute.pdf
   Google Scholar
• International Atomic Energy Agency. 1997a. The Annual Report for 1997. Vienna: IAEA. https://www.iaea.org/publications/reports/annual-report-1997.
   Google Scholar
• International Atomic Energy Agency. 1997b. “Model Protocol Additional to the Agreement(s) Between State(s) and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards.” September. INFCIRC/540 (Corrected).
   Google Scholar
• International Atomic Energy Agency. 2000. The Annual Report for 1999.
   Google Scholar
• International Atomic Energy Agency. 2011. IAEA Annual Report 2010. Accessed May 4, 2024, from https://www.iaea.org/publications/reports/annual-report-2010.
   Google Scholar
• International Atomic Energy Agency. 2017. MOSAIC the Modernization of Safeguards Information Technology: Completing the Picture. https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/17/01/mosaic.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• International Atomic Energy Agency. 2021a. IAEA Safeguards Implementation During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Progress Update. Report by the Director General.
   Google Scholar
• International Atomic Energy Agency. 2021b. Strengthening the Effectiveness and Improving the Efficiency of Agency Safeguards. Report by the Director General. July.
   Google Scholar
• International Atomic Energy Agency. 2022a. Additional Protocol. Accessed August 11, 2023, from https://www.iaea.org/topics/additional-protocol#:~:text=In%20May%201997%2C%20the%20IAEA,protocols%20to%20comprehensive%20safeguards%20agreements.
   Google Scholar
• International Atomic Energy Agency. 2022b. The Agency’s Budget Update for 2023. Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency.
   Google Scholar
• International Atomic Energy Agency. 2022c. IAEA Safeguards Glossary 2022 Edition. International Nuclear Verification Series No. 3 (Rev. 1). Vienna, Austria. https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/PUB2003_web.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• International Atomic Energy Agency. 2022d. Safeguards Statement for 2021. https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/22/06/statement-sir-2021.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• International Atomic Energy Agency. 2023a. IAEA Annual Report 2022.
   Google Scholar
• International Atomic Energy Agency. 2023b. List of Member States. September 19. Accessed September 10, 2023, from https://www.iaea.org/about/governance/list-of-member-states.
   Google Scholar
• International Atomic Energy Agency. 2023c. Nuclear Safety, Security and Safeguards in Ukraine February 2022 - February 2023. https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/23/02/nuclear-safety-security-and-safeguards-in-ukraine-feb-2023.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• International Atomic Energy Agency. 2024. Status List: Conclusion of Additional Protocols. Status as of 4 March 2024. https://www.iaea.org/sites/default/files/20/01/sg-ap-status.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. 2015. Vienna. July 14.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, J. C. 1989. “Zero-Real Growth Budgets and External Support: New Directions for IAEA Safeguards Support Programs.” In Proceedings of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management Annual Meeting.
   Google Scholar
• Kollar, L. 2009. Evolution of Safeguards Over Time: Past, Present, and Projected Facilities, Material, and Budget, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255242842.
   Google Scholar
• Mutluer, A. 2019. “Winning Entries to IAEA Tomography Reconstruction and Analysis Challenge to Aid Safeguards Activities.” IAEA News Centre. Nov 29. https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/winning-entries-to-iaea-tomography-reconstruction-and-analysis-challenge-to-aid-safeguards-activities.
   Google Scholar
• Mutluer, A. 2023. IAEA Draws Safeguards Conclusions for 188 States - Safeguards Implementation Report 2022. International Atomic Energy Agency, Department of Safeguards. Accessed May 3, 2024, from https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/iaea-draws-safeguards-conclusions-for-188-states-safeguards-implementation-report-2022.
   Google Scholar
• Porter, M. 2022. “Safeguards During COVID-19.” IAEA Bulletin. October, 63–3. https://www.iaea.org/bulletin/safeguards-during-covid-19.
   Google Scholar
• Redden, K. J. 2003. “Inspecting the Inspectorate: A Look at Financial and Political Support for the IAEA.” The Nonproliferation Review 10 (3): 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700308436942.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, E. M. 2003. Diffusion of Innovations - Fifth Edition. New Yok, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shea, T. E. 2008. “Financing IAEA Verification of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.” In Falling Behind: International Scrutiny of the Peaceful Atom, edited by H. D. Sokolski, 323–336. Carlisle, PA: Stratigic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College.
   Google Scholar
• Skoeld, T., F. Courbon, and K. Spence. 2018. “OSIS 2.0: Optimizing Analyst-Drivern Automation of Open Source Collection and Processing for Safeguards State Evaluation.” In Proceedings of the Symposium on International Safeguards: Building Future Safeguards Capabilities, Vienna, Austria, 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, I. J., and N. Mayhew. 2019. “Meeting the Growing Safeguards Burden.” The Nonproliferation Review 26 (5–6): 519–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2019.1702317.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, M., S. Passerini, Y. Cui, J. Rutkowski, S. Yoo, Y. Lin, and M. Moeslinger. 2021. “Deep Learning Techniques to Increase Productivity of Safeguards Surveillance Review.” In Proceedings of the Institute of Nuclear Materials Management and European Safeguards Research & Development Association Joint Annual Meeting, Virtual.
   Google Scholar
• Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nucear Weapons. 1970.
   Google Scholar
• Whitlock, J. 2022. “Safeguards by Design: Designing Nuclear Facilities with Safeguards in Mind.” IAEA Bulletin: 63–3. October. Accessed May 2, 2024, https://www.iaea.org/bulletin/safeguards-by-design-designing-nuclear-facilities-with-safeguards-in-mind.
   Google Scholar
• Wolfart, E., C. Sanchez-Belenguer, and V. Sequeira. 2021. “Deep Learning for Nuclear Safeguards.” In Proceedings of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Materials Management and European Safeguards Research and Development Association Annual Meeting, Virtual.
   Google Scholar
• Xerri, C., and H. Nackaerts. 2004. “Integrated Safeguards: A Case to Go Beyond the Limits. Consequences of Boundary Limits Set to the Reduction of “Classical Safeguards measures” on Efficiency and Resources Allocation in Integrated Safeguards.” ESARDA Bulletin (32):68–74. https://esarda.jrc.ec.europa.eu/publications/esarda-bulletin-n32_en.
   Google Scholar