340
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Shortcomings of transgender identity concealment research: a scoping review of associations with mental health

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Afifi, W. A., & Afifi, T. D. (2020). The relative impacts of disclosure and secrecy: The role of (perceived) target response. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31, 94–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.08.015
  • Algarin, A. B., Smith, L. R., Pines, H. A., Zapien, M. F., Padilla-Garcia, R., Navarro-Alvarez, S., & Pitpitan, E. V. (2024). The Gender Minority Stress and Resilience Measure: Psychometric Validity for Use in Spanish. Transgender Health, 9(1), 24–33. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2021.0190.
  • Bethea, M. S., & McCollum, E. E. (2013). The disclosure experiences of male-to-female transgender individuals: A systems theory perspective. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 12(2), 89–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332691.2013.779094
  • Bosker, M. J. (2002). Assessing level of outness among gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals and its relation to depression, anxiety, and self-esteem. Dissertation Abstracts International, 64(3), 1482B–1482B.
  • Bränström, R., & Pachankis, J. E. (2021). Country-level ­structural stigma, identity concealment, and day-to-day discrimination as determinants of transgender people’s life ­satisfaction. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 56(9), 1537–1545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02036-6
  • Camacho, G., Reinka, M. A., & Quinn, D. M. (2020). Disclosure and concealment of stigmatized identities. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31, 28–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.031
  • Chakrapani, V., Scheim, A. I., Newman, P. A., Shunmugam, M., Rawat, S., Baruah, D., Bhatter, A., Nelson, R., Jaya, A., & Kaur, M. (2021). Affirming and negotiating gender in family and social spaces: Stigma, mental health and resilience among transmasculine people in India. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 24(7), 951–967. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2021.1901991
  • Charter, R., Ussher, J. M., Perz, J., & Robinson, K. H. (2022). Transgender parents: Negotiating “coming out” and gender affirmation with children and co-parents. Journal of Homosexuality, 70(7), 1287–1309. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2021.2020542
  • Cunningham, G. B., & Pickett, A. C. (2018). Trans prejudice in sport: Differences from LGB prejudice, the influence of gender, and changes over time. Sex Roles, 78(3–4), 220–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-017-0791-6
  • de Vries, J. M. A., Downes, C., Sharek, D., Doyle, L., Murphy, R., Begley, T., McCann, E., Sheerin, F., Smyth, S., & Higgins, A. (2023). An exploration of mental distress in transgender people in Ireland with reference to minority stress and dissonance theory. International Journal of Transgender Health, 24(4), 469–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2022.2105772
  • Dhanani, L. Y., & Totton, R. R. (2023). Have you heard the news? The effects of exposure to news about recent transgender legislation on transgender youth and young adults. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 20(4), 1345–1359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-023-00810-6
  • Dickey, l m., Hendricks, M. L., & Bockting, W. O. (2016). Innovations in research with transgender and gender nonconforming people and their communities. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(2), 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000158
  • European Union Agency For Fundamental Rights. (2021). The EU LGBTI II Survey, 2019 (1.1.0) [dataset]. GESIS Data Archive. https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13733
  • Exline, J. J., Przeworski, Amy., Peterson, E. K., Turnamian, M. R., Stauner, N., & Uzdavines, A. (2021). Religious and spiritual struggles among transgender and gender-nonconforming adults. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 13(3), 276–286. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000404
  • Flentje, A., Clark, K. D., Cicero, E., Capriotti, M. R., Lubensky, M. E., Sauceda, J., Neilands, T. B., Lunn, M. R., & Obedin-Maliver, J. (2021). Minority stress, structural stigma, and physical health among sexual and gender minority individuals: Examining the relative strength of the relationships. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 56(6), 573–591. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaab051
  • Flynn, M. K., & Bhambhani, Y. (2021). Internalized transphobia, nondisclosure of gender identity, and life satisfaction among transgender and non-binary adults: The moderating roles of psychological flexibility and inflexibility. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 20, 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.04.008
  • Flynn, S., & Smith, N. G. (2021). Interactions between blending and identity concealment: Effects on non-binary people’s distress and experiences of victimization. PloS One, 16(3), e0248970. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248970
  • Franke, R., & Leary, M. R. (1991). Disclosure of sexual orientation by lesbians and gay men: A comparison of private and public processes. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10(3), 262–269. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1991.10.3.262
  • Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Cook-Daniels, L., Kim, H.-J., Erosheva, E. A., Emlet, C. A., Hoy-Ellis, C. P., Goldsen, J., & Muraco, A. (2014). Physical and mental health of transgender older adults: An at-risk and underserved population. The Gerontologist, 54(3), 488–500. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt021
  • Gagné, P., Tewksbury, R., & McGaughey, D. (1997). Coming out and crossing over: Identity formation and proclamation in a transgender community. Gender & Society, 11(4), 478–508. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124397011004006
  • Goldbach, C., & Knutson, D. (2023). Gender-related minority stress and gender dysphoria: Development and initial validation of the Gender Dysphoria Triggers Scale (GDTS). Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 10(3), 383–396. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000548
  • Haider-Markel, D., Taylor, J., Flores, A., Lewis, D., Miller, P., & Tadlock, B. (2019). Morality politics and new research on transgender politics and public policy. The Forum, 17(1), 159–181. https://doi.org/10.1515/for-2019-0004
  • Haimson, O. (2019). Mapping gender transition sentiment patterns via social media data: Toward decreasing transgender mental health disparities. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association: JAMIA, 26(8-9), 749–758. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocz056
  • Helsen, V., Enzlin, P., & Gijs, L. (2022). Mental health in transgender adults: The role of proximal minority stress, community connectedness, and gender nonconformity. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 9(4), 466–477. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000530
  • Hidalgo, M. A., Petras, H., Chen, D., & Chodzen, G. (2019). The gender minority stress and resilience measure: Psychometric validity of an adolescent extension. Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology, 7(3), 278–290. https://doi.org/10.1037/cpp0000297
  • Holloway, B. T., Gerke, D. R., Call, J., Hostetter, C. R., Greenfield, J. C., Atteberry-Ash, B., & Walls, N. E. (2023). “The doctors have more questions for us”: Geographic differences in healthcare access and health literacy among transgender and nonbinary communities. Qualitative Social Work, 22(6), 1073–1091. https://doi.org/10.1177/14733250221128000
  • Huffman, A. H., Mills, M. J., Howes, S. S., & Albritton, M. D. (2021). Workplace support and affirming behaviors: Moving toward a transgender, gender diverse, and non-binary friendly workplace. International Journal of Transgender Health, 22(3), 225–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2020.1861575
  • Hughto, J. M. W., Gunn, H. A., Rood, B. A., & Pantalone, D. W. (2020). Social and medical gender affirmation experiences are inversely associated with mental health problems in a US non-probability sample of transgender adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(7), 2635–2647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01655-5
  • Huit, T. Z., Holt, N. R., Farquhar-Leicester, A., Brock, R., Mocarski, R. A., Woodruff, N., & Hope, D. A. (2022). Test–retest reliability and sensitivity of a brief clinical monitoring measure for transgender and gender diverse adults: The Trans Collaborations Clinical Check-In (TC3). Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000598
  • Jackman, K., Edgar, B., Ling, A., Honig, J., & Bockting, W. (2018). Experiences of transmasculine spectrum people who report nonsuicidal self-injury: A qualitative investigation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(5), 586–597. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000304
  • Jackson, S. D., & Mohr, J. J. (2016). Conceptualizing the closet: Differentiating stigma concealment and nondisclosure processes. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(1), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000147
  • Jäggi, T., Jellestad, L., Corbisiero, S., Schaefer, D. J., Jenewein, J., Schneeberger, A., Kuhn, A., & Garcia Nuñez, D. (2018). Gender minority stress and depressive symptoms in transitioned Swiss transpersons. BioMed Research International, 2018, e8639263–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8639263
  • Jardas, E. J., Ladd, B. A., Maheux, A. J., Choukas-Bradley, S., Salk, R. H., & Thoma, B. C. (2023). Testing the minority stress model across gender identity, race, and ethnicity among US gender minority adolescents. Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science, 132(5), 542–554. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000834.supp
  • Johnson, A. H. (2016). Transnormativity: A new concept and its validation through documentary film about transgender men. Sociological Inquiry, 86(4), 465–491. https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12127
  • Jones, A. K., Wehner, C. L., Andrade, I. M., Jones, E. M., Wooten, L. H., & Wilson, L. C. (2022). Minority stress and posttraumatic growth in the transgender and nonbinary community. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000610
  • Kahn, J. H., & Hessling, R. M. (2001). Measuring the tendency to conceal versus disclose psychological distress. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20(1), 41–65. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.20.1.41.22254
  • Kauten, R. L., Carter, S. P., Stivers, M., Novak, L. A., Baer, M. M., LaCroix, J. M., Grant, N. E., Sickmann, B., Goldston, D. B., Soumoff, A., & Ghahramanlou-Holloway, M. (2022). Post-admission cognitive therapy for a transgender service member with a recent suicidal crisis: A case study of gender-affirming care. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 30(2), 273–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.10.007
  • Kcomt, L., Evans-Polce, R. J., Boyd, C. J., & McCabe, S. E. (2020). Association of transphobic discrimination and alcohol misuse among transgender adults: Results from the US Transgender Survey. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 215, 108223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108223
  • Kim, E., Park, H., Cho, Y., Jeon, K., & An, H. (2023). Invisibility and stigma: Experiences of transgender and gender non-conforming individuals in South Korea. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 53(1), 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-023-02730-3
  • Kleinemeier, E., Jürgensen, M., Lux, A., Widenka, P.-M., & Thyen, U. (2010). Psychological adjustment and sexual development of adolescents with disorders of sex development. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 47(5), 463–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.03.007
  • Latinus, M., & Taylor, M. J. (2012). Discriminating male and female voices: Differentiating pitch and gender. Brain Topography, 25(2), 194–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10548-011-0207-9
  • Law, C. L., Martinez, L. R., Ruggs, E. N., Hebl, M. R., & Akers, E. (2011). Trans-parency in the workplace: How the experiences of transsexual employees can be ­improved. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(3), 710–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.03.018
  • Lewis, D. C., Flores, A. R., Haider-Markel, D. P., Miller, P. R., Tadlock, B. L., & Taylor, J. K. (2017). Degrees of ­acceptance: Variation in public attitudes toward segments of the LGBT community. Political Research Quarterly, 70(4), 861–875. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912917717352
  • Lindley, L., Bauerband, L., & Galupo, M. P. (2021). Using a comprehensive proximal stress model to predict alcohol use. Transgender Health. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2020.0042
  • Lindley, L., & Budge, S. L. (2022). Development and validation of the Trans and Nonbinary Coping Measure (TNCM): A measure of trans and nonbinary specific ways of coping with gender-related stress. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000618.supp
  • Lindley, L., & Galupo, M. P. (2020). Gender dysphoria and minority stress: Support for inclusion of gender dysphoria as a proximal stressor. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 7(3), 265–275. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000439
  • Lloyd, J., Chalklin, V., & Bond, F. W. (2019). Psychological processes underlying the impact of gender-related discrimination on psychological distress in transgender and gender nonconforming people. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(5), 550–563. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000371
  • Marques, A. C. (2019). Displaying gender: Transgender people’s strategies in everyday life. Symbolic Interaction, 42(2), 202–228. https://doi.org/10.1002/symb.412
  • Matsuno, E., Bricker, N. L., Collazo, E. N., Mohr, R., & Balsam, K. F. (2022). “The default is just going to be getting misgendered”: Minority stress experiences among nonbinary adults. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000607
  • McKay, T. R., & Watson, R. J. (2020). Gender expansive youth disclosure and mental health: Clinical implications of gender identity disclosure. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 7(1), 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000354
  • Medina, C., & Mahowald, L. (2023). Discrimination and barriers to well-being: The state of the LGBTQI + community in 2022. Center for American Progress. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/discrimination-and-barriers-to-well-being-the-state-of-the-lgbtqi-community-in-2022/
  • Meidlinger, P. C., & Hope, D. A. (2014). Differentiating disclosure and concealment in measurement of outness for sexual minorities: The Nebraska Outness Scale. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 1(4), 489–497. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000080
  • Meyer, I. H. (1995). Minority stress and mental health in gay men. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 38–56. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137286
  • Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697.
  • Mezza, F., Mezzalira, S., Pizzo, R., Maldonato, N. M., Bochicchio, V., & Scandurra, C. (2024). Minority stress and mental health in European transgender and gender diverse people: A systematic review of quantitative studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 107, 102358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102358
  • Mohr, J., & Fassinger, R. (2000). Measuring dimensions of lesbian and gay male experience. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 33(2), 66–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2000.12068999
  • Moore, E., Wisniewski, A., & Dobs, A. (2003). Endocrine treatment of transsexual people: A review of treatment regimens, outcomes, and adverse effects. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 88(8), 3467–3473. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-021967
  • Mouchetant-Rostaing, Y., Giard, M.-H., Bentin, S., Aguera, P.-E., & Pernier, J. (2000). Neurophysiological correlates of face gender processing in humans. The European Journal of Neuroscience, 12(1), 303–310. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00888.x
  • Osmetti, L. A., & Allen, K. R. (2023). Predictors of psychological well-being in transgender and gender diverse Australians: Outness, authenticity, and harassment. Sexuality Research and Social Policy. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-023-00914-z
  • Özata Yildizhan, B., Yüksel, Ş., Avayu, M., Noyan, H., & Yildizhan, E. (2018). Effects of gender reassignment on quality of life and mental health in people with gender dysphoria. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 29(1), 1–10.
  • Pachankis, J. E., Mahon, C. P., Jackson, S. D., Fetzner, B. K., & Bränström, R. (2020). Sexual orientation concealment and mental health: A conceptual and meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 146(10), 831–871. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000271
  • Pellicane, M. J., & Ciesla, J. A. (2022). Associations between minority stress, depression, and suicidal ideation and attempts in transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 91, 102113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102113
  • Pellicane, M. J., Quinn, M. E., & Ciesla, J. A. (2023). Transgender and gender-diverse minority stress and substance use frequency and problems: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Transgender Health. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2023.0025
  • Pollitt, A. M., Ioverno, S., Russell, S. T., Li, G., & Grossman, A. H. (2021). Predictors and mental health benefits of chosen name use among transgender youth. Youth & Society, 2019(2), 320–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X19855898
  • Puckett, J. A., Huit, T. Z., Hope, D. A., Mocarski, R., Lash, B. R., Walker, T., Holt, N., Ralston, A., Miles, M., Capannola, A., Tipton, C., Juster, R.-P., & DuBois, L. Z. (2024). Transgender and gender-diverse people’s experiences of minority stress, mental health, and resilience in relation to perceptions of sociopolitical contexts. Transgender Health, 9(1), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2022.0047
  • Riggle, E. D. B., Rostosky, S. S., McCants, L. E., & Pascale-Hague, D. (2011). The positive aspects of a transgender self-identification. Psychology and Sexuality, 2(2), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2010.534490
  • Riggs, D. W., & Treharne, G. J. (2017). Decompensation: A novel approach to accounting for stress arising from the ­effects of ideology and social norms. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(5), 592–605. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1194116
  • Rood, B. A., Maroney, M. R., Puckett, J. A., Berman, A. K., Reisner, S. L., & Pantalone, D. W. (2017). Identity concealment in transgender adults: A qualitative assessment of minority stress and gender affirmation. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87(6), 704–713. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000303
  • Ruggs, E. N., Martinez, L. R., Hebl, M. R., & Law, C. L. (2015). Workplace “trans”-actions: How organizations, coworkers, and individual openness influence perceived gender identity discrimination. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(4), 404–412. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000112
  • Salvatore, L., Dancyger, I., Shadianloo, S., & Fornari, V. (2022). Caring for transgender youth with eating disorders in a day treatment program. Adolescent Psychiatry, 12(3), 196–206. https://doi.org/10.2174/2210676613666221027124554
  • Scandurra, C., Bochicchio, V., Dolce, P., Caravà, C., Vitelli, R., Testa, R. J., & Balsam, K. F. (2020). The Italian validation of the gender minority stress and resilience measure. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 7(2), 208–221. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000366.
  • Scandurra, C., Amodeo, A. L., Bochicchio, V., Valerio, P., & Frost, D. M. (2017). Psychometric characteristics of the Transgender Identity Survey in an Italian sample: A measure to assess positive and negative feelings towards transgender identity. International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(1), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2016.1241975
  • Srivastava, A., Rusow, J. A., & Goldbach, J. T. (2021). Differential risks for suicidality and mental health symptoms among transgender, nonbinary, and cisgender sexual minority youth accessing crisis services. Transgender Health, 6(1), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2020.0034
  • Strain, J. D., & Shuff, I. M. (2010). Psychological well-being and level of outness in a population of male-to-female transsexual women attending a national transgender conference. International Journal of Transgenderism, 12(4), 230–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2010.544231
  • Suen, L. W., Lunn, M. R., Katuzny, K., Finn, S., Duncan, L., Sevelius, J., Flentje, A., Capriotti, M. R., Lubensky, M. E., Hunt, C., Weber, S., Bibbins-Domingo, K., & Obedin-Maliver, J. (2020). What sexual and gender minority people want researchers to know about sexual orientation and gender identity questions: A qualitative study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(7), 2301–2318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01810-y
  • Taube, L. N., & Mussap, A. J. (2022). Coming out to family and friends in the trans and gender diverse context. Journal of Homosexuality, 71(1), 147–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2022.2106465
  • Taylor, J., Zalewska, A., Gates, J. J., & Millon, G. (2019). An exploration of the lived experiences of non-binary individuals who have presented at a gender identity clinic in the United Kingdom. The International Journal of Transgenderism, 20(2-3), 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1445056
  • Tebbe, E. A., Simone, M., Wilson, E., & Hunsicker, M. (2022). A dangerous visibility: Moderating effects of antitrans legislative efforts on trans and gender-diverse mental health. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 9(3), 259–271. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000481
  • Testa, R. J., Habarth, J., Peta, J., Balsam, K., & Bockting, W. (2015). Development of the gender minority stress and resilience measure. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(1), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000081
  • Testa, R. J., Michaels, M. S., Bliss, W., Rogers, M. L., Balsam, K. F., & Joiner, T. (2017). Suicidal ideation in transgender people: Gender minority stress and interpersonal theory factors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(1), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000234
  • Thoma, B. C., Jardas, E., Choukas-Bradley, S., & Salk, R. H. (2023). Perceived gender transition progress, gender congruence, and mental health symptoms among transgender adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 72(3), 444–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.09.032
  • Thoma, B. C., Salk, R. H., Choukas-Bradley, S., Goldstein, T. R., Levine, M. D., & Marshal, M. P. (2019). Suicidality disparities between transgender and cisgender adolescents. Pediatrics, 144(5), e20191183. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-1183
  • To, M., Zhang, Q., Bradlyn, A., Getahun, D., Giammattei, S., Nash, R., Owen-Smith, A. A., Roblin, D., Silverberg, M. J., Tangpricha, V., Vupputuri, S., & Goodman, M. (2020). Visual conformity with affirmed gender or “passing”: Its distribution and association with depression and anxiety in a cohort of transgender people. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 17(10), 2084–2092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.07.019
  • Ünsal, B. C., Demetrovics, Z., & Reinhardt, M. (2023). Stronger together: Community participation, structural stigma, and depression among sexual and gender minority adults in 28 European countries. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 58(4), 657–669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-022-02385-w
  • Uysal, A. (2020). Motivational differences and similarities between concealment and disclosure processes. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31, 122–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.08.011
  • van de Grift, T. C. (2023). Condition openness is associated with better mental health in individuals with an intersex/differences of sex development condition: Structural equation modeling of European multicenter data. Psychological Medicine, 53(6), 2229–2240. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721004001
  • Veritas Health Innovation, Covidence systematic review software, Melbourne, Australia, 2023, https://www.covidence.org/
  • Wall, C. S. J., Mason, K. L., Smout, S. A., O’Neill, K. A., Carrico, M. A., & Benotsch, E. G. (2022). Having a community helps: Environmental context influences the relationship between outness and psychological distress in transgender and gender diverse populations. Stigma and Health, 7(4), 414–422. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000409
  • Watson, L. B., Allen, L. R., Flores, M. J., Serpe, C., & Farrell, M. (2019). The development and psychometric evaluation of the Trans Discrimination Scale: TDS-21. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(1), 14–29. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000301.
  • White Hughto, J. M., Murchison, G. R., Clark, K., Pachankis, J. E., & Reisner, S. L. (2016). Geographic and individual differences in healthcare access for U.S. transgender adults: A multilevel analysis. LGBT Health, 3(6), 424–433. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2016.0044
  • Wilson, L. C., Newins, A. R., Kassing, F., & Casanova, T. (2023). Gender minority stress and resilience measure: A meta-analysis of the associations with mental health in transgender and gender diverse individuals. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 25(3), 2552–2564. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380231218288
  • Yang, X., Wang, L., Gu, Y., Song, W., Hao, C., Zhou, J., Zhang, Q., & Zhao, Q. (2016). A cross-sectional study of associations between casual partner, friend ­discrimination, social support and anxiety symptoms among Chinese transgender women. Journal of Affective Disorders, 203, 22–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.05.051
  • Zeluf, G., Dhejne, C., Orre, C., Mannheimer, L. N., Deogan, C., Höijer, J., Thorson, A. E., Nilunger Mannheimer, L., & Ekéus Thorson, A. (2016). Health, disability and quality of life among trans people in Sweden-a web-based survey. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1085. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3560-5
  • Zhou, Y., Furutani, M., Athurupana, R., & Nakatsuka, M. (2021). Relation between identity disclosure to family members and mental health in Japanese transgender people. Acta Medica Okayama, 75(5), 611–623. https://doi.org/10.18926/AMO/62774