0
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

A qualitative inquiry into the oppression experienced by Australian transgender and gender expansive teens

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Abreu, R. L., Sostre, J. P., Gonzalez, K. A., Lockett, G. M., & Matsuno, E. (2022). “I am afraid for those kids who might find death preferable”: Parental figures’ reactions and coping strategies to bans on gender affirming care for transgender and gender diverse youth. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 9(4), 500–510. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000495
  • Aitken, M., Steensma, T. D., Blanchard, R., VanderLaan, D. P., Wood, H., Fuentes, A., Spegg, C., Wasserman, L., Ames, M., Fitzsimmons, C. L., Leef, J. H., Lishak, V., Reim, E., Takagi, A., Vinik, J., Wreford, J., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., de Vries, A. L., Kreukels, B. P., & Zucker, K. J. (2015). Evidence for an altered sex ratio in clinic-referred adolescents with gender dysphoria. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12(3), 756–763. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12817
  • Alanko, K., Aspnäs, M., Ålgars, M., & Sandnabba, N. K. (2019). Coping in narratives of Finnish transgender adults. Nordic Psychology, 71(2), 116–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2018.1515032
  • Alase, A. (2017). The interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA): A guide to a good qualitative research approach. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 5(2), 9–19. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.5n.2p.9
  • Anderson, S. M. (2020). Gender matters: The perceived role of gender expression in discrimination against cisgender and transgender LGBQ individuals. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 44(3), 323–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684320929354
  • Asakura, K. (2016). It takes a village: Applying a social ecological framework of resilience in working with LGBTQ youth. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 97(1), 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.2016.97.4
  • Austin, A. (2016). “There I am”: A grounded theory study of young adults navigating a transgender or gender nonconforming identity within a context of oppression and invisibility. Sex Roles, 75(5–6), 215–230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0600-7
  • Austin, A., Dentato, M. P., Holzworth, J., Ast, R., Verdino, A. P., Alessi, E. J., Eaton, A. D., & Craig, S. L. (2023). Artistic expression as a source of resilience for transgender and gender diverse young people. Journal of LGBT Youth, 20(2), 301–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2021.2009080
  • Austin, A., & Goodman, R. (2017). The impact of social connectedness and internalized transphobic stigma on self-esteem among transgender and gender non-conforming adults. Journal of Homosexuality, 64(6), 825–841. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2016.1236587
  • Barr, S. M., Budge, S. L., & Adelson, J. L. (2016). Transgender community belongingness as a mediator between strength of transgender identity and well-being. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(1), 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000127
  • Bartholomaeus, C., & Riggs, D. W. (2017). Whole-of-school approaches to supporting transgender students, staff, and parents. International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(4), 361–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2017.1355648
  • Bockting, W., Barucco, R., LeBlanc, A., Singh, A., Mellman, W., Dolezal, C., & Ehrhardt, A. (2020). Sociopolitical change and transgender people’s perceptions of vulnerability and resilience. Sexuality Research & Social Policy: Journal of NSRC: SR & SP, 17(1), 162–174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-019-00381-5
  • Bränström, R., & Pachankis, J. E. (2021). Country-level structural stigma, identity concealment, and day-to-day discrimination as determinants of transgender people’s life satisfaction. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 56(9), 1537–1545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02036-6
  • Brewster, M. E., Velez, B. L., Breslow, A. S., & Geiger, E. F. (2019). Unpacking body image concerns and disordered eating for transgender women: The roles of sexual objectification and minority stress. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 66(2), 131–142. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000333
  • Brumbaugh-Johnson, S. M., & Hull, K. E. (2019). Coming out as transgender: Navigating the social implications of a transgender identity. Journal of Homosexuality, 66(8), 1148–1177. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2018.1493253
  • Byron, P., Robards, B., Hanckel, B., Vivienne, S., & Churchill, B. (2019). “Hey, I’m having these experiences”: Tumblr use and young people’s queer connections. International Journal of Communication, 13, 2239–2259.
  • Call, D. C., Challa, M., & Telingator, C. J. (2021). Providing affirmative care to transgender and gender diverse youth: Disparities, interventions, and outcomes. Current Psychiatry Reports, 23(6), 33–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-021-01245-9
  • Cannon, Y., Speedlin, S., Avera, J., Robertson, D., Ingram, M., & Prado, A. (2017). Transition, connection, disconnection, and social media: Examining the digital lived experiences of transgender individuals. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 11(2), 68–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2017.1310006
  • Chan, C. D., & Farmer, L. B. (2017). Making the case for interpretative phenomenological analysis with LGBTGEQ + persons and communities. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 11(4), 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2017.1380558
  • Chang, S. C., Singh, A., & Dickey, L. M. (2018). A clinician’s guide to gender-affirming care: Working with transgender & gender nonconforming clients. New Harbinger Publications, Inc.
  • Chong, L. S. H., Kerklaan, J., Clarke, S., Kohn, M., Baumgart, A., Guha, C., Tunnicliffe, D. J., Hanson, C. S., Craig, J. C., & Tong, A. (2021). Experiences and perspectives of transgender youths in accessing health care: A systematic review. JAMA Pediatrics, 175(11), 1159–1173. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2061
  • Cipolletta, S., Votadoro, R., & Faccio, E. (2017). Online support for transgender people: An analysis of forums and social networks. Health & Social Care in the Community, 25(5), 1542–1551. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12448
  • Clarke, K., Cover, R., & Aggleton, P. (2018). Sex and ambivalence: LGBTQ youth negotiating sexual feelings, desires and attractions. Journal of LGBT Youth, 15(3), 227–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2018.1469449
  • Clark, C. M., & Kosciw, J. G. (2022). Engaged or excluded: LGBTQ youth’s participation in school sports and their relationship to psychological well-being. Psychology in the Schools, 59(1), 95–114. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22500
  • Clark, T. C., Lucassen, M. F. G., Bullen, P., Denny, S. J., Fleming, T. M., Robinson, E. M., & Rossen, F. V. (2014). The health and well-being of transgender high school students: Results from the New Zealand adolescent health survey (youth’12). The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 55(1), 93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.11.008
  • Coleman, E., Radix, A. E., Bouman, W. P., Brown, G. R., de Vries, A. L. C., Deutsch, M. B., Ettner, R., Fraser, L., Goodman, M., Green, J., Hancock, A. B., Johnson, T. W., Karasic, D. H., Knudson, G. A., Leibowitz, S. F., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., Monstrey, S. J., Motmans, J., Nahata, L., … Arcelus, J. (2022). Standards of care for the health of transgender and gender diverse people, Version 8. International Journal of Transgender Health, 23(Suppl 1), S1–S259. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2022.2100644
  • Connolly, M. D., Zervos, M. J., Barone, C. J., Johnson, C. C., & Joseph, C. L. M. (2016). The mental health of transgender youth: Advances in understanding. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 59(5), 489–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.06.012
  • Cooper, K., Russell, A., Mandy, W., & Butler, C. (2020). The phenomenology of gender dysphoria in adults: A systematic review and meta-synthesis. Clinical Psychology Review, 80, 101875–101875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101875
  • Cuthbertson, L. M., Robb, Y. A., & Blair, S. (2020). Theory and application of research principles and philosophical underpinning for a study utilising interpretative phenomenological analysis. Radiography (London, England: 1995), 26(2), e94–e102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2019.11.092
  • Delozier, A. M., Kamody, R. C., Rodgers, S., & Chen, D. (2020). Health disparities in transgender and gender expansive adolescents: A topical review from a minority stress framework. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 45(8), 842–847. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa040
  • Diamond, L. M., & Alley, J. (2022). Rethinking minority stress: A social safety perspective on the health effects of stigma in sexually-diverse and gender-diverse populations. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 138, 104720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104720
  • Doyle, D. M. (2022). Transgender identity: Development, management and affirmation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 48, 101467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101467
  • Doyle, D. M., Begeny, C. T., Barreto, M., & Morton, T. A. (2021). Identity-related factors protect well-being against stigma for transgender and gender non-conforming people. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 50(7), 3191–3200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02029-1
  • Durwood, L., McLaughlin, K. A., & Olson, K. R. (2017). Mental health and self-worth in socially transitioned transgender youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(2), 116–123.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.10.016
  • Dziengel, L. (2015). A be/coming-out model: Assessing factors of resilience and ambiguity. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 27(3), 302–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538720.2015.1053656
  • Eatough, V., & Smith, J. A. (2017). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In The SAGE handbook of qualitative research in psychology (pp. 193–209). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526405555.n12
  • Edwards-Leeper, L., Leibowitz, S., & Sangganjanavanich, V. F. (2016). Affirmative practice with transgender and gender nonconforming youth: Expanding the model. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(2), 165–172. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000167
  • Ehrensaft, D. (2014). Found in transition: Our littlest transgender people. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 50(4), 571–592. https://doi.org/10.1080/00107530.2014.942591
  • Ehrensaft, D., Giammattei, S. V., Storck, K., Tishelman, A. C., & St. Amand, C. (2018). Prepubertal social gender transitions: What we know; what we can learn-A view from a gender affirmative lens. International Journal of Transgenderism, 19(2), 251–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2017.1414649
  • Eisenberg, M. E., Gower, A. L., McMorris, B. J., Rider, G. N., Shea, G., & Coleman, E. (2017). Risk and protective factors in the lives of transgender/gender nonconforming adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 61(4), 521–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.04.014
  • Eisenberg, M. E., McMorris, B. J., Rider, G. N., Gower, A. L., & Coleman, E. (2020). It’s kind of hard to go to the doctor’s office if you’re hated there.” A call for gender‐affirming care from transgender and gender diverse adolescents in the United States. Health & Social Care in the Community, 28(3), 1082–1089. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12941
  • Farmer, L. B., Robbins, C. K., Keith, J. L., & Mabry, C. J. (2020). Transgender and genderexpansive students’ experiences of genderism at women’s colleges and universities. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 13(2), 146–157. https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000129I
  • Ferfolja, T., & Ullman, J. (2017). Gender and sexuality in education and health: Voices advocating for equity and social justice. Sex Education, 17(3), 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2017.1306379
  • Flentje, A., Leon, A., Carrico, A., Zheng, D., & Dilley, J. (2016). Mental and physical health among homeless sexual and gender minorities in a major urban US City. Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 93(6), 997–1009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-016-0084-3
  • Fontanari, A. M. V., Vilanova, F., Schneider, M. A., Chinazzo, I., Soll, B. M., Schwarz, K., Lobato, M. I. R., & Brandelli Costa, A. (2020). Gender affirmation is associated with transgender and gender nonbinary youth mental health improvement. LGBT Health, 7(5), 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2019.0046
  • Galupo, M. P., Pulice-Farrow, L., & Lindley, L. (2020). “Every time I get gendered male, I feel a pain in my chest”: Understanding the social context for gender dysphoria. Stigma and Health, 5(2), 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000189
  • Genel, M. (2017). Transgender athletes: How can they be accommodated? Current Sports Medicine Reports, 16(1), 12–13. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000321
  • Glynn, T. R., Gamarel, K. E., Kahler, C. W., Iwamoto, M., Operario, D., & Nemoto, T. (2016). The role of gender affirmation in psychological well-being among transgender women. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(3), 336–344. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000171
  • Golden, R. L., & Oransky, M. (2019). An intersectional approach to therapy with transgender adolescents and their families. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(7), 2011–2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1354-9
  • Goulding, R., Goodwin, J., O’Donovan, A., & Saab, M. M. (2023). Transgender and gender diverse youths’ experiences of healthcare: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Journal of Child Health Care: For Professionals Working with Children in the Hospital and Community, 13674935231222054. https://doi.org/10.1177/13674935231222054
  • Grant, R., Beasy, K., Emery, S., & Coleman, B. (2021). Beyond “safety”: Teachers and school staff approaches to LGBTI-inclusion in Tasmanian schools. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 25(3), 394–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2018.1555866
  • Greene, G. J., Fisher, K. A., Kuper, L., Andrews, R., & Mustanski, B. (2015). “Is this normal? Is this not normal? There is no set example”: Sexual health intervention preferences of LGBT youth in romantic relationships. Sexuality Research & Social Policy: Journal of NSRC: SR & SP, 12(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-014-0169-2
  • Gridley, S. J., Crouch, J. M., Evans, Y., Eng, W., Antoon, E., Lyapustina, M., Schimmel-Bristow, A., Woodward, J., Dundon, K., Schaff, R., McCarty, C., Ahrens, K., & Breland, D. J. (2016). Youth and caregiver perspectives on barriers to gender-affirming health care for transgender youth. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 59(3), 254–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.03.017
  • Hanckel, B., Vivienne, S., Byron, P., Robards, B., & Churchill, B. (2019). ‘That’s not necessarily for them’: LGBTIQ + young people, social media platform affordances and identity curation. Media, Culture & Society, 41(8), 1261–1278. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443719846612
  • Hart, A., Gagnon, E., Eryigit-Madzwamuse, S., Cameron, J., Aranda, K., Rathbone, A., & Heaver, B. (2016). Uniting resilience research and practice with an inequalities ­approach. SAGE Open, 6(4), 215824401668247. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016682477
  • Hatchel, T., Ingram, K. M., Mintz, S., Hartley, C., Valido, A., Espelage, D. L., & Wyman, P. (2019). Predictors of suicidal ideation and attempts among LGBTQ adolescents: The roles of help-seeking beliefs, peer victimization, depressive symptoms, and drug use. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(9), 2443–2455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01339-2
  • Hatchel, T., & Marx, R. (2018). Understanding intersectionality and resiliency among transgender adolescents: Exploring pathways among peer victimization, school belonging, and drug use. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(6), 1289. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061289
  • Hetzel, C. J., & Mann, K. J. (2021). The social psychological dynamics of transgender and gender nonconforming identity formation, negotiation, and affirmation. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(9), 2566–2586. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211015308
  • Hobaica, S., Schofield, K., & Kwon, P. (2019). “Here’s your anatomy…good luck”: Transgender individuals in cisnormative sex education. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 14(3), 358–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2019.1585308
  • Holt, N. R., Hope, D. A., Mocarski, R., & Woodruff, N. (2023). The often-circuitous path to affirming mental health care for transgender and gender-diverse adults. Current Psychiatry Reports, 25(3), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023-01410-2
  • Hughto, J. M. W., Gunn, H. A., Rood, B. A., & Pantalone, D. W. (2020). Social and medical gender affirmation experiences are inversely associated with mental health problems in a U.S. non-probability sample of transgender adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(7), 2635–2647. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01655-5
  • Hunt, Q. A., Morrow, Q. J., & McGuire, J. K. (2020). Experiences of suicide in transgender youth: A qualitative, community-based study. Archives of Suicide Research: Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 24(sup2), S340–S355. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2019.1610677
  • Jacobsen, K., Davis, C. E., Burchell, D., Rutherford, L., Lachowsky, N., Bauer, G., & Scheim, A. (2023). Misgendering and the health and wellbeing of nonbinary people in Canada. International Journal of Transgender Health, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2023.2278064
  • Johns, M. M., Beltran, O., Armstrong, H. L., Jayne, P. E., & Barrios, L. C. (2018). Protective factors among transgender and gender variant youth: A systematic review by socioecological level. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 39(3), 263–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-018-0508-9
  • Johnson, K. C., LeBlanc, A. J., Deardorff, J., & Bockting, W. O. (2020). Invalidation experiences among non-binary adolescents. Journal of Sex Research, 57(2), 222–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1608422
  • Johns, M. M., Zamantakis, A., Andrzejewski, J., Boyce, L., Rasberry, C. N., & Jayne, P. E. (2021). Minority stress, coping, and transgender youth in schools-results from the resilience and transgender youth study. The Journal of School Health, 91(11), 883–893. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.13086
  • Jones, T., Smith, E., Ward, R., Dixon, J., Hillier, L., & Mitchell, A. (2016). School experiences of transgender and gender diverse students in Australia. Sex Education, 16(2), 156–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2015.1080678
  • Julian, J. M., Salvetti, B., Held, J. I., Murray, P. M., Lara-Rojas, L., & Olson-Kennedy, J. (2021). The impact of chest binding in transgender and gender diverse youth and young adults. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 68(6), 1129–1134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.09.029
  • Katz-Wise, S. L., Budge, S. L., Fugate, E., Flanagan, K., Touloumtzis, C., Rood, B., Perez-Brumer, A., & Leibowitz, S. (2017). Transactional pathways of transgender identity development in transgender and gender-nonconforming youth and caregiver perspectives from the Trans Youth Family Study. The International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(3), 243–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2017.1304312
  • Katz-Wise, S. L., Ehrensaft, D., Vetters, R., Forcier, M., & Austin, S. B. (2018). Family functioning and mental health of transgender and gender-nonconforming youth in the trans teen and family narratives project. Journal of Sex Research, 55(4–5), 582–590. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1415291
  • Kcomt, L., Gorey, K. M., Barrett, B. J., & McCabe, S. E. (2020). Healthcare avoidance due to anticipated discrimination among transgender people: A call to create trans-affirmative environments. SSM - Population Health, 11, 100608–100608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100608
  • Klemmer, C. L., Arayasirikul, S., & Raymond, H. F. (2021). Transphobia-based violence, depression, and anxiety in transgender women: The role of body satisfaction. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(5–6), 2633–2655. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518760015
  • Kosciw, J. G., Greytak, E. A., Giga, N. M., Villenas, C., & Danischewski, D. J. (2016). The 2015 national school climate survey: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer youth in our nation’s schools. GLSEN.
  • Kuzma, E. K., Pardee, M., & Darling-Fisher, C. S. (2019). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health: Creating safe spaces and caring for patients with cultural humility. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 31(3), 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1097/JXX.0000000000000131
  • Lawrence, S. E., Watson, R. J., Eadeh, H. M., Brown, C., Puhl, R. M., & Eisenberg, M. E. (2023). Bias-based bullying, self-esteem, queer identity pride, and disordered eating behaviors among sexually and gender diverse adolescents. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 57(2), 303–315. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.24092
  • Levitt, H. M., & Ippolito, M. R. (2014). Being transgender: The experience of transgender identity development. Journal of Homosexuality, 61(12), 1727–1758. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2014.951262
  • Lewis, T., Doyle, D. M., Barreto, M., & Jackson, D. (2021). Social relationship experiences of transgender people and their relational partners: A meta-synthesis. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 282, 114143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114143
  • Matsuzaka, S. (2018). Alcoholics anonymous is a fellowship of people: A qualitative study. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 36(2), 152–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/07347324.2017.1420435
  • McBride, K. (2020). Redressing the balance: Lived experiences of the harms of visually mediated transgender identity. International Review of Victimology, 26(2), 163–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269758019841480
  • McBride, R. S., & Neary, A. (2021). Trans and gender diverse youth resisting cisnormativity in school. Gender and Education, 33(8), 1090–1107. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540253.2021.1884201
  • McCann, E., Donohue, G., & Brown, M. (2021). Experiences and perceptions of trans and gender non-binary people regarding their psychosocial support needs: A systematic review of the qualitative research evidence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), 3403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073403
  • McGuire, J. K., Doty, J. L., Catalpa, J. M., & Ola, C. (2016). Body image in transgender young people: Findings from a qualitative, community based study. Body Image, 18, 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.06.004
  • McInroy, L. B., & Craig, S. L. (2015). Transgender representation in offline and online media: LGBTQ youth perspectives. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 25(6), 606–617. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2014.995392
  • McLemore, K. A. (2018). A minority stress perspective on transgender individuals’ experiences with misgendering. Stigma and Health, 3(1), 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000070
  • Meyer, E. J., & Leonardi, B. (2017). Teachers’ professional learning to affirm transgender, non-binary, and gender-creative youth: Experiences and recommendations from the field. Sex Education, 18(4), 449–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2017.1411254
  • Michelson, M. R., & Harrison, B. F. (2020). Transforming prejudice: Identity, fear, and transgender rights (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
  • Mizock, L., & Hopwood, R. (2016). Conflation and interdependence in the intersection of gender and sexuality among transgender individuals. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(1), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000157
  • Moagi, M. M., van Der Wath, A. E., Jiyane, P. M., & Rikhotso, R. S. (2021). Mental health challenges of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people: An integrated literature review. Health SA = SA Gesondheid, 26, 1487. https://doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v26i0.1487
  • Nagoshi, J. L., Nagoshi, C. T., & Pillai, V. K. (2023). Transgender theory revisited: Current applications to transgender issues. Current Opinion in Psychology, 49, 101546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101546
  • Nahata, L., Quinn, G. P., Caltabellotta, N. M., & Tishelman, A. C. (2017). Mental health concerns and insurance ­denials among transgender adolescents. LGBT Health, 4(3), 188–193. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2016.0151
  • Natow, R. S. (2020). The use of triangulation in qualitative studies employing elite interviews. Qualitative Research, 20(2), 160–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794119830077
  • Nelson, A. L., & Hwang, C. (2021). The queering of the apparel industry: Exploring transgender consumer needs when shopping for clothing. Fashion, Style & Popular Culture, 8(2), 233–245. https://doi.org/10.1386/fspc_00082_1
  • Newcomb, M. E., Hill, R., Buehler, K., Ryan, D. T., Whitton, S. W., & Mustanski, B. (2020). High burden of mental health problems, substance use, violence, and related psychosocial factors in transgender, non-binary, and gender diverse youth and young adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(2), 645–659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01533-9
  • Noonan, E. J., Weingartner, L. A., Combs, R. M., Bohnert, C., Shaw, M. A., & Sawning, S. (2021). Perspectives of transgender and genderqueer standardized patients. Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 33(2), 116–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/10401334.2020.1811096
  • Olmos-Vega, F. M., Stalmeijer, R. E., Varpio, L., & Kahlke, R. (2023). A practical guide to reflexivity in qualitative research: AMEE Guide No. 149. Medical Teacher, 45(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2022.2057287
  • Olson, K. R., Durwood, L., DeMeules, M., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016). Mental health of transgender children who are supported in their identities. Pediatrics, 137(3), e20153223. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-3223
  • Olson-Kennedy, J., Forcier, M., Geffner, M. E. (2019). Management of transgender and gender-diverse children and adolescents. www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-transgender-and-gender-diverse-children-and-adolescents
  • Oswalt, S. B., & Lederer, A. M. (2017). Beyond depression and suicide: The mental health of transgender college students. Social Sciences, 6(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci6010020
  • Owens, T. K., Mizock, L., Ormerod, A. J., Nelson, A., St. Amand, C., Paces-Wiles, D., & Judd, T. D. (2023). “Invisible in the most tragic of ways”: Exploring internalized transphobia and coping through photovoice. Health Promotion Practice, 24(4), 682–693. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248399221114340
  • Pampati, S., Andrzejewski, J., Steiner, R. J., Rasberry, C. N., Adkins, S. H., Lesesne, C. A., Boyce, L., Grose, R. G., & Johns, M. M. (2021). “We deserve care and we deserve competent care”: Qualitative perspectives on health care from transgender youth in the southeast United States. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 56, 54–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2020.09.021
  • Passos, T. S., Teixeira, M. S., & Almeida-Santos, M. A. (2020). Quality of life after gender affirmation surgery: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 17(2), 252–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-019-00394-0
  • Pease, B. (2022). Undoing privilege: Unearned advantage and systemic injustice in an unequal world (2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350257665
  • Perez-Brumer, A., Day, J. K., Russell, S. T., & Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2017). Prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation among transgender youth in California: Findings from a representative, population-based sample of high school students. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(9), 739–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.06.010
  • Puckett, J. A., Cleary, P., Rossman, K., Newcomb, M. E., & Mustanski, B. (2018). Barriers to gender-affirming care for transgender and gender nonconforming individuals. Sexuality Research & Social Policy: Journal of NSRC: SR & SP, 15(1), 48–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-017-0295-8
  • Puckett, J. A., Tornello, S., Mustanski, B., & Newcomb, M. E. (2022). Gender variations, generational effects, and mental health of transgender people in relation to timing and status of gender identity milestones. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 9(2), 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000391
  • Reisner, S. L., Vetters, R., Leclerc, M., Zaslow, S., Wolfrum, S., Shumer, D., & Mimiaga, M. J. (2015). Mental health of transgender youth in care at an adolescent urban community health center: A matched retrospective cohort study. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 56(3), 274–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.10.264
  • Reisner, S. L., White Hughto, J. M., Gamarel, K. E., Keuroghlian, A. S., Mizock, L., & Pachankis, J. E. (2016). Discriminatory experiences associated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among transgender adults. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(5), 509–519. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000143
  • Reyes, M. E. S., Escote, A. M. D., Ferrer, A. V. C., Marpuri, J. K. O., Santos, A. C. D. R., Torres, R. F. E., Cayubit, R. F. O., & Bacaoco, J. R. A. (2023). Suicidality among bisexual youths: The role of parental sexual orientation support and concealment. Current Psychology (New Brunswick, NJ), 42(28), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03474-4
  • Riggs, D. W., & Bartholomaeus, C. (2016). Australian mental health professionals’ competencies for working with trans clients: A comparative study. Psychology & Sexuality, 7(3), 225–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/19419899.2016.1189452
  • Riley, E. (2018). Bullies, blades, and barricades: Practical considerations for working with adolescents expressing concerns regarding gender and identity. International Journal of Transgenderism, 19(2), 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2017.1386150
  • Riseman, N. (2019). Australia’s history of LGBTI politics and rights. In Oxford research encyclopedia of politics. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1260
  • Romanelli, M., & Hudson, K. D. (2017). Individual and systemic barriers to health care: Perspectives of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adults. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 87(6), 714–728. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000306
  • Rothbaum, B., Etengoff, C., & Uribe, E. (2022). Transgender community resilience on YouTube: Constructing an informational, emotional, and sociorelational support exchange. Journal of Community Psychology, 50(5), 2366–2384. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22781
  • Russell, S. T., Pollitt, A. M., Li, G., & Grossman, A. H. (2018). Chosen name use is linked to reduced depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and suicidal behavior among transgender youth. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 63(4), 503–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.02.003
  • Russell, S. T., Ryan, C., Toomey, R. B., Diaz, R. M., & Sanchez, J. (2011). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescent school victimization: Implications for young adult health and adjustment. The Journal of School Health, 81(5), 223–230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00583.x
  • Saltis, M. N., Critchlow, C., & Fulling-Smith, J. (2023). The impact of oppression and contextual factors on transgender and gender expansive youth. Journal of LGBTQ Issues in Counseling, 17(2), 112–129. https://doi.org/10.1080/26924951.2023.2149029
  • Schnarrs, P. W., Stone, A. L., Salcido, R., Jr., Baldwin, A., Georgiou, C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2019). Differences in adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and quality of physical and mental health between transgender and cisgender minorities. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 119, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.09.001
  • Seelman, K. L., Colón-Diaz, M. J. P., LeCroix, R. H., Xavier-Brier, M., & Kattari, L. (2017). Transgender noninclusive healthcare and delaying care because of fear: Connections to general health and mental health among transgender adults. Transgender Health, 2(1), 17–28. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2016.0024
  • Shelton, J., Wagaman, M. A., Small, L., & Abramovich, A. (2018). I’m more driven now: Resilience and resistance among transgender and gender expansive youth and young adults experiencing homelessness. International Journal of Transgenderism, 19(2), 144–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2017.1374226
  • Singh, A. A., Meng, S. E., & Hansen, A. W. (2014). “I am my own gender”: Resilience strategies of trans youth. Journal of Counseling & Development, 92(2), 208–218. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00150.x
  • Sloan, C. A., & Shipherd, J. C. (2021). Transgender and gender-diverse health: A work in progress. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 28(2), 206–209. https://doi.org/10.1037/cps0000021
  • Smith, J. A., & Fieldsend, M. (2021). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In P. M. Camic (Ed.), Qualitative research in psychology: Expanding perspectives in methodology and design (2nd ed., pp. 147–166). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000252-008
  • Smith, G., Robertson, N., & Cotton, S. (2022). Transgender and gender non-conforming people’s adaptive coping responses to minority stress: A framework synthesis. Nordic Psychology, 74(3), 222–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2021.1989708
  • Soled, K. R. S., Dimant, O. E., Tanguay, J., Mukerjee, R., & Poteat, T. (2022). Interdisciplinary clinicians’ attitudes, challenges, and success strategies in providing care to transgender people: A qualitative descriptive study. BMC Health Services Research, 22(1), 1134–1134. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08517-x
  • Strübel, J., & Goswami, S. (2022). Clothing and self concept in cisgender and transgender individuals. Gender Issues, 39(4), 387–408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-022-09296-9
  • Tankersley, A. P., Grafsky, E. L., Dike, J., & Jones, R. T. (2021). Risk and resilience factors for mental health among transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) youth: A systematic review. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 24(2), 183–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-021-00344-6
  • The Trevor Project. (2023). 2023 U. S. national survey on the mental health of LGBTQ young people. https://www.thetrevorproject.org/survey-2023/
  • Turban, J. L., & Ehrensaft, D. (2018). Research review: Gender identity in youth: Treatment paradigms and controversies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 59(12), 1228–1243. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12833
  • Ussher, J. M., Perz, J., Allison, K., Power, R., Hawkey, A., Dowsett, G. W., Hickey, M., Parton, C., McDonald, F. E. J., Davis, I. D., Quinn, G. P., Boydell, K., Robinson, K. H., Chambers, S., & Anazodo, A. (2022). Attitudes, knowledge and practice behaviours of oncology health care professionals towards lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex (LGBTQI) patients and their carers: A mixed-methods study. Patient Education and Counseling, 105(7), 2512–2523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2021.12.008
  • Valdiserri, R. O., Holtgrave, D. R., Poteat, T. C., & Beyrer, C. (2019). Unraveling health disparities among sexual and gender minorities: A commentary on the persistent impact of stigma. Journal of Homosexuality, 66(5), 571–589. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1422944
  • Valente, P. K., Dworkin, J. D., Dolezal, C., Singh, A. A., LeBlanc, A. J., & Bockting, W. O. (2022). Prospective relationships between stigma, mental health, and resilience in a multi-city cohort of transgender and nonbinary individuals in the United States, 2016–2019. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 57(7), 1445–1456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-022-02270-6
  • van den Brink, F., Vollmann, M., & van Weelie, S. (2020). Relationships between transgender congruence, gender identity rumination, and self-esteem in transgender and gender-nonconforming individuals. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 7(2), 230–235. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000357
  • van Leerdam, T. R., Zajac, J. D., & Cheung, A. S. (2023). The effect of gender-affirming hormones on gender dysphoria, quality of life, and psychological functioning in transgender individuals: A systematic review. Transgender Health, 8(1), 6–21. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2020.0094
  • Velasco, R. A. F., Slusser, K., & Coats, H. (2022). Stigma and healthcare access among transgender and gender-diverse people: A qualitative meta-synthesis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 78(10), 3083–3100. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15323
  • Watson, R. J., Fish, J. N., Poteat, V. P., & Rathus, T. (2019). Sexual and gender minority youth alcohol use: Within-group differences in associations with internalized stigma and victimization. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48(12), 2403–2417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-019-01130-y
  • Willig, C. (2017). Interpretation in qualitative research. In The SAGE handbook of qualitative research in psychology (pp. 274–288). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526405555.n16
  • Wittlin, N. M., Kuper, L. E., & Olson, K. R. (2023). Mental health of transgender and gender diverse youth. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 207–232. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072220-020326
  • Ybarra, M. L., Mitchell, K. J., & Kosciw, J. G. (2014). The relation between suicidal ideation and bullying victimization in a national sample of transgender and non-transgender adolescents. In P. Goldblum, D. Espelage, J. Chu, & B. Bognar (Eds.), Youth suicide and bullying: Challenges and strategies for prevention and intervention (pp. 134–147). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med:Psych/9780199950706.003.0012