A review of the possibilities of utilising medicinal plants in improving the reproductive performance of male ruminants

References

• Abarikwu SO, Benjamin S, Ebah SG, Obilor G, Agbam G. 2017. Oral administration of Moringa oleifera oil but not coconut oil prevents mercury-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Andrologia. 49(1): 5–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbas M. 2017. Is the use of plants in Jordanian folk medicine for the treatment of male sexual dysfunction scientifically based? Review of in vitro and in vivo human and animal studies. Andrologia. 49:e12619.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu AH, Ochalefu DO, Ibrahim A. 2012. Aqueous ethanolic extract of Cochlospermum planchonii rhizome enhances spermatogenesis in male albino rats. Afr J Biotechnol. 11:11636–11639.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed M, Al-Daghri N, Alokail MS, Hussain T. 2013. Potential changes in rat spermatogenesis and sperm parameters after inhalation of Boswellia papyrifera and Boswellia carterii incense. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 10(3):830–844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aitken R, Roman S. 2008. Antioxidant systems and oxidative stress in the testes. Oxid Med Cell Longevity. 1: 15–24. doi:10.4161/oxim.1.1.6843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajiboye TO, Nurudeen QO, Yakubu MT. 2014. Aphrodisiac effect of aqueous root extract of Lecaniodiscus cupanioides in sexually impaired rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 25:241–248.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alegbeleye OO. 2018. How functional is Moringa oleifera? A review of its nutritive, medicinal, and socioeconomic potential. Food Nutr Bull. 39(1):149–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attehsahlin A, Turk G, Karahan I, Yihnaz S. 2006. Lycopene prevents adrianmycin-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Fertil Steril. 85(suppl):1216–1221.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aziz F, Abdul MM. 2010. Ethanol extract of dragon fruit and its effects on sperm quality and histology of the testes in mice. Biomedical Research-tokyo. 21.
   Google Scholar
• Bansode FW, Arya KR, Singh RK, Narender T. 2015. Dose-dependent effects of Asparagus adscendens root (AARR) extract on the anabolic, reproductive, and sexual behavioral activity in rats. Pharm Biol. 53:192–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker S. 2015. The communal idea in the 21st century. Contemp Sociol. 44(3):342–344.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biressaw S. 2017. Documentation of ethnoveterinary knowledge among the Somali pastoral community in eastern part of Ethiopia: with special emphasis on herbal medicine for livestock health. Adv Biol Res (Rennes). 11(6):339–347.
   Google Scholar
• Blench RM. 2007. Hausa names for plants and trees. 2nd ed. Nigeria: Web publication.
   Google Scholar
• Boujhiha MA, Hamden K, Guermazi F, Bouslama A, Omezzine A, Kamman A, El-Feki A. 2009. Testicular toxicity in mercury chloride treated rats: association with oxidative stress. Reprod Toxicol. 28:81–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chauhan NS, Dixit VK. 2008. Spermatogenic activity of rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn in male rats. Int J Appl Res Nat Prod. 1:26–31.
   Google Scholar
• Chen CW, Zhang LC, Ji ZX, Li XH. 2000. Research on the use of Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor. in Soft Drinks. Beverage Industry. 3:29–30.
   Google Scholar
• Chibougwu IC, Mathew L, Ubah SA. 2017. Effect of securidaca longepedunculata root bark methanol extract on testicular morphometry of New Zealand Rabbits. J Vet Med Anim Heath. 9(12):361–367.
   Google Scholar
• Citarus T. 2010. Herbal biomedicines: a new opportunity for aqua culture industry. Aquac Int. 18:403–414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colleau J, Moureaux S. 1999. Constructing the selection objective of the French Holstein population. Inter Bull. 23:41–46.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford G, Puschner B, Verena AV, Stalis I, Davidson A, Tomas BT, Tahara J, Jolly A, Susan OS. 2015. Systemic effects of Leucaena leucocephala ingestion on ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) at Berenty Reserve, Madagascar: Leucaena toxicity in Lemur catta. Am J Primatol. 77:633–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dada AA, Ajilore VO. 2009. Use of ethanol extracts of Garcinia kola as fertility enhancer in female catfish Clarias gariepinus broodstock. Int J Fish Aquat. 1(1):5–10.
   Google Scholar
• Dana N, Tegegne A, Shenkoru T. 2000. Feed intake, sperm output and seminal characteristics of Ethiopian highland sheep supplemented with different levels of Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) leaf hay. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 86:239–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong JR, Vlaeyen JWS, Onghena P, Cuypers C, den Hollander M, Ruijgrok J. 2005. Reduction of pain-related fear in complex regional pain syndrome type 1: The application of graded exposure in vivo. Pain. 116:264–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deka RP, Magnusson U, Grace D, Randolph TF, Shome R, Lindahl JF. 2021. Estimates of the economic cost caused by five major reproductive problems in dairy animals in Assam and Bihar, India. Animals (Basel). 11:3116.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Kruif A. 2003. Fertiliteit en steriliteit bij huisdieren [Fertility and sterility in domestic animals]. Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg. 65(3):189–202.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dzoyem JP, et al. 2020. Ethnoveterinary medicine and medicinal plants used in the treatment of livestock diseases in Cameroon. In: McGaw L., Abdalla M, editors. Ethnoveterinary medicine. Cham: Springer. p. 175–209. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32270-0_9
   Google Scholar
• Ebenebe CI, Okoli CA, Ogbi OC. 2017. Reproductive traits of male weaner rabbits fed graded leaves of Garcina kola (Bitter kola), Niger. J Anim Sci. 1:71–76.
   Google Scholar
• Fakhri S, Farideh TY, Sahar R, Behrooz AB, Neda N, Alireza V. 2019. Antimicrobial activity of Lepidium draba extract on some pathogenic microorganisms “in vitro”. Iran J Clin Infect Di. 24:85.
   Google Scholar
• FAO. 2011. Impact of nutrition on animal welfare: Animal production and health.
   Google Scholar
• Ghaderi-Zefrehei M, Rabbanikhah E, Bahneh H, Peters SO, Imumorin IG. 2017. Analysis of culling records and estimation of genetic parameters for longevity and some production traits in Holstein dairy cattle. J Appl Anim Res. 45(1):524–525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowane GP, Kumar A, Nimbkar C. 2019. Challenges and opportunities to livestock breeding programmes in India. J Anim Breeding and Genetics. 136(5):329–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Güçlü–Ustündag O, Mazza G. 2007. Saponins: properties, applications and processing. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 47:231–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gude D. 2013. Indigenous medicines: a wake-up slap. Indian J Public Health. 57(57):183–184.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guyton AC, Hall JE. 2000. Textbook of medical physiology. 10th ed. Philadelphia (PA): W.B Saunders Company. 916–920.
   Google Scholar
• Hagel JM, Facchini PJ. 2013. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloid metabolism: a century of discovery and a brave new world. Plant Cell Physiol. 54:647–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haren MT, Morley JE, Chapman IMO, O’loughlin PD, Witter G. 2002. Defining relative androgen deficiency in aging men: how should testosterone be measured and what are the relationships between androgen levels and physical, sexual and emotional health. Climacteric. 5:15–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedge NG. 2019. Livestock development for sustainable livelihood of small farmers. Asia J Res Vete sci. 3(2):1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Hualin Cao H, Sun X, Li Q, Zhou S, Nan X, Hu J, Wang L, Yamei He Y. 2013. Testing Rhodiola sachalinensis saccharide as cryoprotectant for bovine spermatozoa. Int J Dairy Sci. 96:6965–6972.
   Google Scholar
• Ibtisham F, Nawab A, Li G, Xiao M, Lilong A, Nasee G. 2018. Effect of nutrition on reproductive efficiency of dairy animals. 74. Vol. 6. Guangdong, China: Medycyna, Weterrynarjna; p. 356–361.
   Google Scholar
• International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA). December 2012. Animal traction in Subsaharan Africa. ILCA Bulletin No. 14.
   Google Scholar
• Iwalewa EO, McGaw LJ, Naidoo V, Eloff JN. 2007. Inflammation: the foundation of diseases and disorders. A review of phytomedicines of South African origin used to treat pain and inflammatory conditions. Afr J Biotechnol. 6:2868–2885.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwu CD, Korsten L, Okoh A. 2020. The incidence of antibiotic resistance with and beyond the agricultural ecosystem. A concern for public health Microbiology open (www.microbiology open.com).
   Google Scholar
• Jaiswal D, Rai PK, Kumar A, Mehta S, Watal G. 2009. Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves aqueous extract therapy on hyperglycemic rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 123:392–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalal G, Al-Dujaily AA, Al-Shahwani SM, Al-Snafi AE. 2000. Urinary tract infection among pregnant women in SG Hospital – Kirkuk. Med J Tikrit Univer. 6:197–202.
   Google Scholar
• Jamshidi-Kia F, Lorigooini Z, Amini-Khoei H. 2018. Medicinal plants: past history and future perspective. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 7(1):1–7. doi:10.15171/jhp.2018.01.
   Google Scholar
• JianFeng C, PengYing Z, ChengWei X, TaoTao H, YunGui B, KaoShan C. 2012. Effect of aqueous extract of Arctium lappa L. (burdock) roots on the sexual behaviour of male rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 12:8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jinadu KB, Akingbade AO, Olona JF, Adekanbi AO, Popoola MA. 2018. Semen characteristics and scrotal size of pubertal West African dwarf rams fed diets containing (Bitter kola) seed meal. J Anim Prod. 45(3):107–114.
   Google Scholar
• Kahan D. 2008. Managing risk in farming. Farm management extension guide. Food and agricultural organisation of the united nations-Rome. E-ISNB 978 92-5-107 544-9.
   Google Scholar
• Kaikini AS. 2002. Reproductive disorders of livestock. In: Asian Journal of animal, and  veterinary, editors. Handbook of animal husbandry. New Delhi, India: ICAR Publication; p. 692–718.
   Google Scholar
• Kankanam GCD, Waliwita ALCW, Ruwan PL. 2020. A review on medicinal uses of Zingiber officinale (Ginger). Int J Health Sci Res. 142–148www.ijhsr.org). 142(6).
   Google Scholar
• Kelly K. 2009. History of medicine. New York: Facts on file. p. 29-50
   Google Scholar
• Kim SH, Park KS, Chang MJ, Sung JH. 2005. Effects of panax ginseng extract on exercise-induced oxidative stress. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 45(2):178–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko WC, Shih CM, Lai YH, Chen JH, Huang HL. 2004. Inhibitory effects of flavonoids on phosphodiesterase isozymes from Guinea pig and their structure‐activity relationships. Biochem Pharmacol. 68:2087–2094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohei MA, Hussein MA, Othman SM, El-Haddad A. 2011. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Moringa oleifera. Free Radic Antioxid. 1(2):49–61.
   Google Scholar
• Koketsu Y, Tani S, Iida R. 2017. Factors for improving reproductive performance of sows and herd productivity in commercial breeding herds. Porc Health Manag. 3(1):111–123.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar S, Mehla RK, Gupta AK, Meena RK. 2012. Influence of Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari) supplementation during different stage of lactation on oestrus behaviour and reproductive performance in Karan fries crossbred cows. Livest Res Rural. 22(5):404–408.
   Google Scholar
• Kumaresan A, Das Gupta M, Datta TK, Morrell JM. 2020. Sperm DNA integrity and male fertility in farm animals: a review. Front Vet Sci. 7:321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo PC, Damu AG, Lee KH, Wu TS. 2004. Cytotoxic and antimalarial constituents from the roots of Eurycoma longifolia. Bioorg Med Chem. 12:537–535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung KW, Wong AS. 2013. Ginseng and male reproductive function. Spermatogenesis. 3(3):e26391.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liener E. 2003. Encyclopedia of food sciences and nutrition. 2nd ed. San, Diego. California: Encyclopaedia of food science and nutrition 2ND Edition.
   Google Scholar
• Lobago FB, Gustafsson HM, Kindahl H. 2006. Reproductive performances of dairy cows in small holder production system in Selalle, central Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod. 38:333–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahomoodally MF. 2013. Traditional medicines in Africa: An appraisal of ten potent African medicinal plants. Evid-based Complement Altern Med. 13:14.
   Google Scholar
• Malo C, Gil L, Cano R, González N, Luño V. 2011. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) provides antioxidant protection for boar semen cryopreservation. Andrologia. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2011.01254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malviya N, Malviya S, Jain S, Vyas S. 2016. A review of the potential of medicinal plants in the management and treatment of male sexual dysfunction. Andrologia. 48(8):880–893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malviya NS, Jain VB, Gupta SV. 2011. Effect of garlic bulb on paroxetine-induced sexual dysfunction in male rats. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 1(2):218–221.
   Google Scholar
• Maroyi A. 2013. Traditional use of medicinal plants in South-central Zimbabwe: review and perspectives. J Ethnobiol and Ethnomed. 9:31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehranjani MS, Taefi R. 2012. The protective role of vitamin E on the testicular tissue in rats exposed to sodium arsenite during the prenatal stage till sex maturity: a stereological analysis. Iran J Reprod Med. 10(6):571–580.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mehrdad M, Alireza K. 2014. The effect of Aloe vera extracts on spermatogenesis and reproductive hormones in mice. Res J Biol Sci. 9:165–168.
   Google Scholar
• Mekoya A, Oosting S, Fernandez-Rivera S, Tamminga S, Tegegne AZ. 2009. Effect of supplementation of Sesbania sesban on reproductive performance of sheep. Livest Sci. 1:121.
   Google Scholar
• Mhomga LI, Nwosu CO, Marire BN, Adi DS, Tughgba T. 2019. Effect of Cochlospermum planchonii rhizome on testicular morphometry and sperm characteristics of West African Dwarf goats. Livest Res Rural Dev. 31(45).
   Google Scholar
• Middleton CH, Shelton HM, Dalzell SA, Gutteridge RC. 2002. Leucaena in Northern Australia: Its contribution to agriculture and hazard to the environment. Papers from the 7th Queensland weed symposium, Emerald, Weed Society of Queensland.
   Google Scholar
• Modaresi M, Khodadadi A. 2014. The effect of Aloe vera extract on spermatogenesis and reproductive hormones in mice. Res J Biol Sci. 9(5):165–168.
   Google Scholar
• Mongalo NI. 2013. Peltophorum africanum Sond [Mosetlha]: a review of its ethnomedicinal uses, toxicology, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. J Med Plants Res. 7:3484–3491.
   Google Scholar
• Mongalo NI, Mafoko BJ. 2013. Cassia abbreviata Oliv. A review of its ethnomedicinal uses, toxicology, phytochemistry, possible propagation techniques and pharmacology. African J Pharm Pharmacol. 2013(7):2901–2906.
   Google Scholar
• Mongalo NI, McGaw JF, Finnie JV, Staden JV. 2015. Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen (Polygalaceae): a review of its ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological properties and toxicology. J Ethno Pharmacol. 165:215–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morakinyo AO, Adeniyi OS, Arikawe AP. 2008. Effects of Zingiber officinale on reproductive functions in male rats. Afr J Biomed Res. 11(3):329–333.
   Google Scholar
• Mukherjee P. 2002. Quality control of herbal drugs: An approach to evaluation of Botanicals. Business Horizons.
   Google Scholar
• Muller CJC. 2017. The flow of animals in a dairy herd. In: Dairy farming handbook. Elsenburg, South Africa: Western Cape Department of Agriculture; p. 179. Ann Arbor, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Mustapha AA. 2013. Ethno-medicinal field study of anti-fertility medicinal plants used by the local people in Keffi local government, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Int J Med Plant Res. 2:215–218.
   Google Scholar
• Nayak G, Vadinkar A, Nair S, Kalthur SG, D'Souza AS, Shetty PK, Mutalik S, Shetty MM, Kalthur G, Adiga SK. 2016. Sperm abnormalities induced by pre-pubertal exposure to cyclophosphamide are effectively mitigated by Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Andrologia. 48(2):125–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niderkorn V, Baumont R. 2009. Associative effects between forages on feed intake and digestion in ruminants. Animal: An Int J of Anim Biosci. 3:951–960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishizaki Y, Ishimoto Y, Hotta Y, Hosoda A, Yoshikawa H, Akamatsu M, Tamura H. 2009. Effect of flavonoids on androgen and glucocorticoid receptors based on in vitro reporter gene assay. Bioorganic Med Chem Lett. 19:4706–4710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nkonki-Mandleleni B. 2019. Socioeconomic factors influencing livestock production among small-holder farmers in the free-state province of South Africa. Int J Entrepreneurship. 7:1.
   Google Scholar
• Nordeng H, Al-Zayadi W, Diallo D, Ballo N, Paulsen BS. 2013. Traditional medicine practitioners’ knowledge and views on treatment of pregnant women in three regions of Mali. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 9(1):67.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nouri M, Khaki A, Azar F, Rashidi M-R. 2009. The Protective Effects of Carrot Seed Extract on Spermatogenesis and Cauda Epididymal Sperm Reserves in Gentamicin Treated Rats. Yakhte Med J. 11.
   Google Scholar
• Nurudeen QO, Ajiboye TO. 2012. Aqueous root extract of Lecaniodiscus cupanioides restores the alterations in testicular parameters of sexually impaired male rats. Asian Pac J Reprod. 2:120–124.
   Google Scholar
• Oluyemi KA, Jimoh OR, Adesanya OA, Omotuyi IO, Josiah SJ, Oyesola TO. 2007. Effect of crude extract of Gracinia Cambodia on the reproductive system of male Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus). Afri J Biotechnol. 6(10):1236–1238.
   Google Scholar
• Oremosu AA, Arowosaye VO, Akang EN, Bassey RB. 2013. Effects of Cissus populnea and Panax ginseng on flutamide induced testicular defect in prepubertal male rats. Br J Med Med Res. 3(1):173–181.
   Google Scholar
• Ozioma E, Okaka A. 2019. Herbal medicines in African traditional medicine. doi:10.5772/intechopen.80348.
   Google Scholar
• Pan SY, Litscher G, Gao SH, et al. 2014. Historical perspective of traditional indigenous medical practices: the current renaissance and conservation of herbal resources. Evid-Based Complementary Altern Medi. 2014:525340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panda SK, Das D, Tripathy NK. 2011. Botanical studies of plants sold in market as ‘Safed Musli’. Int J of Pharma Rese Devel. 3(1):1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Pardos L, Maza Rubio MT, Fantova E. 2008. The diversity of sheep production systems in Aragón (Spain): characterisation and typification of meat sheep farms. Span. J Agric Res. 6:497–507.
   Google Scholar
• Perry B, Grace D. 2009. The impacts of livestock diseases and their control on growth and development processes that are pro-poor. Philos Trans R Soc Lond, B, Biol Sci. 364(1530):2643–2655. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perumal P. 2014. Scrotal circumference and its relationship with testicular growth, age, and body weight in Tho Tho (Bos indicus) bulls. Int Sch Res Notices. 10:1155.
   Google Scholar
• Perumal P, Veeraselvam M, Nahak AK. 2013. Herbal treatment in animal reproduction. Int J Bio-resour Stress manag. 4(3):460–467.
   Google Scholar
• Pintus E, Ros-Santaella JL. 2021. Impact of oxidative stress on male reproduction in domestic and wild animals. Antioxidants (Basel). 10(7):1154.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prabsattroo T, Wattanathorn J, Iamsaard S, Somsapt P, Sritragool O, Thukhummee W, Muchimapura S. 2015. Moringa oleifera extract enhances sexual performance in stressed rats. J Zhejiang Univ Sci. 16:179–190. Publisher: Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen UR, the Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Puglisi R, Gaspa G, Balduzzi D, Severgnini A, Vanni R, Macciotta N, Galli A. 2016. Genome-wide analysis of bull sperm quality and fertility traits. Reprod Domest Anim. 51(5):840–843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahimi R, Ghiasi S, Azimi H, Fakhari S, Abdollahi M. 2010. A review of the herbal phosphodiesterase inhibitors; future perspective of new drugs. Cytokine. 49:123–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ralebona N, Sewani-Rusike CR, Nkeh-Chungag BN. 2012. Effects of an ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola on sexual behaviour and sperm parameters in male Wistar rats. Afri J Pharm Pharmacol. 6(14):1077–1082.
   Google Scholar
• Rašković A, Milanović I, Pavlović N. 2014. Antioxidant activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil and its hepatoprotective potential. BMC Complement Altern Med. 225(225):14.
   Google Scholar
• Ray S, Chatterjee K, De D, Ghosh D. 2014. Bioefficacy of hydromethanolic extract of tuber of Chlorophytum borivilianum (Safed Musli) for the management of male infertility in cyproterone acetate-treated albino rats. Andrologia. 46:659–671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resende FA, de Oliveira AP, de Camargo MS, Vilegas W, Varanda EA. 2013. Evaluation of estrogenic potential of flavonoids using a recombinant yeast strain and MCF7/BUS cell proleiferation assay. PLoS One. 8:e74881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy B, Baghel RPS, Mohanty TK, Mondal G. 2013. Zinc and male reproduction in domestic animals: A review. Indian J Anim Nutr. 30:339–350.
   Google Scholar
• Sadek KM. 2014. Chemotherapeutic efficacy of an ethanolic Moringa oleifera leaf extract against chromium-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Andrologia. 46:1047–1054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleh H, Azizollah J, Ahmadreza H, Raham A. 2015. The application of medicinal plants in traditional and modern medicine: a review of Thymus vulgaris. Int J Clin Med. 6:635–642.
   Google Scholar
• Sarswat C, Purohit GN. 2020. Use of ethno-veterinary medicine for therapy of reproductive disorders in cattle. J Entomol Zool Stud. 8:1006–1016.
   Google Scholar
• Sebola NA, Mlambo V, Mokoboki HK, Muchenje V. 2015. Growth performance and carcass characteristics of three chicken strain in response to incremental level of dietary Moringa olifera leaf meal. Livest Sci. 178:202–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sewani-Rusike CR, Ralebona N, Nkeh-Chungag BN. 2016. Dose-and time dependent effects of Garcinia kola seed extract on sexual behaviour and reproductive parameters in male Wistar rats. Andrologia. 48:300–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakoor H, Feehan J, Al Dhaheri AS, Ali HI, Platat C, Ismail LC, Apostolopoulos V, Stojanovska L. 2021. Immune-boosting role of vitamins D, C, E, zinc, selenium and omega-3 fatty acids: could they help against COVID-19? Maturitas. 143:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma V, Boonen J, Spiegeleer BD, Dixit VK. 2013. Androgenic and spermatogenic activity of alkylamide-rich ethanol solution extract of Anacyclus pyrethrum DC. Phytother Res. 27:99–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith OB, Akinbamijo OO. 2000. Micronutrients and reproduction in farm animals. Anim Reprod Sci. 60–61:549–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudwan P, Saenphet K, Aritajat S, Sitasuwan N. 2007. Effects of Boesenbergia rotunda (L.) Mansf. on sexual behaviour of male rats. Asian J Androl. 9:849–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suleiman MM, Mamman M, Sidiama A, Ighoja EJ, Tauheed M, Talba AM. 2014. Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Nigerian ethno veterinary plants; Cassia occidentalis and Guiera senegalensis. Veterinary World. 7(7):536–541.
   Google Scholar
• Syarifuddin NA, Toleng AL, Rahardja DP, Ismartoyo I, Yusuf M. 2017. Improving Libido and sperm quality of Bali bulls by supplementation of Moringa oleifera. Media Peternakan. 40(2):88–93.
   Google Scholar
• Tahvilzadeh M, Hajimahmoodi M, Toliyat T, Karimi M, Rahimi R. 2015. An evidence-based approach to medicinal plants for the treatment of sperm abnormalities in traditional Persian medicine. Andrologia: 2015. 48(8):860–879.
   Google Scholar
• Tangka F, Mohammad J. 2005. Implications of feed scarcity for gender roles in ruminant livestock production. In: Coping with Feed Scarcity in Smallholder Livestock Systems in Developing Countries. Wageningen, UR, the Netherlands: Animal Science group; p. 287–296.
   Google Scholar
• Tao HO, Wu X, Cao J, Peng Y. 2019. Rhodiola species: A comprehensive review of traditional use phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and clinical study. Med Res Rev. 39(3):1779–1850.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thakur M, Bhargava S, Dixit VK. 2009. Effect of Asparagus racemosus on sexual dysfunction in hyperglycemic male rats. Pharm Biol. 47:390–395.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thakur M, Thompson D, Connellan P, Deseo MA, Morris C, Dixit VK. 2011. Improvement of penile erection, sperm count and seminal fructose levels in vivo and nitric oxide release in vitro by ayurvedic herbs. Andrologia. 43:273–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian M, Wang M. 2006. Studies on extraction, isolation and composition of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2006(31):1603–1607.
   Google Scholar
• Togotla A, Austerheim I, Theis A, Diallo D, Paulsen BS. 2008. Ethno-pharmacological uses of Erythrina senegalensis: a comparison of three areas in Mali and a link between traditional knowledge and modern biological science. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 4:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohura S, Parvin A, Siddique1 AB, Assaduzzaman M, Zohara BF, Islam MF. 2018. Factors affecting the semen quality of breeding bulls. The Bangladesh veterinarian. J Adv Vet Anim Res. 35(1 & 2):32–39.
   Google Scholar
• Tubulang K, Sebola NA, Mokoboki HK, Mosetle KQ, Manyeula F, Mabelebele M. 2022. Inclusion of Moringa olifera Leaf meal in the diet of locally bred chickens: effects on growth performance, semen and hatchability traits. J Appl Anim Res. 50(1):239–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vongsak B, Sithisarn P, Mangmool S, Thongpraditchote S, Wongkrajang Y, Gritsanapan W. 2013. Maximizing total phenolics, total flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera Leaf extract by the appropriate extraction method. Ind Crops Prod. 44:566–571.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Wang S, Hu L. 2014. Neuroprotective effect of panax notoginseng saponins and its main components. World J Neurosci. 4:12–17.
   Google Scholar
• Yahya M, Kheira H, Faiza FF. 2016. Ethno-veterinary approach to medicinal plants used in the region of Sidi Bel Abbes-Algeria. Eur Sci J. 12(18):1857–7881.
   Google Scholar
• Yakubu MT, Quadri AL. 2012. Garcinia kola seeds: is the aqueous extract a true aphrodisiac in male Wistar rats? Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 9(4):530–535.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang Y, Liu Y. 2005. Study on effects of salidroside on lipid peroxidation on oxidative stress in rat hepatic stellate cells. Zhong Yao Cai. 28:794–796. (In Chinese).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhao HW, Li QW, Ning GZ, Han S, Jiang ZL, Duan YF. 2009. Rhodiola sacra aqueous extract (RSAE) improves biochemical and sperm characteristics in cryopreserved boar semen. Theriogenology. 71:849–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zongo F, Ribout C, Boumendjel A, Guissou I. 2013. Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Waltheria indica L. syn. Waltheria americana): a review. J Ethnopharmacol. 148:14–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar