Policies and actions to reduce maternal mortality in Nepal: perspectives of key informants

References

• Karkee R. How did Nepal reduce the maternal mortality? A result from analysing the determinants of maternal mortality. J Nepal Med Assoc. 2012;52(186):88–94.
   Google Scholar
• Xheneti M, Karki ST, Madden A. Negotiating business and family demands within a patriarchal society – the case of women entrepreneurs in the Nepalese context. Entrepreneurship Reg Dev. 2019;31(3–4):259–278. DOI:10.1080/08985626.2018.1551792
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rath AD, Basnett I, Cole M, et al. Improving emergency obstetric care in a context of very high maternal mortality: the Nepal safer motherhood project 1997–2004. Reprod Health Matters. 2007;15(30):72–80. DOI:10.1016/s0968-8080(07)30329-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karkee R, Lee AH, Binns CW. Why women don’t utilise maternity services in Nepal: a literature review. WHO South East Asia J Public Health. 2013;2 (3-4):135–141. DOI:10.4103/2224-3151.115828
   Google Scholar
• Ensor T, Cooper S. Overcoming barriers to health service access: influencing the demand side. Health Policy Plan. 2004;19(2):69–79. DOI:10.1093/heapol/czh009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker CE, Bird CE, Pradhan A, et al. Support to the safe motherhood programme in Nepal: an integrated approach. Reprod Health Matters. 2007;15(30):81–90. DOI:10.1016/s0968-8080(07)30331-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MoHP [Nepal], New ERA, ICF International Inc. Nepal demographic and health survey 2016. Kathmandu: Ministry of Health and Population [Nepal], New ERA, and ICF International; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Thapa R, Bam K, Tiwari P, et al. Implementing federalism in the health system of Nepal: opportunities and challenges. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2019;8(4):195–198. DOI:10.15171/ijhpm.2018.121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale NK, Heath G, Cameron E, et al. Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2013;13(1):117. DOI:10.1186/1471-2288-13-117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhandari A, Gordon M, Shakya G. Reducing maternal mortality in Nepal. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2011;118:26–30. DOI:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03109.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pant PD, Suvedi BK, Pradhan A, et al. Investigating recent improvements in maternal health in Nepal: further analysis of the 2006 Nepal demographic and health survey. Calverton (MD): ICF Macro; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Puri M, Singh S, Sundaram A, et al. Abortion incidence and unintended pregnancy in Nepal. Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2016;42(4):197–209. DOI:10.1363/42e2116
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu W-J, Maru S, Regmi K, et al. Abortion care in Nepal, 15 years after legalization: gaps in access, equity, and quality. Health Hum Rights. 2017;19(1):221–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puri MC, Raifman S, Khanal B, et al. Providers’ perspectives on denial of abortion care in Nepal: a cross-sectional study. Reprod Health. 2018;15(1):170. DOI:10.1186/s12978-018-0619-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers C, Sapkota S, Tako A, et al. Abortion in Nepal: perspectives of a cross-section of sexual and reproductive health and rights professionals. BMC Womens Health. 2019;19(1):40. DOI:10.1186/s12905-019-0734-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell OM, Calvert C, Testa A, et al. The scale, scope, coverage, and capability of childbirth care. Lancet. 2016;388(10056):2193–2208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penn-Kekana L, McPake B, Parkhurst J. Improving maternal health: getting what works to happen. Reprod Health Matters. 2007;15(30):28–37. DOI:10.1016/s0968-8080(07)30335-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPake B, Koblinsky M. Improving maternal survival in South Asia – what can we learn from case studies? J Health Popul Nutr. 2009;27(2):93–107. DOI:10.3329/jhpn.v27i2.3324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koblinsky M, Moyer CA, Calvert C, et al. Quality maternity care for every woman, everywhere: a call to action. Lancet. 2016;388(10057):2307–2320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clapham S, Basnet I, Pathak LR, et al. The evolution of a quality of care approach for improving emergency obstetric care in rural hospitals in Nepal. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2004;86(1):86–97. DOI:10.1016/j.ijgo.2004.03.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kc A, Singh DR, Upadhyaya MK, et al. Quality of care for maternal and newborn health in health facilities in Nepal. Matern Child Health J. 2020;24(Suppl 1):31–38. DOI:10.1007/s10995-019-02846-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karkee R, Lee A, Pokharel P. Women’s perception of quality of maternity services: a longitudinal survey in Nepal. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14(1):45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paudel YR, Mehata S, Paudel D, et al. Women’s satisfaction of maternity care in Nepal and its correlation with intended future utilization. Int J Reprod Med. 2015;2015:783050. DOI:10.1155/2015/783050
   Google Scholar
• Ronsmans C, Vanneste AM, Chakraborty J, et al. Decline in maternal mortality in Matlab, Bangladesh: a cautionary tale. Lancet. 1997;350(9094):1810–1814.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Brouwere V, De Brouwere V, Tonglet R, et al. Strategies for reducing maternal mortality in developing countries: what can we learn from the history of the industrialized West? Trop Med Int Health. 1998;3(10):771–782. DOI:10.1046/j.1365-3156.1998.00310.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogren MU, van Teijlingen E, Berg M. Where midwives are not yet recognised: a feasibility study of professional midwives in Nepal. Midwifery. 2013;29(10):1103–1109. DOI:10.1016/j.midw.2013.07.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlough M, McCall M. Skilled birth attendance: what does it mean and how can it be measured? A clinical skills assessment of maternal and child health workers in Nepal. Int J Gynecol Obstetrics. 2005;89(2):200–208. DOI:10.1016/j.ijgo.2004.12.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajbhandari R, Rai S, Hathi S, et al. The quality of skilled birth attendants in Nepal: high aspirations and ground realities. PLoS One. 2019;14(4):e0214577. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0214577
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan A, Jimenez Soto E, Bhandari G, et al. Provider perspectives on the enabling environment required for skilled birth attendance: a qualitative study in western Nepal. Trop Med Int Health. 2014;19(12):1457–1465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lunze K, Higgins-Steele A, Simen-Kapeu A, et al. Innovative approaches for improving maternal and newborn health – a landscape analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015;15(1):337. DOI:10.1186/s12884-015-0784-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne A, Hodge A, Jimenez-Soto E, et al. What works? Strategies to increase reproductive, maternal and child health in difficult to access mountainous locations: a systematic literature review. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e87683.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalfe R, Adegoke AA. Strategies to increase facility-based skilled birth attendance in South Asia: a literature review. Int Health. 2012. DOI:10.1093/inthealth/ihs001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witter S, Khadka S, Nath H, et al. The national free delivery policy in Nepal: early evidence of its effects on health facilities. Health Policy Plan. 2011;26(suppl 2):ii84–ii91. DOI:10.1093/heapol/czr066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell-Jackson T, Hanson K. Financial incentives for maternal health: impact of a national programme in Nepal. J Health Econ. 2012;31(1):271–284. DOI:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello A, Osrin D, Manandhar D. Reducing maternal and neonatal mortality in the poorest communities. Br Med J. 2004;329(7475):1166–1168. DOI:10.1136/bmj.329.7475.1166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers C, Dantas JAR. Access to contraception and sexual and reproductive health information post-abortion: a systematic review of literature from low- and middle-income countries. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2017;43(4):309–318. DOI:10.1136/jfprhc-2016-101469
   Google Scholar
• Sharma BB, Jones L, Loxton DJ, et al. Systematic review of community participation interventions to improve maternal health outcomes in rural South Asia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):327. DOI:10.1186/s12884-018-1964-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgins S, McPherson R, Suvedi BK, et al. Testing a scalable community-based approach to improve maternal and neonatal health in rural Nepal. J Perinatol. 2010;30(6):388–395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manandhar DS, Osrin D, Shrestha BP, et al. Effect of a participatory intervention with women's groups on birth outcomes in Nepal: cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364(9438):970–979. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17021-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Målqvist M, Pun A, Raaijmakers H, et al. Persistent inequity in maternal health care utilization in Nepal despite impressive overall gains. Glob Health Action. 2017;10(1):1356083. DOI:10.1080/16549716.2017.1356083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karkee R, Lee AH, Khanal V. Need factors for utilisation of institutional delivery services in Nepal: an analysis from Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, 2011. BMJ Open. 2014;4(3). DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004372
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry H, Morrow M, Borger S, et al. Care groups I: an innovative community-based strategy for improving maternal, neonatal, and child health in resource-constrained settings. Glob Health Sci Pract. 2015;3(3):358–369. DOI:10.9745/ghsp-d-15-00051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard F, Witter S, De Brouwere V. Innovative approaches to reducing financial barriers to obstetric care in low-income countries. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(10):1845–1852.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khatri RB, Dangi TP, Gautam R, et al. Barriers to utilization of childbirth services of a rural birthing center in Nepal: a qualitative study. PLoS One. 2017;12(5):e0177602. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0177602
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lama TP, Munos MK, Katz J, et al. Assessment of facility and health worker readiness to provide quality antenatal, intrapartum and post-partum care in rural Southern Nepal. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):16. DOI:10.1186/s12913-019-4871-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karkee R, Lee AH, Binns CW. Bypassing birth centres for childbirth: an analysis of data from a community-based prospective cohort study in Nepal. Health Policy Plan. 2013. DOI:10.1093/heapol/czt090
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montagu D, Sudhinaraset M, Diamond-Smith N, et al. Where women go to deliver: understanding the changing landscape of childbirth in Africa and Asia. Health Policy Plan. 2017;32(8):1146–1152. DOI:10.1093/heapol/czx060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonkhuijzen L, Stekelenburg J, Van Roosmalen J. Maternity waiting facilities for improving maternal and neonatal outcome in low-resource countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;10(10):CD006759. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006759.pub3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perosky JE, Munro-Kramer ML, Lockhart N, et al. Maternity waiting homes as an intervention to increase facility delivery in rural Zambia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019;146(2):266–267. DOI:10.1002/ijgo.12864
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry EG, Semrau K, Hamer DH, et al. The influence of quality maternity waiting homes on utilization of facilities for delivery in rural Zambia. Reprod Health. 2017;14(1):68. DOI:10.1186/s12978-017-0328-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buser JM, Munro-Kramer ML, Carney M, et al. Maternity waiting homes as a cost-effective intervention in rural Liberia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019;146(1):74–79. DOI:10.1002/ijgo.12830
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh K, Speizer I, Kim ET, et al. Reaching vulnerable women through maternity waiting homes in Malawi. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2017;136(1):91–97. DOI:10.1002/ijgo.12013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha D, Rajendra P, Shrestha N. Feasibility study on establishing maternity waiting homes in remote areas of Nepal. Regional Health Forum. 2007;11(2):33–38.
   Google Scholar
• Bohler E. Maternity waiting homes-an effective instrument for global maternal health. J Norwegian Med Assoc. 2018. DOI:10.4045/tidsskr.17.0717
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh N, Gruits P, Oppel E, et al. Built spaces and features associated with user satisfaction in maternity waiting homes in Malawi. Midwifery. 2018;62:96–103. DOI:10.1016/j.midw.2018.03.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penn-Kekana L, Pereira S, Hussein J, et al. Understanding the implementation of maternity waiting homes in low-and middle-income countries: a qualitative thematic synthesis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckermann E, Deodato G. Maternity waiting homes in Southern Lao PDR: the unique ‘silk home’. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2008;34(5):767–775. DOI:10.1111/j.1447-0756.2008.00924.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karkee R, Lee AH, Binns CW. Determinants of facility delivery after implementation of safer mother programme in Nepal: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2013;13:193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato M, Gilson L. Exploring health facilities’ experiences in implementing the free healthcare policy (FHCP) in Nepal: how did organizational factors influence the implementation of the user-fee abolition policy? Health Policy Plan. 2015;30(10):1272–1288. DOI:10.1093/heapol/czu136
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell-Jackson T, Morrison J, Tiwari S, et al. The experiences of districts in implementing a national incentive programme to promote safe delivery in Nepal. BMC Health Serv Res. 2009;9(1):97. DOI:10.1186/1472-6963-9-97
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coast E, Jones E, Lattof SR, et al. Effectiveness of interventions to provide culturally appropriate maternity care in increasing uptake of skilled maternity care: a systematic review. Health Policy Plan. 2016;31(10):1479–1491. DOI:10.1093/heapol/czw065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones E, Lattof SR, Coast E. Interventions to provide culturally-appropriate maternity care services: factors affecting implementation. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):267. DOI:10.1186/s12884-017-1449-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamal M, Heiter K, Schoenmakers L, et al. Social accountability in maternal health services in the far-western development region in Nepal: an exploratory study. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2019;8(5):280–291. DOI:10.15171/ijhpm.2019.05
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyet S, Rajbhandari S, Alvarez VB, et al. On-site clinical mentoring as a maternal and new-born care quality improvement method: evidence from a nurse cohort study in Nepal. BMC Nurs. 2020;19(1):3. DOI:10.1186/s12912-019-0396-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar