- The Treaty of Tordehumos was negotiated under the aegis of Celestine III’s nephew, Cardinal Gregory of Sant’Angelo, and involved a scheme of ransomed towns, which were kept under guard by the Masters of two separate Military Orders, and which would be handed over to whichever party kept the peace longer. The king of Portugal was involved as a guarantor of cooperation from the two parties. Kyle Lincoln, “’Holding the Place of the Lord Pope Celestine’: Legations of Gregory, Cardinal-Deacon of Sant’Angelo (1192–4 and 1196–7),” Anuario de Historia de la Iglesia 24 (2014): 471–500. It was one of many such treaties in the long history of peace-brokering in the Iberian Christian kingdoms: Demetrio Mansilla Reoyo, “Inocencio III y los reinos hispanos,” Anthologica Annua 2 (1954): 13 n. 16.
- The ecclesiastical province of Toledo included these sees and occasionally was able to induce cooperation from Burgos which, though exempt, belonged to the territory covered by the ancient province of Toledo: Andreas Holndonner, Kommunikation-Jurisdiktion-Integration. Das Papsttum und das Erzbistum Toledo im 12. Jahrhundert (ca. 1085–ca. 1185) (Berlin, 2014).
- The ecclesiastical geography of the peninsula was such that, while Toledo – de iure “Primas Hispaniarum” – could theoretically command the suffragans of Santiago and Braga, Tarragona belonged to a different province, and thus Aragon and Navarra were out of Toledo’s direct jurisdiction: Demetrio Mansilla Reoyo, Geografía eclesiástica de España: estudio histórico-geográfico de las diócesis (Rome, 1994), 2:92–135.
- Bernard Reilly, The Kingdom of León-Castilla under Alfonso VII, 1124–1158 (Philadelphia, 1998), 90–134; Carlos de Ayala Martínez, “Alfonso VII y la Cruzada. Participación de los obispos en la ofensiva reconquistadora,” in Castilla y el mundo feudal. Homenaje al profesor Julio Valdeón, ed. María Isabel del Val Valdivieso and Pascual Martínez Sopena (Valladolid, 2009), 2:513–30; Jonathan Phillips, The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom (New Haven, 2007), 244–68; Simon Barton, “A Forgotten Crusade: Alfonso VII of León-Castile and the Campaign for Jaén (1148),” Historical Research 73/182 (Oct. 2000), 312–20.
- Because of this, Smith called the cardinal “the driving force behind papal efforts in the restoration of the Church in the peninsula for 50 years, and it could be argued even longer.” Damian J. Smith, “The Iberian Legations of Cardinal Hyacinth Bobone,” in Pope Celestine III (1191–8): Diplomat and Pastor, ed. John Doran and Damian J. Smith (Aldershot, 2008), 98.
- Juan Francisco Rivera Recio, La Iglesia de Toledo en el siglo xii, 2 vols. (Rome, 1966) 1:218; Damian J. Smith, “Alexander III in Spain,” in Pope Alexander III (1159–1181): The Art of Survival, ed. Peter D. Clarke and Anne J. Duggan (Farnham, 2012), 220; Iben Fonnesberg-Schmidt, “Alexander III and the Crusades,” in ibid., 360–61.
- Archivo Capitular de la Catedral de Toledo, ms. ACT E.7.C.2.8; partially edited by Rivera Recio, La Iglesia de Toledo, 1:220, and cited by Holndonner, Kommunikation – Jurisdiktion – Integration, 453 n. 3. Cardinal Giacinto’s influence is made clear by the inclusion of the very specific reference that the wars between the two kings surrounded the important territory of the Infantazgo (infantaticum) – a region with particular and peculiar legal conditions unique within Latin Europe.
- Smith, “The Iberian Legations of Cardinal Hyacinth,” 82; Rivera Recio, La Iglesia de Toledo, 1:221–22.
- Smith, “The Iberian Legations of Cardinal Hyacinth,” 82.
- Rivera Recio, La Iglesia de Toledo, 1:228–29.
- On the cardinal’s itinerary and activities, see Lincoln, “’Holding the Place of the Lord Pope Celestine’,” 471–500.
- Rivera Recio, La Iglesia de Toledo, 1:231; Julio González, El Reino de Castilla en la época de Alfonso VIII (Madrid, 1960), 1:832–34.
- Rivera Recio, La Iglesia de Toledo, 1:229.
- Joseph F. O’Callaghan, Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain (Philadelphia, 2003), 60. The letter is direct in its language: “Quocirca eis per scripta nostra mandauimus et in uirtute obedientie districte precepimus, quatinus omnes illos, quo treuguas habent cum Sarracenis, diligenter et sedul[o] moneant, ut omni occasione dilatione et contradictione seposita ipsas abrumpant... Eapropter uniuersitati uestre per apostolica scripta mandamus et in uirtute obedientie districte precepimus, quatinus propeter treuguas inter reges christianorum et Sarracenos initas nullatenus omittatis, quin arma contra Saracenos iugiter moneatis et illos hostiliter persequamini.” Paul Fridolin Kehr, Papsturkunden in Spanien (Göttingen, 1970), 2:554–55.
- González, Alfonso VIII, 1:712–15, 3:105–8.
- Both Islamic and Christian sources comment on the grand scale of the raid, with most of the Muslim sources placing the impetus on King Alfonso, but this may be a conflation of the king of Toledo, as Arabic sources referred to Alfonso, with the archbishop: Juan of Osma, “Chronica Latina Regum Castellae,” in Chronica Hispana Saeculi XIII, ed. L. Charlo Brea, CCCM 73 (Turnhout, 1997), 44; Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada, Historia de Rebus Hispaniae sive Historia Gothicorum, in Roderici Ximenii de Rada opera omnia, ed. Juan Fernández Valverde, CCCM 72 (Turnhout, 1987), book VII, ch. 28, 11–24; Primera Crónica General. Estoria de España, ed. Ramón Menéndez Pidal (Madrid, 1907), 1:680–81; Ibn ‘Iḍārī al-Marrākušī, Al-Bayān al-Mugrb fi Ijtiṣār ajbār muluk al-Andalus wa al-Magrib, ed. and trans. Ambrosio Huici-Miranda, vol. 2, Colección de Crónicas Árabes de la Reconquista (Tetuán, 1953), 235; Ibn al-Athir, The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi’l-Ta’rikh, trans. D. S. Richards, 3 vols., Crusade Texts in Translation (Aldershot, 2010), 3:19–20; Sharīf al-Gharnaṭi, “Comentario a la Qasīda maqṣūra de Ḥazim al-Qarṭājanī,” in Las grandes batallas de la reconquista durante las invasiones africanas, ed. Ambrosio Huici Miranda (Granada, 2000), 202. For an examination of this raid in the context of warrior clergy in Castile during the period, see: Kyle C. Lincoln, “Beating Swords into Croziers: A Case Study of Warrior Bishops in the Kingdom of Castile, c.1158–1214,” Journal of Medieval History 44/1 (2018), [forthcoming].
- We have no details of the meeting but the diplomatic evidence places the two monarchs together in Toledo in November 1194: Alfonso IX granted a substantial financial concession to the Order of Santiago on Nov. 29, “facta carta apud Toletum.” Julio González, Alfonso XI (Madrid, 1944), 2:133–34; González, Alfonso VIII, 3:117–22.
- In fact, we strongly suspect that this letter remained unknown for so long because it undermined the primatial authority of Toledo, and was therefore probably buried in the archives by a dutiful canon. Just a few decades later, the Cathedral of Toledo compiled an impressive codex (now, BNE MS Vit. 15–5) to collect all of their documents promoting the primacy, and one can imagine that the letter may have proven less than useful and thus found its way to a dusty caja. That manuscript is briefly described by Peter Linehan, History and the Historians of Medieval Spain (Oxford, 1993), 330–32, 359–60.
- “Verumtamen unum est quod nos valde molestat, quia, sicut auribus nostris insonuit, quotienscunque aliquis vestrum paganos infestare proponit, alii contra eum hostili conspiratione insurgent”: Piero Zerbi, Papato, impero e “respublica christiana” dal 1187 al 1198, 2nd ed. (Milan, 1980), 179, app. 1.
- Ibid.
- Chronica latina regum Castellae, ch. 12, 45; Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada, Historia, book VII, ch. 30, 252. Lucas of Tuy, Chronicon Mundi, ed. Emma Falque, CCCM 74 (Turnhout, 2003), book IV.
- The bull for this crusade is edited and published by Carl Erdmann, Papsturkunden in Portugal (Berlin, 1927), doc. 154, 376–77. Damian Smith has also translated the text of this bull: Smith, “The Iberian Legations of Cardinal Hyacinth Bobone,” 110.
- For the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, see Martín Alvira Cabrer, Las Navas de Tolosa 1212: Idea, liturgia y memoria de la batalla (Madrid, 2012); Francisco García Fitz, Las Navas de Tolosa (Barcelona, 2005); Miguel Gómez, “The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa: The Culture and Practice of Crusading in Medieval Iberia” (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Tennessee, 2011). See also the series of essays published as a special edition of the Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies 4.1 (March 2012).
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