Convergence Excess Esotropia: Review

References

• Donders FC. On the Anomalies of Accommodation and Refraction of the Eye. With a Preliminary Essay on Physiological Dioptrics. London: The New Sydenham society; 1864.
   Google Scholar
• Duane A. Fuch’s Text Book of Ophthalmology. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott & Co.; 1924.
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds MM, Diehl NN, Mohney BG. Outcomes in accommodative esotropia with a high AC/A ratio. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2021;31(6):3342–3348. doi:10.1177/1120672120977831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks MM. Abnormal accommodative convergence in squint. AMA Arch Ophthalmol. 1958;59(3):364–380. doi:10.1001/archopht.1958.00940040070008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pratt-Johnson JA, Tillson G. Sensory outcome with nonsurgical management of esotropia with convergence excess (a high accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio). Can J Ophthalmol. 1984;19:220–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt-Johnson JA, Tillson G. The management of esotropia with high AC/A ratio (convergence excess). J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1985;22(6):238–242. doi:10.3928/0191-3913-19851101-09.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arnoldi K, Shainberg MHAE. Bifocals? Surgery? or Nothing at all? American Orthoptic Journal. 2005;55(1):62–75. doi:10.3368/aoj.55.1.62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steffen H, Auffarth GU, Kolling GH. Posterior fixation suture and convergence excess esotropia. Strabismus. 1998;6(3):117–126. doi:10.1076/stra.6.3.117.658.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vivian AJ, Lyons CJ, Burke J. Controversy in the management of convergence excess esotropia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002;86(8):923–929. doi:10.1136/bjo.86.8.923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickey CF, Scott WE. The deterioration of accommodative esotropia: frequency, characteristics, and predictive factors. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1988;25(4):172–175. doi:10.3928/0191-3913-19880701-06.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garretty T. Convergence excess accommodative esotropia: a descriptive review of patients presenting over a period of 10 years. Br Ir Orthopt J. 2011;8:23–28. doi:10.22599/bioj.36.
   Google Scholar
• Arnoldi KA. Convergence excess: characteristics and treatment. Am Orthopt J. 1999;49(1):37–47. doi:10.1080/0065955x.1999.11982190.
   Google Scholar
• Garretty T. Convergence excess esotropia: a proposed new classification and the effect of monocular occlusion on the Ac/A ratio. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2010;47(5):308–312. doi:10.3928/01913913-20100118-03.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis Samaha JR, Fang Z, Pritchard C, Ellis GS. Accommodative esotropia greater at near fixation: can a patch test differentiate a novel subtype? J AAPOS. 2021;25(4):e28. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2021.08.108.
   Google Scholar
• Kushner BJ. Exotropic deviations: a functional classification and approach to treatment. Am Orthopt J. 1988;38(1):81–93. doi:10.1080/0065955x.1988.11981775.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenfield M, Rappon JM, Carrel MF. Vergence adaptation and the clinical AC/A ratio. Ophthalmic Physiol Optics. 2000;20(3):207–211. doi:10.1046/j.1475-1313.2000.00494.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson J, Arnoldi K. The gradient AC/A ratio: what ’ s really normal? Am Orthopt J. 2004;54(1):125–132. doi:10.3368/aoj.54.1.125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kutschke PJ, Keech RV. Surgical outcome after prism adaptation for esotropia with a distance-near disparity. J AAPOS. 2001;5(3):189–192. doi:10.1067/mpa.2001.115219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costenbader F. Clinical course and management of esotropia. In: Allen J, ed. Strabismus Ophthalmic Symposium II. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1958:325–353.
   Google Scholar
• Burke JP. Distance-near disparity esotropia: can we shrink the gap? Eye (Basingstoke). 2015;29(2):208–213. doi:10.1038/eye.2014.277.
   Google Scholar
• Fresina M, Schiavi C, Campos EC. Do bifocals reduce accommodative amplitude in convergence excess esotropia? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2010;248(10):1501–1505. doi:10.1007/s00417-010-1418-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Noorden GK, Jenkins RH. Accommodative amplitude in children wearing bifocals. In: Lennerstand G, ed. Transactions of the Sixth Meeting of the International Strabismological Association, Vancouver, 1994. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press;1995:201–204.
   Google Scholar
• von Noorden GK, Avilla CW. Nonaccommodative convergence excess. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;101(1):70–73. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(86)90466-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garretty T. The Ac/A ratio as a predictor of control in fully accommodative esotropia. In: Pritchard C, Kholer M, and Verlohr D, eds. Orthoptics in Focus. Transactions of the IX International Orthoptic Congress. Nuremberg, Germany: Stockholm.Berufverband Der Orthoptistinnen Deutschlands e.V.; 2000:227–230.
   Google Scholar
• Fincham E, Walton J. The reciprocal actions of accommodation and convergence. J Physiol. 1957;137(3):488–508. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1957.sp005829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wick B. Clinical factors in proximal vergence. Optom Vis Sci. 1985;62(1):1–18. doi:10.1097/00006324-198501000-00001.
   Google Scholar
• Horwood AM, Riddell PM. The use of cues to convergence and accommodation in naïve, uninstructed participants. Vision Res. 2008;48(15):1613–1624. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2008.04.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwood AM, Riddell PM. Evidence that convergence rather than accommodation controls intermittent distance exotropia. Acta Ophthalmol. 2012;90(2):e109–17. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02313.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leske DA, Holmes JM. Maximum angle of horizontal strabismus consistent with true stereopsis. J AAPOS. 2004;8(1):28–34. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2003.08.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black BC. The influence of refractive error management on the natural history and treatment outcome of accommodative esotropia (An American ophthalmological society thesis). Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2006;104:303–321.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• von Noorden GK, Morris J, Edelman P. Efficacy of bifocals in the treatment of accommodative esotropia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1978;85(6):830–834. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(14)78113-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob JL, Beaulieu Y, Brunet E. Progressive-addition lenses in the management of esotropia with a high accommodation/convergence ratio. Can J Ophthalmol. 1980;15:166–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JB. Progressive-addition lenses in the treatment of accommodative esotropia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1985;99(1):56–62. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(14)75867-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrt O. Conservative and surgical treatment of convergence excess. Ophthalmologe. 2016;113(7):550–556. doi:10.1007/s00347-016-0301-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart SA, Scott WE. Prognosis for accommodative esotropia treated with bifocals. Am Orthopt J. 1993;43(1):77–81. doi:10.1080/0065955x.1993.11981983.
   Google Scholar
• Ludwig I, Parks M, Getson P. Long-term results of bifocal therapy for accommodative esotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1989;26(6):264–270. doi:10.3928/0191-3913-19891101-04.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim WK, Kang SY, Rhiu S, Chung SA, Lee JB. The analysis of AC/A ratio in nonrefractive accommodative esotropia treated with bifocal glasses. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2012;26(1):39–44. doi:10.3341/KJO.2012.26.1.39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wheeler MC. Ten years’ experience with D.F.P. in the handling of esotropia. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1963;61:122–131.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller JE. A comparison of miotics in accommodative esotropia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1960;49(6):1350–1355. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(60)91354-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capobianco NM, Knapp P. Use of miotics in esotropia. Am Orthopt J. 1956;6(1):40–46. doi:10.1080/0065955x.1956.11981159.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abraham SV. The use of miotics in the treatment of nonparalytic convergent strabismus. A progress report. Am J Ophthalmol. 1952;35(8):1191–1195. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(52)91058-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiatt RL. Medical management of accommodative esotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1983;20(5):199–201. doi:10.3928/0191-3913-19830901-07.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leopold IH, Gold P, Gold D. Use of a thiophosphinyl quaternary compound (217-MI) in treatment of glaucoma. AMA Arch Ophthalmol. 1957;58(3):363–366. doi:10.1001/ARCHOPHT.1957.00940010375007.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gittler R, Pillat B. Die Verwendung von Dekamethylen-bis-(N-methylcarbaminoyl-m-trimethylammoniumphenol) (BC 48) bei der Therapie des Glaukoms. Albrecht von Graefes Archiv für Ophthalmologie Vereinigt mit Archiv für Augenheilkunde. 1956;157(5):473–494. doi:10.1007/BF00705635.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huber A. Miotics in therapy of concomitant strabismus. Ophthalmologica. 1954;127(4–5):362–367. doi:10.1159/000301989.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koskinen K. Experiments with the use of miotics in convergent strabismus. Acta Ophthalmol. 1957;35(5):521–527. doi:10.1111/J.1755-3768.1957.TB02244.X.
   Google Scholar
• Chin NB, Gold AA, Breinin GM. Iris cysts and miotics. Arch Ophthalmol. 1964;71(5):611–616. doi:10.1001/archopht.1964.00970010627003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maki O, Tani H, Kashiwagi S, Kambayashi S, Yachi M. Iris cyst induced by phospholine iodide, an ophthalmic preparation. Ganka. 1967;9:745.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abraham SV. A preliminary report: the use of an echothiopate-phenylephrine formulation (Echophenyline-B3*) in the treatment of convergent strabismus and amblyopia-with special emphasis on Iris Cysts. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1964;1(2):68–74. doi:10.3928/0191-3913-19640401-09.
   Google Scholar
• Gold AA. Iris cyst prevention in miotic therapy of esotropia. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1965;41:370–373.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leopold IH. Ocular cholinesterase and cholinesterase inhibitors. Am J Ophthalmol. 1961;51(5):/885/13–/919/47. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(61)91776-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelsson U, Nyman KG. Side effects from use of long-acting cholinesterase inhibitors in young persons. Acta Ophthalmol. 1970;48(3):396–400. doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1970.tb03737.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones DEP, Watson DM. Angle-closure glaucoma precipitated by the use of phospholine iodide for esotropia in a child. Br J Ophthalmol. 1967;51(11):783–785. doi:10.1136/BJO.51.11.783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer RN, Hetherington J. Anticholinesterase drugs and cataracts. Am J Ophthalmol. 1966;62(4):613–618. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(66)92181-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison R. Bilateral lens opacities associated with use of di-isopropyl gluorophosphate eyedrops. Am J Ophthalmol. 1960;50(1):153–154. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(60)90852-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys JA, Holmes JH. Systemic effects produced by echothiophate iodide in treatment of glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol. 1963;69(6):737–743. doi:10.1001/ARCHOPHT.1963.00960040743011.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hiscox PEA, McCulloch C. Cardiac arrest occurring in a patient on echothiophate iodide therapy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1965;60(3):425–427. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(65)90705-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rengstorff R, Royston M. Miotic drugs: a review of ocular visual, and systemic complications. Optom Vis Sci. 1976;53(2):70–80. doi:10.1097/00006324-197602000-00005.
   Google Scholar
• Kinyon GE. Anticholinesterase eye drops–need for caution. New Engl J Med. 1969;280(1):53–53. doi:10.1056/NEJM196901022800131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiscox PE, McCulloch C. The effect of echothiophate iodide on systemic cholinesterase. Can J Ophthalmol. 1966;1:274–282.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hurtt J, Rasicovici A, Windsor CE. Comprehensive Review of Orthoptics and Ocular Motility; Theory, Therapy, and Surgery. C.V. Mosby Co; 1972;53.
   Google Scholar
• Calcutt C. The non-surgical management of accommodative esotropia - a personal reflection. Aust Orthopt J. 2002;36:23–26.
   Google Scholar
• Singh NK, Mani R, Hussaindeen JR. Changes in stimulus and response AC/A ratio with vision therapy in convergence insufficiency. J Optom. 2017;10(3):169–175. doi:10.1016/J.OPTOM.2016.10.001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kushner BJ, Morton GV, Preslan MW. Treatment of partly accommodative esotropia with a high accommodative convergence-accommodation ratio. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105(6):815–818. doi:10.1001/archopht.1987.01060060101042.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khalifa YM. Augmented medial rectus recession, medial rectus recession plus Faden, and slanted medial rectus recession for convergence excess esotropia. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2011;21(2):119–124. doi:10.5301/ejo.2010.5225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramasamy B, Rowe F, Whitfield K, Nayak H, Noonan CP. Bilateral combined resection and recession of the medial rectus muscle for convergence excess esotropia. J AAPOS. 2007;11(3):307–309. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2006.10.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fouad HM, Abdelhakim MA, Awadein A, Elhilali H. Comparison between medial rectus pulley fixation and augmented recession in children with convergence excess and variable-angle infantile esotropia. J AAPOS. 2016;20(5):405–409.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2016.07.220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stärk N, Vanselow K, Stahl E, Zubcov AA. Retroequatorial myopexy combined with bimedial recession for near-distance disparity esotropia. Ophthalmologe. 1999;96(8):513–521. doi:10.1007/s003470050447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hara MA, Calhoun JH. Surgical correction of excess esotropia at near. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1990;27(3):120–123. doi:10.3928/0191-3913-19900501-04.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gharabaghi D, Zanjani LK. Comparison of results of medial rectus muscle recession using augmentation, faden procedure, and slanted recession in the treatment of high accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio esotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2006;43(2):91–94. doi:10.3928/0191-3913-20060301-08.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millicent M, Peterseim W, Buckley EG. Medial rectus fadenoperation for esotropia only at near fixation. J AAPOS. 1997;1(4):129–133. doi:10.1016/S1091-8531(97)90051-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kutschan A, Schroeder B, Schroeder W. Is bimedial muscle belting an alternative procedure to retro-equatorial myopexy in convergence excess esotropia? Ophthalmologe. 2007;104(7):582–587. doi:10.1007/s00347-007-1540-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akar S, Gokyigit B, Sayin N, Demirok A, Yilmaz OF. Medial rectus Faden operations with or without recession for partially accommodative esotropia associated with a high accommodative convergence to accommodation ratio. Br J Ophthalmol. 2013;97(1):83–87. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2012-302175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushner BJ. Fifteen-year outcome of surgery for the near angle in patients with accommodative esotropia and a high accommodative convergence to accommodation ratio. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(8):1150–1153. doi:10.1001/archopht.119.8.1150.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• West CE, Repka MX. A comparison of surgical techniques for the treatment of acquired esotropia with increased accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1994;31(4):232–237. doi:10.3928/0191-3913-19940701-08.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damanakis AG, Arvanitis PG, Kalitsis A, Ladas ID. Bilateral medial rectus recession in convergence excess esotropia, with and without distance orthophoria. Eur J Ophthalmol. 1999;9(4):297–301. doi:10.1177/112067219900900407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum AL, Jampolsky A, Scott AB. Bimedial recession in high AC/A esotropia: a long-term follow-up. Arch Ophthalmol. 1974;91(4):251–253. doi:10.1001/archopht.1974.03900060261002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arnoldi KA, Tychsen L. Surgery for esotropia with a high accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio: effects on accommodative vergence and binocularity. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 1996;27(5):342–348. doi:10.3928/1542-8877-19960501-05.
   Google Scholar
• Dass SE, Cheng M, Bahl RS. Surgical outcomes for esotropia in children with high accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69(10):2766–2770. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_246_21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert DG, Hiles DA. Surgical treatment of accommodative esotropia with an abnormal distance/near relationship. South Med J. 1967;60(8):856–858. doi:10.1097/00007611-196708000-00013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert DG, Lederman ME. Abnormal distance-near esotropia. Doc Ophthalmol. 1973;34(1):27–36. doi:10.1007/BF00151792.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leitch RJ, Burke JP, Strachan IM. Convergence excess esotropia treated surgically with fadenoperation and medical rectus muscle recessions. Br J Ophthalmol. 1990 May;74(5):278–279. doi:10.1136/bjo.74.5.278. PMID: 2191711; PMCID: PMC1042097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zak T. Results of large single medial rectus recession. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1986;23(1):17–21. doi:10.3928/0191-3913-19860101-05.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Procianoy E, Justo DM. Results of unilateral medial rectus recession in high AC/A ratio esotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1991;28(4):212–214. doi:10.3928/0191-3913-19910701-06.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tejedor J, Gutiérrez-Carmona FJ. Botulinum toxin in the treatment of partially accommodative esotropia with high AC/A ratio. PLoS One. 2020;15(2):e0229267. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altintas O, Acar Z, Ozkan B, Elibol O. Augmented medial rectus recession with non-absorbable suture loops is effective in the treatment of convergence excess esotropia. Semin Ophthalmol. 2022;37(2):227–231. doi:10.1080/08820538.2021.1957944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wangtiraumnuay N, Surukrattanaskul S, Surakiatchanukul T, Masaya-Anon P, Hiriotappa J. Outcomes of pediatric accommodative esotropia with botulinum toxin a treatment in Thailand. Strabismus. 2021;29(1):26–33. doi:10.1080/09273972.2020.1871379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niyaz L, Yeter V, Beldagli C. Success rates of botulinum toxin in different types of strabismus and dose effect. Can J Ophthalmol. 2023;58(3):239–244. doi:10.1016/J.JCJO.2021.12.002.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AlShammari S, Alaam M, Alfreihi S. Conventional surgery versus botulinum toxin injections for partially accommodative esotropia. J AAPOS. 2022;26(1):e16.1–.e16.6. doi:10.1016/J.JAAPOS.2021.08.308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jotterand V, Isenberg S. Enhancing surgery for acquired esotropia. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. 1988;19(4):263–266. doi:10.3928/1542-8877-19880401-11.
   Google Scholar
• Wright KW, Bruce-Lyle L. Augmented surgery for esotropia associated with high hypermetropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1993;30(3):167–170. doi:10.3928/0191-3913-19930501-09.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jampolsky A. A simplified approach to strabismus diagnosis. In: Burian H, ed. Symposium on Strabismus: Transactions of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology. St Louis, MO: CV Mosby Co; 1971:34–92.
   Google Scholar
• Horwood AM, Riddell PM. Accommodation and vergence response gains to different near cues characterize specific esotropias. Strabismus. 2013;21(3):155–164. doi:10.3109/09273972.2013.811601.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kutschke PJ, Scott WE, Stewart SA. Prism adaptation for esotropia with a distance-near disparity. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1992;29(1):12–15. doi:10.3928/0191-3913-19920101-04.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott WE, Thalacker JA. Preoperative prism adaptation in acquired esotropia. Ophthalmologica. 1984;189(1–2):49–53. doi:10.1159/000309384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altman M, Baker JD, Petrunak J, Schweers M. Can prism adaptation for acquired esotropia be accomplished in a shorter time frame? J AAPOS. 1999;3(5):259–262. doi:10.1016/S1091-8531(99)70019-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wygnanski-Jaffe T, Trotter J, Watts P, Kraft SP, Abdolell M. Preoperative prism adaptation in acquired esotropia with convergence excess. J AAPOS. 2003;7(1):28–33. doi:10.1016/S1091-8531(02)42017-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutschke PJ. Treatment of convergence excess esotropia: prism adaptation. Am Orthopt J. 1998;48(1):12–15. doi:10.1080/0065955x.1998.11982151.
   Google Scholar
• Prism Adaptation Study Research Group. Efficacy of prism adaptation in the surgical management of acquired esotropia. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108(9):1248–1256. doi:10.1001/archopht.1990.01070110064026.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ron A, Merin S. The use of the pre-op prism adaptation test (PAT) in the surgery of exotropia. Am Orthopt J. 1988;38(1):107–110. doi:10.1080/0065955x.1988.11981778.
   Google Scholar
• Akbari MR, Mehrabi Bahar MR, Mirmohammadsadeghi A, Bayat R, Masoumi A. Short prism adaptation test in patients with acquired nonaccommodative esotropia; clinical findings and surgical outcome. J AAPOS. 2018;22(5):352–355. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2018.05.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mims JL, Wood RC. The maximum motor fusion test: a parameter for surgery for acquired esotropia. J AAPOS. 2000;4(4):211–216. doi:10.1067/mpa.2000.105307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ela-Dalman N, Velez G, Thacker N, Britt MT, Velez FG. Maximum motor fusion combined with one-hour preoperative prism adaptation test in patients with acquired esotropia. J AAPOS. 2006;10(6):561–564. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2006.09.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lueder GT, Norman AA. Strabismus surgery for elimination of bifocals in accommodative esotropia. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142(4):632–635. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2006.05.046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shippman S, Cimbol D, Weseley AC. The preoperative use of prisms in esotropic children. Am Orthopt J. 1984;34(1):72–76. doi:10.1080/0065955x.1984.11981628.
   Google Scholar
• Garretty T. The effect of prism adaptation on the angle of deviation in convergence excess esotropia and possible consequences for surgical planning. Strabismus. 2018;26(3):111–117. doi:10.1080/09273972.2018.1481435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang J, Heinrich T. Prism adaptation in acquired esotropia. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110(6):751–752. doi:10.1001/archopht.1992.01080180021008.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Velez FG, Rosenbaum AL. Preoperative prism adaptation for acquired esotropia: long-term results. J AAPOS. 2002;6(3):168–173. doi:10.1067/mpa.2002.123397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Gräfe A. Beiträge zur Lehre vom Schielen und von der Schiel-Operation. Archiv für Opthalmologie. 1857;3(1):177–386. doi:10.1007/BF02720687.
   Google Scholar
• von Blaskovics L, Kriker A. Eingriffe am Auge. In: F. Enke, ed. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag; 1943:394.
   Google Scholar
• Helveston EM, Cofield DD. Indications for marginal myotomy and technique. Am J Ophthalmol. 1970;70(4):574–578. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(70)90891-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Faber JT, von Noorden GK. Medial rectus muscle marginal myotomies for persistent esotropia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991;112(6):702–705. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(14)77278-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPhee TJ, Dyer JA, Ilstrup DM. Marginal myotomy of the medial rectus with lateral rectus resection as a secondary procedure for esotropia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1988;226(2):197–200. doi:10.1007/BF02173318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbach MJ, Smith DR. Spatial localization after strabismus surgery: evidence for inflow. Science. 1981;213(4514):1407–1409. doi:10.1126/science.7268444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark RA, Isenberg SJ, Rosenbaum AL, Demer JL. Posterior fixation sutures: a revised mechanical explanation for the fadenoperation based on rectus extraocular muscle pulleys. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;128(6):702–714. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(99)00356-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis GS, Pritchard CH, Baham L, Babiuch A. Medial rectus surgery for convergence excess esotropia with an accommodative component: a comparison of augmented recession, slanted recession, and recession with posterior fixation. Am Orthopt J. 2012;62(1):50–60. doi:10.3368/aoj.62.1.50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farid MF. Preplaced posterior fixation suture to improve surgical accessibility in partial accommodative esotropia with convergence excess. J AAPOS. 2022;26(1):27–27.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2020.11.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klainguti G, Strickler J, Presset C. Strabisme convergent accommodatif partiel avec et sans excès de convergence. Traitement chirurgical. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1996;208(5):352–355. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1035235.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klainguti G, Strickler J, Presset C. Traitement chirurgical de l’excès de convergence accommodative. Etude de 50 cas opérés. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1998;212(5):291–293. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1034885.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patel HI, Dawson E, Lee J. Surgery for residual convergence excess esotropia. Strabismus. 2011;19(4):153–156. doi:10.3109/09273972.2011.626831.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark RA, Ariyasu R, Demer JL. Medial rectus pulley posterior fixation: a novel technique to augment recession. J AAPOS. 2004;8(5):451–456. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2004.07.008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farid M, Saeed A. Bimedial faden recession versus augmented medial rectus recession in the treatment of high ac/a ratio partially accommodative esotropia with large distant near disparity. J Egypt Ophthalmol Soc. 2016;109(1):10–15. doi:10.4103/2090-0686.192744.
   Google Scholar
• von Noorden GK. An alternative to marginal myotomy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1982;94(3):285–289. doi:10.1016/0002-9394(82)90352-X.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inal A, Ocak OB, Aygit ED, et al. Medial rectus bridge Faden operations in accommodative and partially accommodative esotropia with convergence excess. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2017;54(6):369–374. doi:10.3928/01913913-20170801-03.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell L, Kowal L. Medial rectus muscle pulley posterior fixation sutures in accommodative and partially accommodative esotropia with convergence excess. J AAPOS. 2012;16(2):125–130. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2011.11.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagolini B, Dickmann A, Savino G, Bolzani R. Muscle splitting in the surgery of strabismus. In: Kaufmann H, ed. Transactions of XIX Meeting Crete: European Strabismological Association. Crete, Greece: Aeolus Press; 1991:141–146.
   Google Scholar
• Altıntaş AG, Arifoğlu HB, Köklü ŞG. Modified Y-splitting Procedure for the Treatment of Duane Retraction Syndrome. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2015 Aug;45(4):152–155. doi:10.4274/tjo.70188. Epub 2015 Aug 5. PMID: 27800223; PMCID: PMC5082273.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoerantner R, Priglinger S, Haslwanter T. Reduction of ocular muscle torque by splitting of the rectus muscle II: technique and results. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88(11):1409–1413. doi:10.1136/bjo.2004.042721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akar S, Gokyigit B, Aygit ED, Sabanci S, Demirok A. Is y-split recession of the medial rectus muscle as effective as scleral retroequatorial myopexy of the medial rectus muscle for partially accommodative esotropia with convergence? A report of results in 61 cases. Binocul Vis Strabolog Q Simms Romano. 2013;28:167–175.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wipf M, Priglinger S, Palmowski-Wolfe A. Y-Split recession of the medial rectus muscle as a secondary and/or unilateral procedure in the treatment of esotropia with distance/near disparity. J Ophthalmol. 2017;2017:1–6. doi:10.1155/2017/6472690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang LJ, Wu YY, Li ND. Y-splitting medial rectus muscle and recession in treatment for convergence excess esotropia. Int J Ophthalmol. 2022;15(4):661–665. doi:10.18240/ijo.2022.04.21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagheri A, Abbasnia E, Tavakoli M. Modified Y- split and recession of medial rectus muscles in convergence excess esotropia. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2021;31(6):3386–3393. doi:10.1177/1120672120965494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark RA, Ariyasu R, Demer JL. Medial rectus pulley posterior fixation is as effective as scleral posterior fixation for acquired esotropia with a high AC/A ratio. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004;137(6):1026–1033. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2004.01.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wabulembo G, Demer JL. Long-term outcome of medial rectus recession and pulley posterior fixation in esotropia with high AC/A ratio. Strabismus. 2012;20(3):115–120. doi:10.3109/09273972.2012.711795.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee S. Treatment of convergence excess esotropia by slanted medial rectus muscle recession. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc. 1999;39:3045–3052.
   Google Scholar
• Bietti G. On a technical procedure (recession and fan-shaped oblique reinsertion of the horizontal rectus muscles) for correction of V or a exotropias of slight degree in concomitant strabismus. Boll Ocul. 1970;49:581–588.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boyd T, Leitch G, Budd G. A new treatment for “A” and “V” patterns in strabismus by slanting muscle insertions. A preliminary report. Can J Ophthalmol. 1971;6:170–177.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nemet P, Stolovitch C, Loewenstein A. A new operation: slanted (reinsertion) medial rectus muscle recession surgery for convergence excess esotropia: results in 12 cases. Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 1993;8:241–246.
   Google Scholar
• van der Meulen-Schot HM, van der Meulen SB, Simonsz HJ. Caudal or cranial partial tenotomy of the horizontal rectus muscles in a and V pattern strabismus. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92(2):245–251. doi:10.1136/bjo.2007.121848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pineles SL, Chang MY, Velez FG. Compartmental strabismus. J Binocul Vis Ocul Motil. 2020;70(3):71–78. doi:10.1080/2576117X.2020.1760683.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bayramlar H, Ünlü C, Dag Y. Slanted medial rectus recession is effective in the treatment of convergence excess esotropia. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2014;51(6):337–340. doi:10.3928/01913913-20140723-01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang M, Kim JH, Kim SH. The change of the extraocular muscle insertion after a slanted recession in rabbit eyes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011;249(9):1373–1377. doi:10.1007/s00417-011-1647-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahadzadegan I. Slanted recession of medial recti to treat convergence excess esotropia. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2001;13:10–12.
   Google Scholar
• Rajavi Z, Feizi M, Nabavi SA, et al. Slanted versus augmented recession for horizontal strabismus. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2019;14(4):465–473. doi:10.18502/jovr.v14i4.5453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott A. Posterior fixation: adjustable and without posterior sutures. In: Lennerstrand G, ed. Update on Strabismus and Pediatric Ophthalmology. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1994:399.
   Google Scholar
• Bock CJ, Buckley EG, Freedman SF. Combined resection and recession of a single rectus muscle for the treatment of incomitant strabismus. J AAPOS. 1999;3(5):263–268. doi:10.1016/S1091-8531(99)70020-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumer R, Konakci KZ, Pomikal C, Wieczorek G, Lukas JR, Streicher J. Palisade endings: cholinergic sensory organs or effector organs? Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50(3):1176–1186. doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somer D, Cinar FG, Oral B, Ornek F. Combined recession and resection surgery in the management of convergence excess esotropia with different levels of AC/A ratio. J AAPOS. 2017;21(1):e7.1–.e7.7. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2016.09.029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thacker NM, Velez FG, Rosenbaum AL. Combined adjustable rectus muscle resection - recession for incomitant strabismus. J AAPOS. 2005;9(2):137–140. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2004.12.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghali MA. Combined resection–recession versus combined recession–retroequatorial myopexy of medial rectus muscles for treatment of near-distance disparity Esotropia. Clin Ophthalmol. 2017;11:1065–1068. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S136879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rageh MA, Awadein A, Arfeen SA. Extraocular muscle fenestration: a novel weakening procedure. Can J Ophthalmol. 2020;55(5):455–457. doi:10.1016/j.jcjo.2020.05.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awadein A, Arfeen S. Muscle fenestration in vertical rectus muscle surgeries. Eur J Ophthalmol. Published online 2022. doi:10.1177/11206721221129671.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelman PM, Lingua RW, Azen SP. A comparison of the effect of symmetrical vs. asymmetrical esotropia surgery on the AC/A ratio and on the distance-near disparity. Am Orthopt J. 1986;36(1):58–64. doi:10.1080/0065955x.1986.11981698.
   Google Scholar