“I still remember when…”: narratives of child maltreatment by emerging adults

References

• Abdel-Fatah, N. A. (2021). Determinants of severe physical disciplinary practices against children in Egypt. Child Abuse & Neglect, 111, 104821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®) (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
   Google Scholar
• Babor, T. F., de la Fuente, J. R., Saunders, J., & Grant, M. (1992). AUDIT: The alcohol use disorders identification test: Guidelines for use in primary health care. World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Barnett, D., Manly, J. T., & Cicchetti, D. (1993). Defining child maltreatment: The interface between policy and research. In D. Cicchetti, & S. L. Toth (Eds.), Child abuse, child development, and social policy. Ablex.
   Google Scholar
• Beaudreau, S. A. (2007). Are trauma narratives unique and do they predict psychological adjustment? Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(3), 353–357. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jts.20206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhugra, D., & McKenzie, K. (2003). Expressed emotion across cultures. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 9(5), 342–348. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.9.5.342
   Google Scholar
• Bifulco, A., Bernazzani, O., Moran, P. M., & Jacobs, C. (2005). The childhood experience of care and abuse questionnaire (CECA. Q): Validation in a community series. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(4), 563–581. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466505X35344
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bifulco, A., Brown, G. W., & Harris, T. O. (1994). Childhood experience of care and abuse (CECA): A retrospective interview measure. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 35(8), 1419–1435. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01284.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, M. H., & Lai, T. M. (1986). Embarrassment and code-switching into a second language. Journal of Social Psychology, 126(2), 179–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment Vol. 1: Attachment and loss. Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Brewin, C. R. (2001). A cognitive neuroscience account of posttraumatic stress disorder and its treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39(4), 373–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00087-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucci, W. (1997). Psychoanalysis and cognitive science: A multiple code theory. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell-Sills, L., & Stein, M. B. (2007). Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor–Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(6), 1019–1028. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chafe, W. (1994). Discourse, consciousness, and time. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crespo, M., & Fernández-Lansac, V. (2016). Memory and narrative of traumatic events: A literature review. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 8(2), 149–165. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Andrea, W., Chiu, P. H., Casas, B. R., & Deldin, P. (2012). Linguistic predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following 11 September 2001. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26(2), 316–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acp.1830
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobash, R. E., & Dobash, R. (1979). Violence against wives: A case against the patriarchy. Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dwairy, M. (2004). Parenting styles and mental health of Arab gifted adolescents. Gifted Child Quarterly, 48(4), 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1177/001698620404800403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eaton, W. W., Smith, C., Ybarra, M., Muntaner, C., & Tien, A. (2004). Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale: Review and revision (CESD and CESD-R). In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment: Instruments for adults (pp. 363–377). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of post-traumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(4), 319–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00123-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eldabah, F. H., Alfadaly, N. M., Amer, E. S., Fathy, W. M., & Mohammed, M. S. (2018). Screening of some drugs of abuse in outpatient clinics in Al-Azhar University hospitals. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine, 71(1), 2351–2357. https://doi.org/10.12816/0045311
   Google Scholar
• El-Genady, E. M. I., & Wahab, M. A. E. (2020). Effect of perceived social support and resilience on life satisfaction and stress tolerance among patients with substance use disorders. International Journal of Novel Research in Healthcare and Nursing, 7(1), 651–663. https://www.noveltyjournals.com/upload/paper/Effect%20of%20Perceived%20Social%20Support-2230.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Elkady, A. A. M. (2019). Mindfulness and resilience as predictors of job burnout among nurses in public hospitals. International Journal of Psycho-Educational Research Reviews, 8, 14–21. https://www.journals.lapub.co.uk/index.php/perr/article/view/460
   Google Scholar
• Erickson, C. D., & Al-Timimi, N. R. (2001). Providing mental health services to Arab Americans: Recommendations and considerations. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 7(4), 308–327. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.7.4.308
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fakhr El-Islam, M. (2008). Arab culture and mental health care. Transcultural Psychiatry, 45(4), 671–682. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461508100788
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishere, M. (in press). The rippling effect: Repercussions of child maltreatment among Egyptian college students. Journal of Middle East Current Psychiatry, 28(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-021-00147-z
   Google Scholar
• Fivush, R. (2010). Speaking silence: The social construction of silence in autobiographical and cultural narratives. Memory (Hove, England), 18(2), 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210903029404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fivush, R., & Sales, J. M. (2006). Coping, attachment, and mother- child narratives of stressful events. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 52(1), 125–150. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2006.0003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-008-9102-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. S., & Safran, J. D. (1990). Emotion in psychotherapy. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greenhoot, A. F., Johnson, R., & McCloskey, L. A. (2005). Internal states language in the childhood recollections of adolescents with and without abuse histories. Journal of Cognition and Development, 6(4), 547–570. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327647jcd0604_6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenhoot, A. F., Sun, S., Bunnell, S. L., & Lindboe, K. (2013). Making sense of traumatic memories: Memory qualities and psychological symptoms in emerging adults with and without abuse histories. Memory, 21(1), 125–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2012.712975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwozdziewycz, N., & Mehl-Madrona, L. (2013). Meta-analysis of the use of narrative exposure therapy for the effects of trauma among refugee populations. The Permanente Journal, 17(1), 72–78. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/12-058
   Google Scholar
• Habermas, T. (2017). Manual for dividing a text into propositions. Goethe University Frankfurt.
   Google Scholar
• Habermas, T. (2018). Emotion and narrative: Perspectives in autobiographical storytelling. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139424615
   Google Scholar
• Habermas, T., Fishere, M., Kasteleiner, K., Gauch, J., Futschik, D., & Türk, S. (2019). Manual für Evaluationen, Version 4.3. Goethe University Frankfurt.
   Google Scholar
• Haboush, K. L. (2007). Working with Arab American families: Culturally competent practice for school psychologists. Psychology in the Schools, 44(2), 183–198. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haboush, K. L., & Alyan, H. (2013). Who can you tell?" Features of Arab culture that influence conceptualization and treatment of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 22(5), 499–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2013.800935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2020). Statistical methods for communication science. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Høigilt, J., & Mejdell, G. (Eds.). (2017). The politics of written language in the Arab world: Writing change. Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Ising, H. K., Veling, W., Loewy, R. L., Rietveld, M. W., Rietdijk, J., Dragt, S., Klaassen, R. M. C., Nieman, D. H., Wunderink, L., Linszen, D. H., & Van Der Gaag, M. (2012). The validity of the 16-item version of the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ-16) to screen for ultra high risk of developing psychosis in the general help-seeking population. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(6), 1288–1296. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Longitudinal pathways linking child maltreatment, emotion regulation, peer relations, and psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 51(6), 706–716. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02202.x
   Google Scholar
• Kleim, B., Horn, A. B., Kraehenmann, R., Mehl, M. R., & Ehlers, A. (2018). Early linguistic markers of trauma-specific processing predict post-trauma adjustment. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 99, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, I., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1996). Trauma history and personal narratives: Some clues to coping among survivors of child abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(95)00114-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labov, W., & Waletzky, J. (1967). Narrative analysis: Oral versions of personal experience. In J. Helm (Ed.), Essays on the verbal and visual arts (pp. 12–44). University of Washington Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lawson, M., Valentino, K., McDonnell, C. G., & Speidel, R. (2018). Maternal attachment is differentially associated with mother-child reminiscing among maltreating and nonmaltreating families. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 169, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leahy, T., Pretty, G., & Tenenbaum, G. (2003). Childhood sexual abuse narratives in clinically and nonclinically distressed adult survivors. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34(6), 657–665. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.34.6.657
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leverick, F. (2020). What do we know about rape myths and juror decision making? The International Journal of Evidence & Proof, 24(3), 255–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/1365712720923157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewko, A. M. (2017). English between Egyptians: Power and ownership of the English language in Egypt. In A. Gebril (Ed.), Applied linguistics in the Middle East and North Africa: Current practices and future directions (pp. 62–87). John Benjamins Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1075/aals.15.04lew
   Google Scholar
• Macaulay, C. B., & Angus, L. (2019). The narrative-emotion process model: An integrative approach to working with complex post-traumatic stress. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 29(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1037/int0000118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, K., Venta, A., Henderson, C., Barker, M., & Sharp, C. (2017). Linguistic analysis as a method for assessing symptoms after sexual trauma among female adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 26(8), 910–926. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2017.1354349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messman-Moore, T. L., & Bhuptani, P. H. (2017). A review of the long‐term impact of child maltreatment on posttraumatic stress disorder and its comorbidities: An emotion dysregulation perspective. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 24(2), 154–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12193
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2003). The attachment behavioral system in adulthood: Activation, psychodynamics, and interpersonal processes. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 53–152). Academic Press https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(03)01002-5
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health and Population, El-Zanaty and Associates, and ICF International. (2015). Egypt demographic health survey 2015 [Data set]. Ministry of Health and Population and ICF International. https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-fr313-dhs-final-reports.cfm
   Google Scholar
• Miragoli, S., Camisasca, E., & Di Blasio, P. (2017). Narrative fragmentation in child sexual abuse: The role of age and post-traumatic stress disorder. Child Abuse & Neglect, 73, 106–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.09.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miragoli, S., Camisasca, E., & Di Blasio, P. (2019). Investigating linguistic coherence relations in child sexual abuse: A comparison of PTSD and non-PTSD children. Heliyon, 5(2), e01163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miragoli, S., Procaccia, R., & Di Blasio, P. (2014). Language use and PTSD symptoms: Content analyses of allegations of child sexual abuse. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 14(5), 355–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228932.2014.970423
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghadam, V. M. (2004). Patriarchy in transition: Women and the changing family in the Middle East. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 35(2), 137–162. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.35.2.137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed, N. Y., & Samak, Y. A. A. (2017). Spoil the rod and save the child: Socioeconomic predictors of harsh discipline by parents, Egyptian case study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(11), 1730–1752. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517698703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossige, S., Jensen, T. K., Gulbrandsen, W., Reichelt, S., & Tjersland, O. A. (2005). Children’s narratives of sexual abuse: What characterizes them and how do they contribute to meaning-making? Narrative Inquiry, 15(2), 377–404. https://doi.org/10.1075/ni.15.2.09mos
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mundorf, E. S., & Paivio, S. C. (2011). Narrative quality and disturbance pre- and post-emotion-focused therapy for child abuse trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24(6), 643–650. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Kearney, R., & Perrott, K. (2006). Trauma narratives in post-traumatic stress disorder: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19(1), 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oppenheim, D., Koren‐Karie, N., & Sagi‐Schwartz, A. (2007). Emotion dialogues between mothers and children at 4.5 and 7.5 years: Relations with children’s attachment at 1 year. Child Development, 78(1), 38–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00984.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overbeek, M. M., Koren-Karie, N., Ben-Haim, A. E., de Schipper, J. C., Dreier Gligoor, P. D., & Schuengel, C. (2019). Trauma exposure in relation to the content of mother-child emotional conversations and quality of interaction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(5), 805–820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peluso, P. R., & Freund, R. R. (2018). Therapist and client emotional expression and psychotherapy outcomes: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 55(4), 461–472. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennebaker, J. W., Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Glaser, R. (1988). Disclosure of traumas and immune function: Health implications for psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(2), 239–245. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.2.239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner, K., Brent, D., Lucas, C., Gould, M., Stanley, B., Brown, G., Fisher, P., Zelazny, J., Burke, A., Quendo, M., & Mann, J. (2008). Columbia-suicide severity rating scale (C-SSRS). Columbia University Medical Center.
   Google Scholar
• Römisch, S., Leban, E., Habermas, T., & Döll-Hentschker, S. (2014). Evaluation, immersion, and fragmentation in emotion narratives from traumatized and non-traumatized women. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6(5), 465–472. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin, D. C., Deffler, S. A., Ogle, C. M., Dowell, N. M., Graesser, A. C., & Beckham, J. C. (2016). Participant, rater, and computer measures of coherence in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(1), 11–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudenstine, S., Espinosa, A., McGee, A. B., & Routhier, E. (2019). Adverse childhood events, adult distress, and the role of emotion regulation. Traumatology, 25(2), 124–132. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000176
   Google Scholar
• Salmon, K., & Reese, E. (2015). Talking (or not talking) about the past: The influence of parent–child conversation about negative experiences on children’s memories. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 29(6), 791–801. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3186
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samari, G. (2019). Education and fertility in Egypt: Mediation by women’s empowerment. SSM - Population Health, 9, 100488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seleem, M. A., & Amer, R. A. (2020). Parenting discipline styles and child psychopathology in a clinical sample of Egyptian children in the Nile Delta region. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 27(1), 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-020-00063-8
   Google Scholar
• Skinner, H. A. (1982). Guide for using the drug abuse screening test (DAST). Addictive Behaviors, 7(4), 363–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(82)90005-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speidel, R., Valentino, K., McDonnell, C. G., Cummings, E. M., & Fondren, K. (2019). Maternal sensitive guidance during reminiscing in the context of child maltreatment: Implications for child self-regulatory processes. Developmental Psychology, 55(1), 110–122. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tani, F., Peterson, C., & Smorti, M. (2016). The words of violence: Autobiographical narratives of abused women. Journal of Family Violence, 31(7), 885–896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-016-9824-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentino, K., Hibel, L. C., Cummings, E. M., Nuttall, A. K., Comas, M., & McDonnell, C. G. (2015). Maternal elaborative reminiscing mediates the effect of child maltreatment on behavioral and physiological functioning. Development and Psychopathology, 27(4 Pt 2), 1515–1526. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579415000917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Delft, I., Finkenauer, C., De Schipper, J. C., & Lamers-Winkelman, F. (2021). Talking about feelings: Mother-child emotion dialogues among sexually abused children. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(9–10), NP4941–NP4963. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518795176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Kolk, B. A., & Fisler, R. (1995). Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(4), 505–525. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490080402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardecker, B. M., Kaplow, J. B., Layne, C. M., & Edelstein, R. S. (2017). Caregivers’ positive emotional expression and children’s psychological functioning after parental loss. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(12), 3490–3501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0835-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters, T. E. A., Camia, C., Facompré, C. R., & Fivush, R. (2019). A meta-analytic examination of maternal reminiscing style: Elaboration, gender, and children’s cognitive development. Psychological Bulletin, 145(11), 1082–1102. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013). The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Scale. National Center for PTSD at www.ptsd.va.gov
   Google Scholar
• Zasiekina, L., Kennison, S., Zasiekin, S., & Khvorost, K. (2019). Psycholinguistic markers of autobiographical and traumatic memory. East European Journal of Psycholinguistics, 6(2), 119–133. https://doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2019.6.2.zas
   Google Scholar