References
- Hofmann FB, Bielschowsky A. Uber due der Willkue entzogenen Fusions-Bewegungen der Augen. Arch Ges Physiol. 1900;80:1–40. doi:10.1007/BF01661926.
- Scobee RG. The Oculorotary Muscles. St Louis: C.V. Mosby; 1952:1–359.
- Lancaster WB. Terminology with extended comments on the position of rest and on fixation. In: Allen JH, ed. Strabismus Ophthalmic Symposium II. St. Louis: Mosby; 1958:503–522.
- Jung J, Klaehn L, Brodsky MC. Stability of human binocular alignment in the dark and under conditions of nonfixation. J AAPOS. 2016;20:357–363. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2016.05.011.
- Leigh J, Zee DS. The Neurology of Eye Movements. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2015:545–546.
- Cooper J. Clinical implications of vergence adaptation. Optom Vis Sci. 1992;69:300–307. doi:10.1097/00006324-199204000-00008.
- McDaniel C. Phoria adaptation in clinical vergence testing. Optometry. 2010;81:469–475. doi:10.1016/j.optm.2010.01.012.
- Carter DB. Fixation disparity and heterophoria following prolonged wearing of prisms. Am J Optom. 1965;42:141–151. doi:10.1097/00006324-196503000-00001.
- Schor CM. The influence of rapid prism adaptation upon fixation disparity. Vision Res. 1979;19:757–765. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(79)90151-2.
- Milder DG, Reinecke RD. Phoria adaptation to prisms. A cerebellar dependent response. Arch Neurol. 1983;40:339–342. doi:10.1001/archneur.1983.04050060039005.
- Spencer S, Firth AY. Stereoacuity is affected by induced phoria but returns toward baseline during vergence adaptation. J AAPOS. 2007;11:465–468. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2007.03.014.
- Brodsky MC, Jung J. Intermittent exotropia and accommodative esotropia: distinct disorders or two ends of a spectrum. Ophthalmology. 2015;122:1543–1546. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.03.004.
- Ellerbrock VJ. Tonicity induced by fusional movements. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom. 1950;27:8–20. doi:10.1097/00006324-195001000-00003.
- Toole AJ, Fogt N. The forced vergence cover test and phoria adaptation. Ophthal Physiol Opt. 2007;27:461–472. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2007.00498.x.
- Hering E. Die Lehre von binocularen Sehen. Leipzig: Englemann; 1868.
- Maddox EE. The Clinical Use Of Prisms: And The Decenring Of Lenses (Enlarged 5th Edition). London: John Wright & Co; 1907.
- Bielschowsky A. Lectures on Motor Anomalies. Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College Publications; 1940:15–17.
- Ogle KN, Martens TG, Dyer JA. Oculomotor Imbalance in Binocular Vision and Fixation Disparity. London: Henry Kimpton; 1967.
- Ogle KN, Prangen AD. Observations on vertical divergences and hyperphorias. Arch Ophthalmol. 1953;49:313–334. doi:10.1001/archopht.1953.00920020322009.
- Guyton DL. The 10th Bielschowsky lecture. Changes in strabismus over time. The roles of vergence tonus and muscle length adaptation. Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2002;21:81–92.
- Taylor MJ, Roberts DC, Zee DS. Effect of sustained cyclovergence on eye alignment: rapid torsional phoria adaptation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:1076–1083.
- Dysli M, Abegg M. Gaze-dependent phoria and vergence adaptation. J Vision. 2016;16(2):1–12. doi:10.1167/16.3.2.
- Fray KJ. Fusional amplitudes: exploring where fusion falters. Am Orthop J. 2013;63:41–54. doi:10.3368/aoj.63.1.41.
- Graf EW, Maxwell JS, Schor CM. Changes in cyclotorsion and vertical alignment during prolonged monocular occlusion. Vision Res. 2002;42:1185–1194. doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(02)00047-0.
- Schor CM, Maxwell JS, McCandless J, Graf E. Adaptive control of vergence in humans. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2002;956:297–305. doi:10.1111/nyas.2002.956.issue-1.
- Maxwell JS, Schor CM. Mechanisms of vertical phoria adaptation revealed by time-course and two dimensional spatiotopic maps. Vision Res. 1994;34:241–251. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(94)90336-0.
- Cooper H, Dharamsh Sethi B, Henson DB. Vergence adaptive change with a prism induced noncomitant disparity. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1985;62:247–263.
- Henson DB, Dharamshi BG. Oculomotor adaptation to induced heterophoria and anisometropia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1982;22:234–240.
- Cooper Ellerbrock VJ, Fry GA. Effects induced by anisometropic corrections. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom. 1942;19:444–459. doi:10.1097/00006324-194211000-00002.
- Ellerbrock VJ, Fry GA. Effects induced by anisometropic corrections. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom. 1942;19:444–459. doi:10.1097/00006324-194211000-00002.
- Graf WE, Maxwell JS, Schor CM. Comparison of the time courses of concomitant and nonconcomitant vertical phoria adaptation. Vision Res. 2003;43:567–576. doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(02)00597-7.
- Henson DB, North R. Adaptation to prism-induced heterophoria. Am J Optom Physiol Opt. 1980;57:129. doi:10.1097/00006324-198003000-00001.
- Larson W. An investigation of prism adaptation latency. Optom Vis Sci. 1994;71:38–42. doi:10.1097/00006324-199401000-00008.
- Fogt N, Toole A. The effect of saccades and brief fusional stimuli on phoria adaptation. Optom Vis Sci. 2001;78:815–824. doi:10.1097/00006324-200111000-00011.
- Rosenfeld M, Chun TW, Fischer SE. Effect of prolonged dissociation on the subjective measurement of near heterophoria. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1997;17:478–482. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.1997.tb00086.x.
- Howard IP, Allison RS, Zacher JE. The dynamics of vertical vergence. Exp Brain Res. 1997;116:153–159. doi:10.1007/PL00005735.
- Hwang JM, Guyton DL. The Lancaster red-green test before and after occlusion in the evaluation of incomitant strabismus. J AAPOS. 1999;3:151–156. doi:10.1016/S1091-8531(99)70060-1.
- Niekter B. Horizontal and vertical deviations after prism neutralization and diagnostic occlusiogn in intermittent exotropia. Strabismus. 1994;2:13–22. doi:10.3109/09273979409105049.
- Sherrington CS. Postural activity of muscle and nerve. Brain. 1915;38:191–234. doi:10.1093/brain/38.3.191.
- Carpenter RHS. What Sherrington missed: the ubiquity of the neural integrator. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2011;1233:208–213. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06110.x.
- Moses RA, ed. Adler’s Physiology of the Eye. 7th ed. St. Louis:CV Mosby; 1981:678–679.
- Repka MX, Connett JE, Scott WE. One year surgical outcome after prism adaptation for the management of acquired esotropia. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:922–928. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(96)30586-1.
- Kushner BJ. Strabismus: Practical Pearls You Won’t Find in Textbooks. New York: Springer; 2017:68.
- von Noorden GK. Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility: Theory and Management of Strabismus. St. Louis, MO: CV Mosby; 1996:507.
- Garretty T. The effect of prism adaptation on the angle of deviation in convergence excess esotropia and possible consequences for surgical planning. Strabismus. 2018;26:111–117. doi:10.1080/09273972.2018.1481435.
- Garretty TL. Convergence excess esotropia: a proposed new classification and the effects of monocular occlusion on the AC/A ratio. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabis. 2010;47:308–312. doi:10.3928/01913913-20100118-03.
- Schor CM, Kotular JC. Dynamic interactions between accommodation and convergence are velocity sensitive. Vision Res. 1986;26:927–942. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(86)90151-3.
- Schor C. Influence of accommodative and vergence adaptation on binocular motor disorders. Am J Physiol Optic. 1988;65:464–467. doi:10.1097/00006324-198806000-00006.
- Gowrisankaran S, Satgunam P, Fogt N. Phoria adaptation can be induced by accommodative convergence. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:907.
- Kushner BJ. Tenacious proximal fusion: the Scobee phenomenon. Am Orthop J. 2015;65:73–80. doi:10.3368/aoj.65.1.73.
- Othsuki H, Hasebe S, Kono R, et al. Prism adaptation response is useful for predicting surgical outcome in selected types of intermittent exotropia. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;131:117–122. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(00)00704-2.
- Dadeya S, Kamlesh Nanwal S. Usefulness of the prism adaptation test in patients with intermittent exotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabis. 2003;40:85–89. doi:10.3928/0191-3913-20030301-07.
- Zahavi A, Friling R, Ron Y, et al. Evaluation of ocular motility deviation changes in exotropic patients after cycloplegic eye drops versus prism adaptation test. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2018. doi:10.1177/1120672118803518.
- Ohtsuka H, Hasabe S, Furuse T, et al. Contribution of vergence adaptation to difference in vertical deviation between distance and near viewing in patients with superior oblique palsy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2002;134:252–260. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(02)01519-2.
- Brodsky MC, Haslwanter T, Kori AA, Straumann D. The role of voluntary effort in the Bielschowsky head tilt test: a clinical and oculographic assessment. Binocul Vis Oc Motil. 2000;15:325–330.
- Lewis RF, Clendaniel RA, Zee DS. Vergence-dependent adaptation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Exp Brain Res. 2003;152:335–340. doi:10.1007/s00221-003-1563-9.
- Sato F, Akao T, Kurkin S, et al. Adaptive changes in vergence eye movements induced by vergence-vestibular interaction training in monkeys. Exp Brain Res. 2004;156:164–173. doi:10.1007/s00221-003-1777-x.
- Alpern M. The zone of clear vision at the upper levels of accommodation and convergence. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom. 1950;27:491–513. doi:10.1097/00006324-195010000-00003.
- Rowe FJ. Fusional vergence measures and their significance in clinical assessment. Strabismus. 2010;18:9–17. doi:10.3109/09273971003758412.
- Lanca CC, Rowe FJ. Variability of fusion vergence measurements in heterophoria. Strabismus. 2016;24:63–69. doi:10.3109/09273972.2016.1159234.
- Scobee RG, Green EL. Relationships between lateral heterophoria, prism vergence, and the near point of convergence. Am J Ophthalmol. 1948;31:427–455. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(48)92164-3.
- Kolling GH, Steffen H, Baader A, et al. Diagnostic occlusion test in cases of unilateral strabismus sursoadductorus. Strabismus. 2004;12:41–50. doi:10.1076/stra.12.1.41.29016.
- Kono R, Hasebe S, Ohtsuki H, et al. Impaired vertical phoria adaptation in patients with cerebellar dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002;43:673–678.
- Hain TC, Luebke AE. Phoria adaptation in patients with cerebellar dysfunction. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1990;31:1394–1397.
- Morley JW, Judge SJ, Lindsey JW. Role of monkey midbrain near-response neurons in phoria adaptation. J Neurophysiol. 1992;67:1475–1492. doi:10.1152/jn.1992.67.6.1475.
- Robinson DA. Adaptive gain control of the vestibulo-ocular reflex by the cerebellum. J Neurophysiol. 1976;39:954–969. doi:10.1152/jn.1976.39.5.954.
- Takagi M, Tamargo R, Zee DS. Effects of lesions of the cerebellar oculomotor vermis on eye movements in primate: binocular control. Prog Brain Res. 2003;142:19–33.
- Judge SJ. Optically-induced changes in tonic vergence and AC/A ratio in normal monkeys and monkeys with lesions of the flocculus and the ventral paraflocculus. Exp Brain Res. 1987;66:1–9. doi:10.1007/BF00236195.
- Ito M, Shiida T, Yagi N, et al. There cerebellar modification of the rabbit’s horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex induced by sustained head rotation combined with visual stimulation. Proc Jpn Acad. 1974;50:85–89. doi:10.2183/pjab1945.50.85.
- Kandel R, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM, Siegelbaum SA, Hudspeth AJ. Principles of Neural Science. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2013:967–968.
- Prezekoracka-Krawczyk A, Michalak KP, Pyzalska P. Deficient vergence prism adaptation in subjects with decompensated heterophoria. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(1):e0211039. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211039.
- Przekoracka-Krawczyk A, Michalak KP, Pyzalska P, Lappe M. Deficient vergence prism adaptation in subjects with decompensated heterophoria. PloS One. 2019;14(1):e0211039. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211039.
- Alpern M. The zone of clear single vision at the upper levels of accommodation and convergence. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom. 1950;27:8–20. doi:10.1097/00006324-195010000-00003.
- North RV, Begumpara S, Henson DB. Effects of prolonged forced vergence upon the adaptation system. Ophthal Physiol Optics. 1986;6:391–396. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.1986.tb01158.x.
- Archer S. Why strabismus surgery works: the legend of the dose-response curve. J AAPOS. 2018;22(1):1.e1–1.e6. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2017.12.001.