References
- Sedgh G, Bearak J, Singh S, et al. Abortion incidence between 1990 and 2014: global, regional, and subregional levels and trends. Lancet. 2016;388(10041):258–267. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30380-4.
- Cislaghi B, Heise L. Theory and practice of social norms interventions: eight common pitfalls. Global Health. 2018;14(83):1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12992-018-0398-x
- Kumar A, Hessini L, Mitchell EMH. Conceptualising abortion stigma. Cult Health Sex. 2009;11(6):625–639. doi:10.1080/13691050902842741.
- Marlow HM, Wamugi S, Yegon E, et al. Women’s perceptions about abortion in their communities: perspectives from western Kenya. Reprod Health Matters. 2014;22(43):149–158. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(14)43758-3.
- Smith W, Turan JM, White K, et al. Social norms and stigma regarding unintended pregnancy and pregnancy decisions: a qualitative study of young women in Alabama. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2016;48(2):73–81. doi:10.1363/48e9016.
- Sorhaindo AM, Juárez-Ramírez C, Olavarrieta CD, et al. Qualitative evidence on abortion stigma from Mexico City and five states in Mexico. Women Health. 2014;54(7):622–640. doi:10.1080/03630242.2014.919983.
- Cialdini RB, Kallgren CA, Reno RR. A focus theory of normative conduct: a theoretical refinement and reevaluation of the role of norms in human behavior. Adv Exp Soc Psychol. 1991;24. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60330-5
- Cockrill K, Herold S, Upadhyay U, et al. Addressing abortion stigma through service delivery; 2013. doi: 10.1016/S0968-8080(08)31396-2
- Cockrill K, Nack A. “I’m not that type of person”: managing the stigma of having an abortion. Deviant Behav. 2013;34(12):973–990. doi:10.1080/01639625.2013.800423.
- Hanschmidt F, Linde K, Hilbert A, et al. Abortion stigma: a systematic review. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2016;48(4):169–177. doi:10.1363/48e8516.
- Shellenberg KM, Moore AM, Bankole A, et al. Social stigma and disclosure about induced abortion: results from an exploratory study. Glob Public Health. 2011;6(Suppl. 1). doi: 10.1080/17441692.2011.594072
- Bhugra D, Mehra R, de Silva P, et al. Sexual attitudes and practices in North India: a qualitative study. Sex Relation Ther. 2007;22(1):83–90. doi:10.1080/14681990600920770.
- Mejía ML, Montoya P, Blanco AJ, et al. (2010). Barreras para el acceso de adolescentes y jóvenes a servicios de salud. Available from: https://colombia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/BarrerasJovenesWeb%281%29.pdf.
- Schuler SR, Rottach E, Mukiri P. Gender norms and family planning decision-making in Tanzania: a qualitative study. J Public Health Africa. 2011;2(2):102–107. doi: 10.4081/jphia.2011.e25
- McMurtrie SM, García SG, Wilson KS, et al. Public opinion about abortion-related stigma among Mexican Catholics and implications for unsafe abortion. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2012;118(Suppl. 2):S160–S166. doi:10.1016/S0020-7292(12)60016-2.
- Coast E, Murray SF. “These things are dangerous”: understanding induced abortion trajectories in urban Zambia. Social Sci Med. 2016;153:201–209. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.02.025.
- Izugbara CO, Egesa C, Okelo R. “High profile health facilities can add to your trouble”: women, stigma and un/safe abortion in Kenya. Social Sci Med. 2015;141. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.07.019.
- Mohamed SF, Izugbara C, Moore AM, et al. The estimated incidence of induced abortion in Kenya: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childb. 2015;15(1):1–10. doi:10.1186/s12884-015-0621-1.
- Singh S, Shekhar C, Acharya R, et al. The incidence of abortion and unintended pregnancy in India, 2015. Lancet Global Health. 2018;6(1):e111–e120. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30453-9
- Ganatra B, Gerdts C, Rossier C, et al. Global, regional, and subregional classification of abortions by safety, 2010–14: estimates from a Bayesian hierarchical model. Lancet. 2017;390(10110):2372–2381. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31794-4.
- Ministry of Health African Population and Health Research Center and Ipas. The costs of treating unsafe abortion complications in public health facilities in Kenya. Nairobi; 2018. Available from: http://aphrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/The-Costs-of-Treating-Unsafe-Abortion-Complications-in-Public-Health-Facilities-in-Kenya_Final.pdf.
- The Republic of Kenya. Laws of Kenya, constitution of Kenya. Kenya: National Council for Law Reporting; 2010. Available from: www.kenyalaw.org.
- Center for Reproductive Rights. Kenya’s High Court issues a landmark ruling on access to safe abortion in a case against Ministry of Health [Press release]; 2019. Available from: https://reproductiverights.org/press-room/kenyas-constitutional-court-issues-landmark-ruling-access-safe-abortion-case-against
- Yegon EK, Kabanya PM, Echoka E, et al. Understanding abortion-related stigma and incidence of unsafe abortion: experiences from community members in Machakos and Trans Nzoia counties Kenya. Pan Afr Med J. 2016;24:1–9. doi:10.11604/pamj.2016.24.258.7567.
- Jayaweera RT, Ngui FM, Hall KS, et al. Women’s experiences with unplanned pregnancy and abortion in Kenya: a qualitative study. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):1–13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191412.
- African Population and Health Research Center, Ministry of Health Kenya, Ipas, & Guttmacher Institute. Incidence and complications of unsafe abortion in Kenya: key findings from a national study. Nairobi; 2013. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.1.3117.2328
- Government of India. The medical termination of pregnancy act (1971). India. Available from: https://mohfw.gov.in/acts-rules-and-standards-health-sector/acts/mtp-act-1971
- Singh S, Hussain R, Shekhar C, et al. (2018). Abortion and unintended pregnancy in six Indian states: findings and implications for policies and programs. doi: 10.1363/2018.30009
- Patel T. Experiencing abortion rights in India through issues of autonomy and legality: a few controversies. Glob Public Health. 2018;13(6):702–710. doi:10.1080/17441692.2018.1424920.
- Jejeebhoy SJ, Kalyanwala S, Zavier AJF, et al. Experience seeking abortion among unmarried young women in Bihar and Jharkhand, India: delays and disadvantages. Reprod Health Matters. 2010;18(35):163–174. doi: 10.1016/S0968-8080(10)35504-2
- Moirangthem S, Kumar NC, Math SB. Child sexual abuse: issues & concerns. Indian J Med Res. 2015;142(1):1–3. doi:10.4103/0971-5916.162084.
- Bhaktwani A. The PC-PNDT act in a nutshell. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2012;22(2):133–134. doi:10.4103/0971-3026.101114.
- Onkar P, Mitra K. Important points in the PC-PNDT Act. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2012;22(2):141–143. doi:10.4103/0971-3026.101117.
- Dalvie SS. Second trimester abortions in India. Reprod Health Matters. 2008;16(31 Suppl.):37–45. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(08)31384-6.
- Potdar P, Barua A, Dalvie S, et al. “If a woman has even one daughter, i refuse to perform the abortion”: sex determination and safe abortion in India. Reprod Health Matters. 2015;23(45):114–125. doi:10.1016/j.rhm.2015.06.003.
- UNFPA. World population dashboard; 2019. [cited 2019 Jul 8]. Available from: https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population-dashboard.
- Darney BG, Powell B, Andersen K, et al. Quality of care and abortion: beyond safety. BMJ Sex Reprod Health. 2018;44(3):159–160. doi:10.1136/bmjsrh-2018-200060.
- IIPS and Marco International. National family health survey (NFHS-3), 2005–6: India: volume I. Int J Health Care Qual Assur. 2007;18. doi:10.1108/ijhcqa.2005.06218gab.007.
- Mohamed D, Diamond-Smith N, Njunguru J. Stigma and agency: exploring young Kenyan women’s experiences with abortion stigma and individual agency. Reprod Health Matters. 2018;26(52):1492285. doi: 10.1080/09688080.2018.1492285
- Creel LC, Perry RJ. Improving the quality of reproductive health care for young people. New perspectives on quality of care; 2002. Available from: https://www.prb.org/newperspectivesonqualityofcareseries/.
- Denno DM, Hoopes AJ, Chandra-Mouli V. Effective strategies to provide adolescent sexual and reproductive health services and to increase demand and community support. J Adolesc Health. 2015;56(1):S22–S41. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.09.012.
- Constantine NA, Jerman P, Berglas NF, et al. Short-term effects of a rights-based sexuality education curriculum for high-school students: a cluster-randomized trial. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:293. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1625-5.
- Makleff S, Garduño J, Zavala RI, et al. Preventing intimate partner violence among young people—a qualitative study examining the role of comprehensive sexuality education. Sex Res Soc Policy. 2019. doi: 10.1007/s13178-019-00389-x
- Mitchell EMH, Halpern CT, Kamathi EM, et al. Social scripts and stark realities: Kenyan adolescents’ abortion discourse. Cult Health Sex. 2006;8(6):515–528. doi:10.1080/13691050600888400.
- Warenius LU, Faxelid EA, Chishimba PN, et al. Midwife attitudes towards adolescent sexual and reproductive health needs in Kenya and Zambia. Reprod Health Matters. 2006;14(27):119–128. doi: 10.1016/S0968-8080(06)27242-2
- Banerjee SK, Andersen KL, Buchanan RM, et al. Woman-centered research on access to safe abortion services and implications for behavioral change communication interventions: a cross-sectional study of women in Bihar and Jharkhand, India. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):175. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-175.
- Harris LH. Second trimester abortion provision: breaking the silence and changing the discourse. Reprod Health Matters. 2008;16(31 SUPPL.):74–81. doi: 10.1016/S0968-8080(08)31396-2
- Payne CM, Debbink MP, Steele EA, et al. Why women are dying from unsafe abortion: narratives of Ghanaian abortion providers. Afr J Reprod Health. 2013;17(2):118–128. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24069757
- Goffman E. Stigma: notes on the management of a spoiled identity. London: Penguin; 1963. doi: 10.1023/A:1023239606028
- Stuber J, Galea S, Link BG. Smoking and the emergence of a stigmatized social status. Social Sci Med. 2008;67(3):420–430. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.010.