“He yells because he cares”: jury perceptions of emotional abuse from a sports coach toward child athletes

References

• American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children. (1995). Psychosocial evaluation of suspected psychological maltreatment in children and adolescents: Practice guidelines. The Society.
   Google Scholar
• Aspen Institute Project Play. (2019). State of Play 2019: Trends and developments. https://www.aspeninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/2019_SOP_National_Final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Back, S., & Lips, H. M. (1998). Child sexual abuse: Victim age, victim gender, and observer gender as factors contributing to attributions of responsibility. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22(12), 1239–1252. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00098-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjørnseth, I., & Szabo, A. (2018). Sexual violence against children in sports and exercise: a systematic literature review. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 27(4), 365–385. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2018.1477222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottoms, B. L., Davis, S. L., & Epstein, M. A. (2004). Effects of victim and defendant race On jurors’ decisions in child sexual abuse cases. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02535.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottoms, B. L., Golding, J. M., Stevenson, M. C., Wiley, T. R. A., & Yozwiak, J. A. (2007). A review of factors affecting jurors’ decisions in child sexual abuse cases. In M. P. Toglia, J. D. Read, D. F. Ross, & R. C. L. Lindsay (Eds.), The handbook of eyewitness psychology, Vol. 1. Memory for events (pp. 509–543). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Brendgen, M., Wanner, B., Vitaro, F., Bukowski, W. M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2007). Verbal abuse by the teacher during childhood and academic, behavioral, and emotional adjustment in young adulthood. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(1), 26–38. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.1.26
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2016). Amazon’s Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality data? In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Methodological issues and strategies in clinical research (pp. 133–139). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14805-009
   Google Scholar
• Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829–859. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205278639
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, R. D. (1977). Detection of influential observation in linear regression. Technometrics, 19(1), 15–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1977.10489493
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, M., & Rogers, P. (2006). Perceptions of male victims in depicted sexual assaults: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11(4), 367–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2006.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, M., Rogers, P., & Whitelegg, L. (2009). Effects of victim gender, victim sexual orientation, victim response and respondent gender on judgements of blame in a hypothetical adolescent rape. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 14(2), 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1348/978185408X386030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, L. R. (2016). The swimsuit issue and sport: Hegemonic masculinity in sports illustrated. SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Del Giudice, M. (2014). Middle childhood: An evolutionary‐developmental synthesis. Child Development Perspectives, 8(4), 193–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devine, D. J., Clayton, L. D., Dunford, B. B., Seying, R., & Pryce, J. (2001). Jury decision making: 45 years of empirical research on deliberating groups. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 7(3), 622–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.7.3.622
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Font, S. A. (2013). Perceptions of juvenile sexual abuse victims: A meta-analysis on vignette-based studies on the effects of victims’ age and respondents’ gender. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 22(5), 593–611. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2013.800934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser, D. (2002). Emotional abuse and neglect (psychological maltreatment): A conceptual framework. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(6–7), 697–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00342-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golding, J. M., Malik, S., Jones, T. M., Burke, K. C., & Bottoms, B. L. (2020a). Perceptions of child sexual abuse victims: A review of psychological research with implications for law. In J. Pozzulo, E. Pica, & C. Sheahan (Eds.), Memory and sexual misconduct: Psychological research for criminal justice (pp. 132–174). Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Golding, J. M., Neuschatz, J. S., Bornstein, B. H., Pals, A. M., & Wetmore, S. A. (2020b). The perception of a jailhouse informant in a sexual assault case. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-020-09400-3
   Google Scholar
• Golding, J. M., Yozwiak, J. A., Kinstle, T. L., & Marsil, D. F. (2005). The effect of gender in the perception of elder physical abuse in court. Law and Human Behavior, 29(5), 605–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-005-6831-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golliver, B. (2013). Rutgers fires Mike Rice Jr., son of Blazers broadcaster, after practice abuse revealed on tape. Blazer’s Edge. https://www.blazersedge.com/2013/4/3/4179460/rutgers-fires-mike-rice-jr-son-of-blazers-broadcaster-after-tape.
   Google Scholar
• Gosling, S. D., Vazire, S., Srivastava, S., & John, O. P. (2004). Should we trust web-based studies? A comparative analysis of six preconceptions about internet questionnaires. The American Psychologist, 59(2), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.2.93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gough, C. (2021). Gender distribution of youth sports head coaches in the U.S. 2018. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/208417/relationships-between-coaches-and-young-children-in-sports/.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, M. J. (n.d.). A student-athlete finally takes the coach to court. Marquette University Law School. https://law.marquette.edu/assets/sports-law/pdf/gIBBINS.2614.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Grubb, A. R., & Harrower, J. (2009). Understanding attribution of blame in cases of rape: An analysis of participant gender, type of rape and perceived similarity to the victim. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 15(1), 63–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600802641649
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Jost, J. T., & van der Toorn, J. (2011). System justification theory. Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology., 2, 313–343.
   Google Scholar
• Leaper, C. (2002). Parenting girls and boys. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: children and parenting (pp. 189–225). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Leaper, C., & Friedman, C. K. (2007). The socialization of gender. In J. E. Grusec & P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: theory and research (pp. 561–587). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Macur, J. (2020). Suspension reduced for gymnastics coach accused of emotional and physical abuse. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/09/sports/olympics/maggie-haney-gymnastics-abuse.html
   Google Scholar
• Maguire, S. A., Williams, B., Naughton, A. M., Cowley, L. E., Tempest, V., Mann, M. K., Teague, M., & Kemp, A. M. (2015). A systematic review of the emotional, behavioural and cognitive features exhibited by school-aged children experiencing neglect or emotional abuse. Child: Care, Health and Development, 41(5), 641–653. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magyarics, C. L., Lynch, K. R., Golding, J. M., & Lippert, A. (2015). The impact of frequency of behavior and type of contact on judgments involving a criminal stalking case. Law and Human Behavior, 39(6), 602–613. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCusker v. Haney. (2020). (N.J. Sup. Ct). https://gymcastic.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Riley-McCusker-vs.-Maggie-Haney-NJ-Complaint-Oct-2020_Redacted.pdf
   Google Scholar
• McVittie, C., Hepworth, J., & Goodall, K. (2017). Masculinities and health: Whose identities, whose constructions? In M. P. Sanchez-Lopez & R. M. Limina-Gras (Eds.), The psychology of gender and health (pp. 119–141). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Merkel, D. L. (2013). Youth sport: positive and negative impact on young athletes. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 4, 151–160. https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S33556
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Messner, M. A. (1992). Power at play: Sports and the problem of masculinity. Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2012). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 9(11), e1001349. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olrich, T. W. (1995). The role of sport in the gender identity development of the adolescent male. Michigan State University. Department of Physical Education and Exercise Science.
   Google Scholar
• Oppenheimer, D. M., Meyvis, T., & Davidenko, N. (2009). Instructional manipulation checks: Detecting satisficing to increase statistical power. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(4), 867–872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradhan, S. (2016). When can they juice? A theoretical review and association of system justification and sports fan identity to doping by athletes. International Journal of Sport Management, Recreation and Tourism, 26, 1–25. http://www.ijsmart.eu/Contents.aspx?Y.
   Google Scholar
• Quas, J. A., Bottoms, B. L., Haegerich, T. M., & Nysse‐Carris, K. L. (2002). Effects of victim, defendant, and juror gender on decisions in child sexual assault cases. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(10), 1993–2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb02061.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1990). Pathfinder associative networks: Studies in knowledge organization. Ablex Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Smits, F., Jacobs, F., & Knoppers, A. (2017). Everything revolves around gymnastics’: athletes and parents make sense of elite youth sport. Sport in Society, 20(1), 66–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2015.1124564
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stafford, A., & Lewis, R. (2011). The experiences of children participating in organised sport in the UK (main report). Centre of Learning in Child Protection.
   Google Scholar
• Stirling, A. E. (2013). Understanding the use of emotionally abusive coaching practices. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 8(4), 625–639. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.8.4.625
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stirling, A. E., & Kerr, G. A. (2008). Elite female swimmers’ experiences of emotional abuse across time. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 7(4), 89–113. https://doi.org/10.1300/J135v07n04_05
   Google Scholar
• Stirling, A. E., & Kerr, G. A. (2013). The perceived effects of elite athletes’ experiences of emotional abuse in the coach–athlete relationship. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(1), 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2013.752173
   Google Scholar
• Stirling, A., & Kerr, G. (2010). Sport psychology consultants as agents of child protection. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22(3), 305–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413201003795485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoltenborgh, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Alink, L. R., & Van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2012). The universality of childhood emotional abuse: a meta-analysis of worldwide prevalence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 21(8), 870–890. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2012.708014
   Google Scholar
• Tabak, S. J., & Klettke, B. (2014). Mock jury attitudes towards credibility, age, and guilt in a fictional child sexual assault scenario. Australian Journal of Psychology, 66(1), 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, N. A., & Bopp, T. (2010). The underrepresentation of women in the male-dominated sport workplace: Perspectives of female coaches. Journal of Workplace Rights, 15(1), 47–64. https://doi.org/10.2190/WR.15.1.d
   Google Scholar
• Wilinsky, C. L., & McCabe, A. (2021). A review of emotional and sexual abuse of elite child athletes by their coaches. Sports Coaching Review, 10(1), 84–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/21640629.2020.1775378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar