335
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Psychological Wellbeing Amongst Parents of Trans Children: An in-Depth Qualitative Investigation

, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon

References

  • Abreu, R. L., Rosenkrantz, D. E., Ryser-Oatman, J. T., Rostosky, S. S., & Riggle, E. D. B. (2019). Parental reactions to transgender and gender diverse children: A literature review. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 15(5), 461–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2019.1656132
  • Alase, A. (2017). The interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA): A guide to a good qualitative research approach. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 5(2), 9–19. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.5n.2p.9
  • Aramburu Alegría, C. (2018). Supporting families of transgender children/youth: Parents speak on their experiences, identity, and views. International Journal of Transgenderism, 19(2), 132–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1450798
  • Bartholomaeus, C., Riggs, D. W., & Sansfaçon, A. P. (2021). Expanding and improving trans affirming care in Australia: Experiences with healthcare professionals among transgender young people and their parents. Health Sociology Review, 30(1), 58–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/14461242.2020.1845223
  • Bochicchio, L., Reeder, K., Ivanoff, A., Pope, H., & Stefancic, A. (2020). Psychotherapeutic interventions for LGBTQ + youth: A systematic review. Journal of LGBT Youth, 19(2), 152–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2020.1766393
  • Brooks, V. (1982). Minority stress and lesbian women. Lexington Books.
  • Bull, B., Byno, L., D’Arrigo, J., & Robertson, J. (2022). Parents of non-binary children: Stories of understanding and support. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 34(1–2), 125–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952833.2022.2029331
  • Bull, B., & D’Arrigo-Patrick, J. (2018). Parent experiences of a child’s social transition: Moving beyond the loss narrative. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 30(3), 170–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952833.2018.1448965
  • Coolhart, D., Ritenour, K., & Grodzinski, A. (2018). Experiences of ambiguous loss for parents of transgender male youth: A phenomenological exploration. Contemporary Family Therapy, 40(1), 28–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10591-017-9426-x
  • Coolhart, D., & Shipman, D. L. (2017). Working toward family attunement: Family therapy with transgender and gender-nonconforming children and adolescents. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 40(1), 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2016.10.002
  • Evenson, R. J., & Simon, R. W. (2005). Clarifying the relationship between parenthood and depression. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46(4), 341–358. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650504600403
  • Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1980). An analysis of coping in a middle-aged community sample. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 21(3), 219–239. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136617
  • Gavidia-Payne, S., Denny, B., Davis, K., Francis, A., & Jackson, M. (2015). Parental resilience: A neglected construct in resilience research. Clinical Psychologist, 19(3), 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12053
  • Gonzalez, K. A., Rostosky, S. S., Odom, R. D., & Riggle, E. D. B. (2013). The positive aspects of being the parent of an LGBTQ child. Family Process, 52(2), 325–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12009
  • Gray, S. A. O., Sweeney, K. K., Randazzo, R., & Levitt, H. M. (2016). Am I doing the right thing?: Pathways to parenting a gender variant child. Family Process, 55(1), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12128
  • Hayes, S. C., & Lillis, J. (2014). Acceptance and commitment therapy. American Psychological Association.
  • Hidalgo, M. A., & Chen, D. (2019). Experiences of gender minority stress in cisgender parents of transgender/gender-expansive prepubertal children: A qualitative study. Journal of Family Issues, 40(7), 865–886. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X19829502
  • Johnson, S. L., & Benson, K. E. (2014). “It’s always the mother’s fault”: Secondary stigma of mothering a transgender child. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 10(1-2), 124–144.
  • Kaltiala, R., Bergman, H., Carmichael, P., de Graaf, N. M., Egebjerg Rischel, K., Frisén, L., Schorkopf, M., Suomalainen, L., & Waehre, A. (2020). Time trends in referrals to child and adolescent gender identity services: A study in four Nordic countries and in the UK. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 74(1), 40–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2019.1667429
  • Katz-Wise, S. L., Budge, S. L., Orovecz, J. J., Nguyen, B., Nava-Coulter, B., & Thomson, K. (2017). Imagining the future: Perspectives among youth and caregivers in the trans youth family study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(1), 26–40. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000186
  • Keyes, C. L. M. (2005). Mental illness and/or mental health? Investigating axioms of the complete state model of health. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 539–548. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.539
  • Kolbuck, V. D., Muldoon, A. L., Rychlik, K., Hidalgo, M. A., & Chen, D. (2019). Psychological functioning, parenting stress, and parental support among clinic-referred prepubertal gender-expansive children. Clinical Practice in Pediatric Psychology, 7(3), 254–266. https://doi.org/10.1037/cpp0000293
  • Kuvalanka, K. A., Weiner, J. L., & Mahan, D. (2014). Child, family, and community transformations: Findings from interviews with mothers of transgender girls. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 10(4), 354–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2013.834529
  • Kuvalanka, K. A., Weiner, J. L., Munroe, C., Goldberg, A. E., & Gardner, M. (2017). Trans and gender-nonconforming children and their caregivers: Gender presentations, peer relations, and well-being at baseline. Journal of Family Psychology, 31(7), 889–899. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000338
  • Liamputtong, P., & Ezzy, D. (2005). Qualitative research methods (Vol. 2). Oxford University Press.
  • Luvmour, J. (2011). Developing together: Parents meeting children’s developmental imperatives. Journal of Adult Development, 18(4), 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10804-010-9111-x
  • Malpas, J. (2011). Between pink and blue: A multi-dimensional children and their families. Family Process, 50(4), 453–70470. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2011.01371.x
  • Malpas, J., Glaeser, E., & Giammattei, S. V. (2018). Building resilience in transgender and gender expansive children, families, and communities: A multidimensional family approach. In The gender affirmative model: An interdisciplinary approach to supporting transgender and gender expansive children (pp. 141–156). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000095-009
  • Matsuno, E., McConnell, E., Dolan, C. V., & Israel, T. (2022). I am fortunate to have a transgender child: An investigation into the barriers and facilitators to support among parents of trans and nonbinary youth. LGBTQ + Family: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 18(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2021.1991541
  • Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
  • Meyer, I. H. (2015). Resilience in the study of minority stress and health of sexual and gender minorities. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 2(3), 209–213. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000132
  • Nadan, Y. (2021). Parenting as a full time job: The experience of secular middle-class Jewish parents of transgender emerging adults in Israel. International Journal of Transgender Health, 23(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2021.1890300
  • Nelson, S. K., Kushlev, K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). The pains and pleasures of parenting: When, why, and how is parenthood associated with more or less well-being? Psychological Bulletin, 140(3), 846–895. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035444
  • Nomaguchi, K., & Milkie, M. A. (2017). Sociological perspectives on parenting stress: How social structure and culture shape parental strain and the well-being of parents and children. In Parental stress and early child development (pp. 47–73). Springer.
  • Nomaguchi, K., & Milkie, M. A. (2020). Parenthood and well-being: A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 82(1), 198–223. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12646
  • Norwood, K. (2013). Grieving gender: Trans-identities, transition, and ambiguous loss. Communication Monographs, 80(1), 24–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2012.739705
  • Olson, K. R., Durwood, L., Demeules, M., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016). Mental health of transgender children who are supported in their identities. Pediatrics, 137(3), e20153223. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-3223
  • Pariseau, E. M., Chevalier, L., Long, K. A., Clapham, R., Edwards-Leeper, L., & Tishelman, A. C. (2019). Clinical practice in the relationship between family acceptance-rejection and transgender youth psychosocial functioning. Paediatric Psychology, 7(3), 267–277.
  • QSR International. (2018). NVivo (Version 12). QSR International Pty Ltd.
  • Reid, K., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2005). Exploring lived experience. Psychologist, 18(1), 20–23.
  • Riley, E. A., Sitharthan, G., Clemson, L., & Diamond, M. (2011). The needs of gender-variant children and their parents: A parent survey. International Journal of Sexual Health, 23(3), 181–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2011.593932
  • Rutter, M., & Quinton, D. (1984). Parental psychiatric disorder: Effects on children. Psychological Medicine, 14(4), 853–880.
  • Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (2004). Flourishing under fire: Resilience as a prototype of challenged thriving. In Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived (pp. 15–36). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10594-001
  • Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: A eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 13–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
  • Sansfaçon, A. P., Robichaud, M. J., & Dumais-Michaud, A. A. (2015). The experience of parents who support their children’s gender variance. Journal of LGBT Youth, 12(1), 39–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361653.2014.935555
  • Smith, M. (2004). Parental mental health: Disruptions to parenting and outcomes for children. Child & Family Social Work, 9(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2206.2004.00312.x
  • Smith, J., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research. SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Strauss, P., Cook, A., Winter, S., Watson, V., Wright Toussaint, D., & Lin, A. (2020). Mental health issues and complex experiences of abuse among trans and gender diverse young people: Findings from trans pathways. LGBT Health, 7(3), 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2019.0232
  • Telfer, M. M., Tollit, M. A., Pace, C. C., & Pang, K. C. (2018). Australian standards of care and treatment guidelines for transgender and gender diverse children and adolescents. The Medical Journal of Australia, 209(3), 132–136. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja17.01044
  • Weinhardt, L. S., Xie, H., Wesp, L. M., Murray, J. R., Apchemengich, I., Kioko, D., Weinhardt, C. B., & Cook-Daniels, L. (2019). The role of family, friend, and significant other support in well-being among transgender and non-binary youth. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 15(4), 311–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/1550428X.2018.1522606
  • Weiss, J. A., Cappadocia, M. C., MacMullin, J. A., Viecili, M., & Lunsky, Y. (2012). The impact of child problem behaviors of children with ASD on parent mental health: The mediating role of acceptance and empowerment. Autism, 16(3), 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361311422708
  • Westwater, J. J., Riley, E. A., & Peterson, G. M. (2019). What about the family in youth gender diversity? A literature review. The International Journal of Transgenderism, 20(4), 351–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2019.1652130
  • Willig, C. (2008). Introducing qualitative research in psychology (2nd ed.). Open University Press.
  • Wren, B. (2002). I can accept my child is transsexual but if I ever see him in a dress I’ll hit him”: Dilemmas in parenting a transgendered adolescent. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7(3), 377–397. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104502007003006

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.