Mental health, substance use, experiences of violence, and access to health care among transgender and non-binary people during the COVID-19 lockdown in Argentina

References

• Adhikari, S. P., Meng, S., Wu, Y. J., Mao, Y. P., Ye, R. X., Wang, Q. Z., Sun, C., Sylvia, S., Rozelle, S., Raat, H., & Zhou, H. (2020). Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: A scoping review. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 9(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x
   Google Scholar
• Aristegui, I., Radusky, P. D., Zalazar, V., Lucas, M., & Sued, O. (2018). Resources to cope with stigma related to HIV status, gender identity, and sexual orientation in gay men and transgender women. Journal of Health Psychology, 23(2), 320–331. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105317736782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block, P., Hoffman, M., Raabe, I. J., Dowd, J. B., Rahal, C., Kashyap, R., & Mills, M. C. (2020). Social network-based distancing strategies to flatten the COVID-19 curve in a post-lockdown world. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(6), 588–596. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0898-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowleg, L. (2020). We’re not all in this together: On COVID-19, intersectionality, and structural inequality. American Journal of Public Health, 110(7), 917–918. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet (London, England), 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centro de Estudios Legales y Sociales. (2020). Los derechos humanos de la población travesti y trans en aislamiento obligatorio. Retrieved May 29, 2021, from https://www.cels.org.ar/web/2020/06/los-derechos-humanos-de-la-poblacion-travesti-y-trans-en-aislamiento-obligatorio/
   Google Scholar
• Fernández Romero, F. (2021). “We can conceive another history”: Trans activism around abortion rights in Argentina. International Journal of Transgender Health, 22(1–2), 126–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2020.1838391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García-Álvarez, L., de la Fuente-Tomás, L., García-Portilla, M. P., Sáiz, P. A., Lacasa, C. M., Dal Santo, F., González-Blanco, L., Bobes-Bascarán, M. T., García, M. V., Vázquez, C. Á., Iglesias, Á. V., Cao, C. M., Fernández, A. G., Bascarán Fernández, M. T., Fernández, A. P., Revuelta, J. R., Zazo, E. S., Madera, P. Z., Álvarez, M. S., … Bobes, J. (2020). Early psychological impact of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and lockdown in a large Spanish sample. Journal of Global Health, 10(2), 020505. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gender Identity Law N° 26743. (2012). May 23, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Gibb, J. K., DuBois, L. Z., Williams, S., McKerracher, L., Juster, R. P., & Fields, J. (2020). Sexual and gender minority health vulnerabilities during the COVID-19 health crisis. American Journal of Human Biology, 32(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23499
   Google Scholar
• Glynn, T. R., Gamarel, K. E., Kahler, C. W., Operario, D., Iwamoto, M., & Nemoto, T. (2016). The role of gender affirmation in psychological well-being among transgender women. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(3), 336–344. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000171
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzales, G., Loret de Mola, E., Gavulic, K. A., McKay, T., & Purcell, C. (2020). Mental health needs among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(5), 645–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huésped, F. (2014). Gender identity law and transgender people access to health care in Argentina. Buenos Aires: Autor. https://www.huesped.org.ar/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Ley-de-Identidad-de-Genero-y-acceso-a-la-salud-de-personas-trans-ING.pdf
   Google Scholar
• IBM. (2016). Statistical package for the social sciences (Version 24). Retrieved July 3, 2020, from https://www.ibm.com/analytics/spss-statistics-software
   Google Scholar
• Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos. (2020). Condiciones de vida. Valorización Mensual de la Canasta Básica Alimentaria y de la Canasta Básica Total, 4(10). https://www.indec.gob.ar/uploads/informesdeprensa/canasta_07_205381DE6C24.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jones, B. A., Bowe, M., McNamara, N., Guerin, E., & Carter, T. (2021). Exploring the mental health experiences of young trans and gender diverse people during the Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Transgender Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2021.1890301.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kessler, G., Bermúdez, N., Binstock, G., Cerrutti, M., Pecheny, M., Piovani, J. I., Wilkis, A., & Becerra, M. (2020). Relevamiento del impacto social de las medidas del aislamiento dispuestas por el PEN. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación. https://www.conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/Resumen_Ejecutivo_Covid-Cs.Sociales.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Keuroghlian, A. S., Reisner, S. L., White, J. M., & Weiss, R. D. (2015). Substance use and treatment of substance use disorders in a community sample of transgender adults. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 152, 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo, J. R., Cook, A. R., Park, M., Sun, Y., Sun, H., Lim, T., Tam, C., & Dickens, B. L. (2020). Interventions to mitigate early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Singapore: A modelling study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 20(6), 678–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30162-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, H., Stratton, C. W., & Tang, Y. W. (2020). Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(4), 401–402. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy, T., Herrero, A. V., Traiano, H., & Fernández Simón, M. (October 27, 2020). Argentina locked down early and hard. Now cases are exploding. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/coronavirus-argentina-million-quarantine-lockdown/2020/10/26/65eefde2-149c-11eb-bc10-40b25382f1be_story.html
   Google Scholar
• McDowell, M. J., Hughto, J. M. W., & Reisner, S. L. (2019). Risk and protective factors for mental health morbidity in a community sample of female-to-male trans-masculine adults. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-2008-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendieta, A., & Vidal-Ortiz, S. (2021). Administering gender: Trans men’s sexual and reproductive challenges in Argentina. International Journal of Transgender Health, 22(1–2), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2020.1819506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millet, A. (2021). Cisexismo y salud. Puntos Suspensivos Ediciones.
   Google Scholar
• Ministerio de Salud de la Nación. (2019). Boletín sobre el VIH, sida e ITS en la Argentina (N° 36). https://bancos.salud.gob.ar/recurso/boletin-sobre-el-vih-sida-e-its-en-la-argentina-ndeg-36
   Google Scholar
• Ministerio Público de la Defensa. (2017). La revolución de las mariposas. A diez años de La gesta del nombre propio. https://www.mpdefensa.gob.ar/publicaciones/la-revolucion-las-mariposas-a-diez-anos-la-gesta-del-nombre-propio
   Google Scholar
• National Law of Mental Health and Addictions N° 26657. (2010). December 2, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Nussbaumer-Streit, B., Mayr, V., Dobrescu, A. I., Chapman, A., Persad, E., Klerings, I., Wagner, G., Siebert, U., Ledinger, D., Zachariah, C., & Gartlehner, G. (2020). Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID-19: A rapid review. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9(4), CD013574. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013574.pub2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perez-Brumer, A., & Silva-Santisteban, A. (2020). COVID-19 policies can perpetuate violence against transgender communities: Insights from Peru. AIDS Behavior, 24(9), 2477–2479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02889-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, G., Felt, D., Ruprecht, M. M., Wang, X., Xu, J., Pérez-Bill, E., Bagnarol, R. M., Roth, J., Curry, C. W., & Beach, L. B. (2020). Addressing the disproportionate impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on sexual and gender minority populations in the United States: Actions toward equity. LGBT Health, 7(6), 279–282. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2020.0187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Presidencia de la Nación Argentina. (2020). Boletin Oficial de la República Argentina - Aislamiento Social Preventivo y Obligatorio - Decreto 297/2020. Retrieved July 3, 2020, from https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/227042/20200320
   Google Scholar
• Radi, B. (2020). Reproductive injustice, trans rights, and eugenics. Sexual and Reproductive Health Matters, 28(1), 1824318. https://doi.org/10.1080/26410397.2020.1824318
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Radi, B., & Losada, C. (2020). Transmasculinities and COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean. In ILGALAC Coronapapers. Nuestra comunidad LGBTI en tiempos de pandemia. ILGALAC. Retrieved February 23, 2020, from https://www.aacademica.org/blas.radi/43.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Radusky, P. D., Zalazar, V., Cardozo, N., Fabian, S., Duarte, M., Frola, C., Cahn, P., Sued, O., & Aristegui, I. (2020). Reduction of gender identity stigma and improvements in mental health among transgender women initiating HIV treatment in a trans-sensitive clinic in Argentina. Transgender Health, 5(4), 216–219. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2020.0005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reisner, S. L., & Hughto, J. M. W. (2019). Comparing the health of non-binary and binary transgender adults in a statewide non-probability sample. PLOS One, 14(8), e0221583. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisner, S. L., Poteat, T., Keatley, J. A., Cabral, M., Mothopeng, T., Dunham, E., Holland, C. E., Max, R., & Baral, S. D. (2016). Global health burden and needs of transgender populations: A review. The Lancet, 388(10042), 412–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00684-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheikh, A., Sheikh, Z., & Sheikh, A. (2020). Novel approaches to estimate compliance with lockdown measures in the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Global Health, 10(1), 010348. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.010348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Socías, M. E., Marshall, B. D. L., Aristegui, I., Romero, M., Cahn, P., Kerr, T., & Sued, O. (2014). Factors associated with healthcare avoidance among transgender women in Argentina. International Journal for Equity in Health, 13(1), 81. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-014-0081-7
   Google Scholar
• Torres, T. S., Hoagland, B., Bezerra, D. R. B., Garner, A., Jalil, E. M., Coelho, L. E., Benedetti, M., Pimenta, C., Grinsztejn, B., & Veloso, V. G. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on sexual minority populations in Brazil: An analysis of social/racial disparities in maintaining social distancing and a description of sexual behavior. AIDS and Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-02984-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentine, S. E., & Shipherd, J. C. (2018). A systematic review of social stress and mental health among transgender and gender non-conforming people in the United States. Clinical Psychology Review, 66, 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Miesen, A. I. R., Raaijmakers, D., & van de Grift, T. C. (2020). "You have to wait a little longer": Transgender (mental) health at risk as a consequence of deferring gender-affirming treatments during COVID-19. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(5), 1395–1399. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01754-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., Pan, B., Liu, Y., Wilson, A., Ou, J., & Chen, R. (2020). Health care and mental health challenges for transgender individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet, 8(7), 564–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30182-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2020). WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 - 11 March 2020. Retrieved July 3, 2020, from https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-mediabriefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
   Google Scholar
• Zalazar, V., Arístegui, I., Cardozo, N., Sued, O., Rodríguez, A. E., Frola, C., & Pérez, H. (2018). Factores contextuales, sociales e individuales como barreras y facilitadores para el acceso a la salud de mujeres trans: Desde la perspectiva de la comunidad. Actualizaciones en Sida e Infectología, 26(98), 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Zwickl, S., Angus, L. M., Qi, A. W. F., Ginger, A., Eshin, K., Cook, T., Leemaqz, S. Y., Dowers, E., Zajac, J. D., & Cheung, A. S. (2021). The impact of the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Australian trans community. International Journal of Transgender Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2021.1890659
   PubMedGoogle Scholar