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Articles

Frederick II’s Arabic Inscription from Jaffa (1229)Footnote

Moshe Sharona (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, [email protected])
&
Ami Schragerb (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, [email protected])
Pages 139-158 | Published online: 17 Feb 2023

  • Charles Clermont-Ganneau, Archaeological Researches in Palestine during the years 1873–1874, 2 vols. (London, 1896–99), 2:156 (hereafter AR).
  • Charles Clermont-Ganneau, in Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement (hereafter: PEFQ) for 1874, 269ff.; idem, AR, 2:152–54 (only translation of the Arabic inscription); C. R. Conder and H. H. Kitchener, The Survey of Western Palestine, vol. II: Samaria (London, 1882), pp. 275–78 (detailed report by Clermont Ganneau). See also H. C. Key in PEFQ for 1898, pp. 246–47; Denys Pringle, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus, 4 vols. (Cambridge, 1993–2009), 1:269, pl. cxc; Moshe Sharon, CIAP, Addendum (Leiden, 2007), pp. 113ff.
  • See Andrew Petersen, A Gazetteer of Muslim Buildings in Palestine 1, British Academy Monographs in Archaeology 12 (Oxford, 2001), p. 169.
  • Tewfik Canaan, Mohammedan Saints and Sanctuaries in Palestine (Jerusalem, 1927).
  • Ref. Atq/40 No. S 1751.
  • Conder and Kitchener, Survey of Western Palestine, 2:275–78.
  • Barukh Sapir, “The Development of Building and Town Planning in Jaffa in the Crusader Period,” (MA thesis in Sciences, submitted to the Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 1970), p. 41, fig. 50 (Hebrew).
  • AR, 2:130ff.
  • AR, 2:155–56.
  • These texts were studied by Jeremy Johns, “Le iscrizioni arabe dei re normanni di Sicilia: una rilettura,” (hereafter Johns [Italian]), in Maria Andaloro, ed., Nobiles Officinae: perle, filigrane e trame di seta dal Palazzo Reale di Palermo (Catania, 2006), pp. 47–67; idem, “The Arabic Inscriptions of the Norman Kings of Sicily: A Reinterpretation” (hereafter Johns [English]), in Maria Andaloro, ed., The Royal Workshops in Palermo during the Reigns of the Norman and Hohenstaufen Kings of Sicily in the 12th and 13th century (Catania, 2006), pp. 324–37.
  • al-Ḥamawī, Abū al-Faḍā’il Muḥammad b. ‘Alī, at-Ta’rīkh al-Manṣūrī, ed. P. A. Griaznevitch (Moscow, 1960), 187b-188a, 190a.
  • See Francesco Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, trans. from Italian by E. J. Costello (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1984), pp. 280–81; David Abulafia, Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor (London, 1988), p. 197.
  • Johns (Italian), p. 51; Johns (English), p. 326.
  • Johns (Italian), p. 49; Johns (English), p. 325.
  • al-Idrīsī, Abū ‘Abdallah Muḥammad b. Muḥammad. b. ‘Abd Allah, Nuzhat al-Mushtāq fī Ikhtirāq al-’Āfāq (Cairo, 1414/1994), 1:4. For more examples from the Norman chancery see Johns (Italian), p. 50; Johns (English), p. 325.
  • See Idrīsī, 1:4.
  • al-Qalqashandī, Abū al-‘Abbās Aḥmad b. ‘Alī, Ṣubuḥ al-A‘shā fī Ṣinā‘at al-Inshā’ (Cairo, 1305/1985), 5:415; Abū al-Fidā‘, ‘Imād ad-Dīn Ismā‘īl, Al-Mukhtaṣar fī Akhbār al-Bashar (Cairo, 1325/1907), 3:141.
  • Idrīsī, ibid.; Michele Amari, Le epigrafi arabiche di Sicilia (Palermo, 1879), 2:87, 91. While Longobardia denoted south-eastern Italy, Lombardy was situated in its north-western part.
  • Qalqashandī, 5:410.
  • Johns (Italian), p. 50; Johns (English), p. 325; cf. also Abū al-Fidā˒, 3:141.
  • See, for instance, Die Urkunden der lateinischen Könige von Jerusalem, ed. Hans E. Mayer, 4 vols., MGH (Hanover, 2010), no. 654 (a. 1225).
  • See, for instance, Filippo da Novara, Guerra di Federico II in Oriente (1223–1242), 3.1, 14.5, 23.1, 31.22, 39.1–5, c. 61, ed. and trans. Silvio Melani (Naples, 1994), pp. 68, 70, 78, 90, 100.
  • Johns (English), p. 326. On the Fāṭimid chancery see Samuel M. Stern, Fāṭimid Decrees. Original Documents from the Fāṭimid Chancery (London, 1964).
  • Ibn Wāṣil, Jamāl ad-Dīn Muḥammad b. Sālim, Mufarrij al-Kurūb fī Akhbār Banī Ayyūb (Cairo, 1372–95/1953–75), 4:248.
  • See Benjamin Z. Kedar, “Religion in Catholic-Muslim Correspondence and Treaties,” in Diplomatics in the Eastern Mediterranean 1000–1500, ed. Alexander D. Beihammer, Maria G. Parani, and Christopher D. Schabel (Leiden, 2008), pp. 409–10, 414.
  • Qalqashandī, 6:77ff.
  • Ibid., 6:89, 176, 178.
  • Ibid, 6:94, 174–78. These were titles given by the Muslim chancery to the Christian rulers, not titles which these rulers chose for themselves. In other words, the Muslims created for the Christian kings, nobility, and clergymen a detailed titulature of which they became aware only when a letter arrived to them from the Muslim side.
  • Johns (Italian), pp. 49–50; Johns (English), pp. 325–26; Amari, 2:87, 91.
  • Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 280, n. 5.
  • Amari, Le epigrafi arabiche di Sicilia, 2:87–88.
  • Cf. Johns (English), p. 326; Johns (Italian), p. 51; Amari, 2:91–92.
  • Johns (English), p. 326; Johns (Italian), p. 51.
  • R. Bauer, “Zur Geschichte der sizilischen Gewänder, später Krönugsgewänder der Könige und Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches,” in Wilfried Seipel, ed., Nobiles officinae. Die Königlichen Hofwerkstätten zu Palermo zur Zeit der Normannen und Staufer im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert (Milan, 2004), pp. 85ff., 115ff; Johns (Italian), p. 53; Johns (English), p. 327.
  • Johns (Italian), p. 50, fig. 4.
  • Max van Berchem, Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum (CIA), Deuxième partie: Syrie du Sud, Jérusalem, “planches” (Cairo, 1922; repr. Geneva, 2001), pls. xxxiii–xxxviii.
  • Professor Stefan Heidemann’s suggestion.
  • AR, 2:155.
  • Or 26 including the reconstructions.
  • AR, 2:156 (initially, on p. 155, Clermont-Ganneau proposed to reconstruct the third word of the first line as: I[mperator); Félix-Marie Abel, “Jaffa au moyen-âge,” Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society 20 (1946), 24, n. 49; Sabino de Sandoli, Corpus Inscriptionum Crucesignatorum Terrae Sanctae (Jerusalem, 1974), p. 258, no. 347; Pringle, The Churches, 1:266.
  • See, for instance, Die Urkunden der lateinischen Könige, ed. Mayer, nos. 654, 657, 659–62, 665–70, 673–77, 681, 686–87, 691.
  • Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ed. Henry R. Luard, 7 vols., RS 57 (London, 1872–83), 3:173–76.
  • Filippo da Novara, Guerra di Federico II in Oriente, c. 61, p. 146.
  • Cf. Pringle, The Churches 1:265–66.
  • Ibn Wāṣil, Mufarrij al-Kurūb, 4:243, 248.
  • Ibid., 4:328.
  • Sibṭ Ibn al-Jawzī, Mir’āt az-Zamān, ed. James R. Jewett (Chicago, 1907), p. 434; also quoted in Maqrīzī, Taqī ad-Dīn Aḥmad b. ‘Alī, as-Sulūk li-Ma‘rifat Duwwal al-Mulūk 1(1), ed. Muhammad M. Ziyadeh (Cairo, 1956), p. 231, n. 3 (trans. in Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, pp. 274–75; see also Amin Maalouf, Les croisades vues par les Arabes (Paris, 1983), p. 263). René Grousset, Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem, 3 vols. (Paris, 1934–36), 3:316, quotes al-‘Aynī.
  • Ibn Wāṣil, Mufarrij al-Kurūb, 3:234; cf. Abū al-Fidā’, Al-Mukhtaṣar fī Akhbār al-Bashar, 3:141 repeating the same report.
  • Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 275.
  • Sibṭ Ibn āl-Jawzī, Mir’āt az-Zamān, p. 433; Maqrīzī; Sulūk, 1(1).232 and note; Maalouf, Les croisades, pp. 263–64. Hans E. Mayer, The Crusades, trans. John Gillingham, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 1988), p. 235, reduces the original 200 dirhams of the Arabic source to 20.
  • at-Ta’rīkh al-Manṣūrī, 191a, trans. in Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades, p. 283.
  • Mayer, The Crusades, p. 238.
  • Sources gathered by Guy Le Strange, Palestine under the Moslems, a Description of Syria and the Holy Land from ad 650 to 1500 (Boston, 1890), pp. 550–51, and A. S. Marmardjī, Textes géographiques arabes sur la Palestine (Paris, 1951), pp. 206–7.
  • al-Idrīsī, Nuzhat al-Mushtāq fī Ikhtirāq al-’Āfāq, pp. 358, 364, 376.
  • Ibn Shaddād, ‘Izz ad-Dīn Muḥammad b. ‘Alī al-Ḥalabī, al-A‘lāq al-Khaṭīrah fī Dhikr Umarā’ ash-Shām wa-al-Jazīrah, ed. Sāmī Dahhān (Damascus, 1387/1962), pp. 255, 256 and n. 2; 257.
  • The amount of source material and research dedicated to the fortification of Jaffa and to the events which preceded and followed it is vast. Here are only a few of the main works used for the above description: Eracles 33.7 in RHC Oc 2:372–73; Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 1(1):221 (Frederick and Fakhr ad-Dīn Yūsuf b. Shaykh ash-Shuyūkh in Sicily); Ibn Wāṣil, Mufarrij al-Kurūb, 3:233–34; Ibn al-Athīr, ‘Alī b. Muḥammad ‘Izz ad-Dīn, al-Kāmil fī at-Ta’rīkh (Beirut, 1982), 12:478ff.; Reinhold Röhricht, Geschichte des Königreichs Jerusalem (1100–1291) (Innsbruck, 1898), pp. 782–83; Grousset, Histoire, 3:304–6, 312–15; Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, 3 vols. (Cambridge, 1951–54), 3:171ff., 186, 187; Joshua Prawer, Histoire du royaume Latin de Jerusalem, 2 vols. (Paris 1969–70), 2:170ff., 195–97; Abulafia, Frederick II, pp. 185–91; Mayer, The Crusades, p. 234. For a lucid summary see Pringle, The Churches, 1:264–67.
  • PEFQ, 1874, p. 269.
  • See the more than 400 inscriptions assembled in de Sandoli’s Corpus Inscriptionum Crucesignatorum Terrae Sanctae of 1974, and Denys Pringle, “Crusader Inscriptions from Southern Lebanon,” Crusades 3 (2004), 131–51.
  • Denys Pringle, “King Richard I and the Walls of Ascalon,” Palestine Exploration Quarterly 116 (1984), 133–47.
  • CIAP, 1:163ff.
  • CIAP, 3:188–200; Moshe Sharon, “Vassal and Faṣal: The Evidence of the Farkhah Inscription from 608/1210,” Crusades 4 (2005), 127–40. (The correct date is 606.)

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