An assessment of heavy metal exposure risk associated with consumption of cabbage and carrot grown in a tropical Savannah region

References

• Ai, P., Jin, K., Alengebawy, A., Elsayed, M., Meng, L., Chen, M., & Ran, Y. (2020). Effect of application of different biogas fertilizer on eggplant production: Analysis of fertilizer value and risk assessment. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 19, 101019. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2020.101019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albanese, S., Cicchella, D., Lima, A., & De Vivo, B. (2008). Urban geochemical mapping. In B. De Vivo, H. E. Belkin, & A. Lima (Eds.), Site characterisation, data analysis and case histories (pp. 153–19). Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Alengebawy, A., Abdelkhalek, S. T., Qureshi, S. R., & Wang, M.-Q. (2021). Heavy Metals and Pesticides Toxicity in Agricultural Soil and Plants: Ecological Risks and Human Health Implications. Toxics, 9(3), 42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics9030042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amawa, S. G., Jude, N. K., Tala, E. S., & Azieh, E. A. (2015). The implication of climate variability on market gardening in Santa sub-division, North West Region of Cameroon. Environment and Natural Resources, 5(2), 56–65.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, C. R., Condron, L. M., Clough, T. J., Fiers, M., Stewart, A., Hill, R. A., & Sherlock, R. R. (2011). Biochar induced soil microbial community change: Implications for biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. Pedobiologia, 54, 309–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asongwe, G. A., Yerima, B. P. K., & Tening, A. S. (2014). Vegetables production and the livelihood of farmers in Bamenda municipality, Cameroon. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 3(12), 682–700.
   Google Scholar
• Attanayake, C. P., Hettiarachchi, G. M., Harms, A., Presley, D., Martins, S., & Pierzynski, G. M. (2014). Field evaluations on soil plant transfer of lead from an urban garden soil. Journal of Environmental Quality, 43(2), 475–487. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2013.07.0273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barančíková, G. M., Madaras, K., & Rybár, O. (2004). Crop contamination by selected trace elements. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 4(1), 37–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02990827
   Google Scholar
• Beernaert, F., & Bitondo, D. 1992. A simple and practical method to evaluate analytical data of soil profiles. CUDs, soil science Department. Belgia cooperation Dschang, Cameroon. p. 65.
   Google Scholar
• Benson, N. U., Anake, W. U., & Etesin, U. M. (2014). Trace Metals Levels in Inorganic Fertilizers Commercially Available in Nigeria. Jour. of Scien. Res. & Reports.3(4): 610–620.
   Google Scholar
• Benton, J. 2003. Management of crops, soils, and their fertility. Agronomic handbook: CRC
   Google Scholar
• Bidogeza, J. C., Afari-sefa, V., Endamana, D., Tenkouano, A., & Kane, G. Q. 2016. Value chain analysis of vegetables in the humid tropics of Cameroon. Fifth International conference of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
   Google Scholar
• Black, C. A. (1965). Methods of soil analysis. American society of agronomy.
   Google Scholar
• Butnariu, M. (2014). Handbook of Food Chemistry. Chemical composition of vegetables and their products. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Codex Alimentarius commission. 2013. General standards for contaminations and toxins in food and feed.
   Google Scholar
• Cottenie, A., Verloo, M., Kieken, E., Velghe, G., & Camerlynk, R. 1982. Chemical analysis of plant and soil. Laboratory of analytical and Agrochemistry, State University.
   Google Scholar
• Cui, Y. J., Zhu, Y. G., Zhai, R. H., Chen, D. Y., Huang, Y. Z., Qui, Y., & Liang, J. Z. (2004). Transfer of metals from soil to vegetables in an area near a smelter in Nanning, China. Environment International, 30(6), 785–791. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, B. E., & White, H. M. (1981). Trace elements in vegetables grown on soils contaminated by base metal mining. Journal of Plant nutrition, 3(1–4), 387–395. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01904168109362846
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Temmerman, L., & Hoenig, M. (2004). Vegetable crops for biomonitoring lead and cadmium deposition. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 49(1–3), 121–135. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-004-1219-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dias, J.S., & Ryder, E.J. (2011). World Vegetable Industry Production, breeding, trends. Hort. Rev.,38, 299–356.
   Google Scholar
• Dube, A., Zbytniewski, R., Kowalkowski, T., Cukrowska, E., & Buszewski, B. (2001). Adsorption and migration of heavy metals in soil. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 10(1), 1–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández, M. A., Hernández, L. M., González, M. J., & Tabera, M. C. (1992). Organochlorinated compounds and selected metals in waters and soils from Do�ana National Park (Spain). Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 65(3–4), 293–305. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00479893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feroz, F., Senjuti, J. D., & Noor, R. (2013). Determination of Microbial growth and survival in salad vegetables through in vitro challenge test. International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, 2(6), 312–319. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnfs.20130206.18
   Google Scholar
• Fonge, B. A. 2004. Plant successional trends on some selected lava flows on Mount Cameroon. [Ph.D. Thesis] University of Buea.
   Google Scholar
• Fonge, B. A., Nkoleka, E. N., Asong, F. Z., Ajonina, S. A., & Che, V. B. (2017). Heavy metal contamination in soils from a municipal landfill, surrounded by banana plantation in the eastern flank of Mount Cameroon. African Journal of Biotechnology, 16(25), 1391–1399. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2016.15777
   Google Scholar
• Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization. 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Foth, H. D., & Ellis, B. G. (1997). Soil Fertility (2nd ed.,). CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goddard, S., & Brown, R. J. (2014). Investigation into alternative sample preparation techniques for the determination of heavy metals in stationary source emission samples collected on quartz filters. Sensors, 14(11), 21676–21692. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/s141121676
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, N., Yadav, K., Kumar, V., Krishnan, S., Kumar, S., Nejad, D., Khan, M., & Alam, J. (2020). Evaluating heavy metals contamination in soil and vegetables in the region of North India: Levels, transfer and potential human health risk analysis. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 103563.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyorgy, S., & Krisztina, C. (2009). Examination of the heavy metal uptake of Carrot (Daucus carota) in different soil types. AGD Landscape & Environment, 3(2), 56–70.
   Google Scholar
• Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.a sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14(8), 975–1001. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harguinteguy, C. A., Cofré, M. N., Fernández-Cirelli, A., & Pignata, M. L. (2016). The macrophytes Potamogeton pusillus L. and Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. as potential bioindicators of a river contaminated by heavy metals. Microchemical Journal, 124, 228–234. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2015.08.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harikumar, P. S., Nasir, U. P., & Mujeebu, R. M. P. (2009). Distribution of heavy metals in the core sediments of a tropical wetland system. International Journal of Environmental Science & Technology, 6(2), 225–232. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03327626
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilya, R. P., Nanda, K., Slavik, D., David, E. S., & Burt, D. E. (2001). Removal of radionuclides and heavy metals from water and soil by plants. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 3(2), 45–287.
   Google Scholar
• Integrated Risk Information System. 2003. Integrated Risk Information System-database. United States Envrionmental Protection Agency. p. 59174–59175
   Google Scholar
• Kabata, A., & Beeson, K. (1961). Cobalt Uptake by Plants from Cobalt Impregnated Soil Minerals†. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 25(2), 125–128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1961.03615995002500020017x
   Google Scholar
• Kirkham, M. B. (2006). Cadmium in plants on polluted soils: Effects of soil factors, hyperaccumulation, and amendments. Geoderma, 137(1–2), 19–32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.08.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, S., Prasad, S., Yadav, K., Shrivastava, M., Gupta, N., Nagar, S., & Malav, L. (2019). Hazardous heavy metals contamination of vegetables and food chain: Role of sustainable remediation approaches-A review. Environmental Research, 179, 108792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lajmanovich, R. C., Peltzer, P. M., Attademo, A. M., Martinuzzi, C. S., Simoniello, M. F., Colussi, C. L., Cuzziol Boccioni, A. P., & Sigrist, M. (2019). First evaluation of novel potential synergistic effects of glyphosate and arsenic mixture on Rhinella arenarum (Anura: Bufonidae) tadpoles. Heliyon, 5(10), e02601. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02601
   Google Scholar
• Lomonte, C., Gregory, D., Baker, A. J. M., & Kolev, D. D. (2008). Comparative study of hotplate wet digestion methods for the determination of mercury in biosolids. Chemosphere, 72(10), 1420–1424. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manu, P., Dima, L., Shulman, M., Vancampfort, D., De Hert, M., & Correl, C. U. (2015). Weight gain and obesity in schizophrenia: Epidemiology, pathobiology, and management. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milinović, J., Lukić, V., Nikolić-Mandić, S. & Stojanović, D. (2008). Concentrations of Heavy Metals in NPK Fertilizers Imported in Serbia. Pestic. Phytomed., 23:195–200.
   Google Scholar
• Mofor, N. A., Tamungang, E. B. N., Mvondo-zé, A. D., Kome, G. K., & Mbene, K. (2017). Assessment of physico-chemical and heavy metals properties of some agricultural soils of Awing-North West Cameroon; Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science/Arch. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 2(4), 277–286. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2017.020405
   Google Scholar
• Muhammad, S., Salihs, S., Marina, R., Sana, K., Irshad, B., Nabeel, K., Camille, D., & Muhammad, I. (2017). Chromium speciation, bioavailability, uptake, toxicity and detoxification in soil-plant system: A review. Elsevier, 178, 513–533. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.03.074
   Google Scholar
• Muller, G. (1981). The heavy metal content of the sediments of the Neckar and its tributaries: An Inventory. Chemiker Zeitung, 105, 157–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngole, V. M. (2016). Heavy metals in soils along unpaved roads in south west Cameroon: Contamination levels and health risks. Ambio, 45(3), 374–386. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-015-0726-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nzengong, V. J. 2012. Effects of land changes on forest cover and forest resources in Mount Cameroon Region, University of Buea, M.Sc Thesis, 131.
   Google Scholar
• Okha, N. D. 2016. A comparative study of changes in soil quality under two cropping systems in Santa, North West Region, Cameroon [Master Thesis]. Pan African Institute for Development West Africa (PAIDWA).
   Google Scholar
• Pouokam, G. B., Lemnyuy, A. W., Ndikontar, A. S., & Sidatt, M. E. T. (2017). A pilot study in Cameroon to understand safe uses of pesticides in agriculture, risk factors for farmers’ exposure and management of accidental cases. Toxics, 5(4), 30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics5040030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rattan, R. K., Datta, S. P., Chhonkar, P. K., Suribabu, K., & Singh, A. K. (2005). Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater – a case study. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 109(3–4), 310–322. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.02.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruqia, N., Muslim, K., Hameed, U. R., Zubia, M., Muhammad, M., Rumana, S., Naila, G., Faryal, S., Irum, P., Fathma, S., et al. (2015). Elemental assessment of various milk packs collected from KPK, Pakistan. American-Eurasian Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 7(3), 157–161.
   Google Scholar
• Santa Rural council. 2003. Monographic Study.
   Google Scholar
• Säumel, I., Kotsyuk, I., Hölscher, M., Lenkereit, C., Weber, F., & Kowarik, I. (2012). How healthy is urban horticulture in high traffic areas? Trace metal concentrations in vegetable crops from plantings within inner city neighbourhoods in Berlin, Germany. . Environmental Pollution, 165, 124–132. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.02.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, D., Keoghan, J. M., & Allan, B. E. (1996). Native and low-input grasses-a New Zealand high country perspective. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 39(4), 499–512. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1996.9513211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seyed, M. D., & Ebrahim, R. (2005). Determination of lead residues in raw cow milk from different regions of Iran by Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. American-Eurasian Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 4(1), 16–19.
   Google Scholar
• Shahid, M., Khalid, S., Abbas, G., Shahid, N., Nadeem, M., Sabir, M., Aslam, M., & Dumat, C. (2015). Heavy metal stress and crop productivity. In K. R. Hakeem (Ed.), Crop Production and Global Environmental Issues SE 1 (pp. 1–25). Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, S. S., Kaul, S., Metwally, A., Goyal, K. C., Finkemeier, I., & Dietz, K.-J. (2004). Cadmium toxicity to barley (Hordeum vulgare) as affected by varying Fe nutritional status. Plant Science, 166(5), 1287–1295. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2004.01.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, A. K., Hasnain, S. I., & Banerjee, D. K. (1999). Grain size and geochemical partitioning of heavy metals in sediments of the Damodar River - a tributary of the lower Ganga, India. . Environmental Geology, 39(1), 90–98. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050439
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sponza, D., & Karaoglu, N. (2002). Environmental geochemistry and pollution studies of Aliaǧa metal industry district. Environment International, 27(7), 541–553. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00108-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suda, A., & Makino, T. (2016). Functional effects of manganese and iron oxides on the dynamics of trace elements in soils with a special focus on arsenic and cadmium: A review. Geoderma, 270, 68–75. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.12.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarla, D., Meutchieye, F., Assako, V., Fontem, D., & Kome, J. (2013). Exposure of market gardeners during pesticide application in the western highlands of Cameroon. Journal of Agriculture Science, 3(5), 172–177.
   Google Scholar
• Thornton, L., & Farago, M. (1997). The geochemistry of Arsenic. In C. O. Abernathy, R. L. Calderon, & W. R. Chappell (Eds.), Arsenic exposure and health effects (pp. 2–15). Chapman and Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Tóth, G., Hermann, T., Da Silva, M. R., & Montanarella, L. (2016). Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the European Union with implications for food safety. Environment International, 88, 299–309. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.12.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Environmental Protection Agency and Integrated Risk Information System. 2006. http://www.epa.gov/iris/substs
   Google Scholar
• Verger, P. J., & Boobis, A. R. (2013). Reevaluate pesticides for food security and safety. Science, 341(6147), 717–718. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1241572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voutsa, D., Grimanis, A., & Samara, C. (1996). Trace elements in vegetables grown in an industrial area in relation to soil and air particulate matter. Environmental Pollution, 94(3), 325–335. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(96)00088-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, C., Zhang, S. H., Wang, P. F., Hou, J., Li, W., & Zhang, W. J. (2008). Metabolic adaptations to ammonia-induced oxidative stress in leaves of the submerged macrophyte Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara. Aquatic Toxicology, 87(2), 88–98. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.01.009
   Google Scholar
• Waseem, A., Arshad, J., Iqbal, F., Sajjad, A., Mehmood, Z., & Murtaza, G. (2014). Pollution Status of Pakistan: A Retrospective Review on Heavy Metal Contamination of Water, Soil, and Vegetables. BioMed, Research International 2014, 1–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/813206
   Google Scholar
• Wei, S. H., Zhou, Q. X., & Wang, X. (2005). Identification of weed plants excluding the uptake of heavy metals. Environment International, 31(6), 829–834. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.05.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, Y., & Liu, Y. (2005). Effects of Sewage sludge compost application on crops and cropland in a 3-Year field study. Chemosphere, 59(9), 1257–1265. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization 2016. Report of the commission on ending childhood obesity. Geneva.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, S. X., Liao, B., Li, J. T., Guo, T., & Shu, W. S. (2010). Acidification, heavy metal mobility and nutrient accumulation in the soil–plant system of a revegetated acid mine wasteland. Chemosphere, 80(8), 852–859. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar