- Roger of Howden, Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene, ed. William Stubbs, RS 52, 4 vols. (London, 1868–71), 3:263–64.
- Howden, Chronica, 3:317–19.
- The first inquiry conducted in England regarding dead and dying crusaders was undertaken in 1194 by royal itinerant justices. Thereafter they became commonplace in England throughout the thirteenth century. Howden, Chronica, 3:317–19.
- Michael Prestwich, Edward I (New Haven and London, 1997), 327–29.
- Hereford, Herefordshire Archives and Records Centre, AL19/2, fol. 23r; Lincoln, Lincolnshire Records Office, Bishop’s Reg. I (Oliver Sutton), fols. 38v–39v; Canterbury, Canterbury Cathedral Archives, CCA-DCc/Register/I, fols. 167v–168r. The Hereford and Lincoln articles of inquiry have been transcribed and printed: Richard de Swinfield, The Register of Richard de Swinfield: Bishop of Hereford (A.D. 1283–1317), ed. William W. Capes, Cantilupe Society 2 (Hereford, 1909), 78–79; Oliver Sutton, The Rolls and Register of Bishop Oliver Sutton, 1280–1299, ed. Rosalind M. T. Hill, Lincoln Records Society, 8 vols. (Hereford; Lincoln; Woodbridge, 1948–86), 3:157–59. The Hereford articles of inquiry were translated in William E. Lunt, Papal Revenues in the Middle Ages, Records of Civilization Sources and Studies 19, 2 vols. (New York, 1965), 2:491–92. The Canterbury articles of inquiry were noted in the Eighth Report of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, Report and Appendix—(Part I), Historical Manuscripts Commission (London, 1881), 345. The printed editions of the episcopal registers will hereafter be cited as Reg. Swinfield and Reg. Sutton.
- Register/I, fol. 167v. The headings in the episcopal registers differ from this one and from each other slightly. Swinfield: “These are articles among all of which what is owed to the Holy Land is to be enquired.” Sutton: “These are articles among which that which concerns the Holy Land is to be enquired and progressed.” For the Latin see the Appendix below.
- William E. Lunt, Financial Relations of the Papacy with England, to 1327, Studies in Anglo-Papal Relations During the Middle Ages 1 (Cambridge, MA, 1939), 451, 453.
- Ibid., 451; W. E. Lunt, “A Papal Tenth Levied in the British Isles from 1274 to 1280,” The English Historical Review 32 (1917): 49–89, at 57. For Goffredo di Vezzano, see also n. 42, below.
- Lunt, Financial Relations, 453 n. 1.
- James A. Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader (Madison, 1969), 131.
- Ibid., 131 n. 63.
- Simon Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 1216–1307 (Oxford, 1988), 22–23.
- Lincoln: ibid., 21 n. 52. Based on the revised numbering below, Lloyd’s comment regarding Article 16 in Reg. Sutton in this footnote should actually be Article 17. For the inquiries from 1273 see, Annales Monasterii de Wintonia (A.D. 519–1277), in Annales Monastici, ed. Henry Richards Luard, RS 36, 5 vols. (London, 1846–69), 2:113–15; Annales de Monasterii de Waverlia (A.D. 1–1291), in Annales Monastici, 2:379–81.
- Christopher Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 1095–1588 (Chicago, 1988), 224.
- Ibid., 224 n. 171 (at 420).
- Bruce Beebe, “Edward I and the Crusades” (PhD thesis, University of St. Andrews, 1971), 318– 19. For the Lincolnshire preaching tour: Reg. Sutton, 3:195. By this time there was a standard format for the immediate redemption of crusading vows: William Hoo, The Letter Book of William Hoo, Sacrist of Bury St. Edmunds, 1280–1294, ed. Antonia Gransden, Suffolk Records Society 5 (Ipswich, 1963), 57 no. 71; translated in Lunt, Papal Revenues, 2:517.
- Michael R. Evans, “Crusades and Society in the English Midlands, c.1150–1307” (PhD thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996), 188.
- Ibid., 188–89.
- Christoph T. Maier, Preaching the Crusades: The Mendicant Friars and the Cross in the Thirteenth Century (Cambridge, 1998), 159.
- Ibid., 159.
- Ibid., 159 n. 111.
- Reg. Sutton, 3:156–59.
- For the bull, Reg. Sutton, 3:156; for the articles of inquiry, ibid., 3:157–59.
- See Articles 2 and 4, in the Appendix below.
- Article 15, in the Appendix below. This article is actually omitted from both editions of the registers: Reg. Swinfield, 79; Reg. Sutton, 3:158.
- Article 17, in the Appendix below.
- See Appendix below, Articles 11 and 12, nn. 17 and 19.
- Eighth Report of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, 345.
- Articles 11, 12, 14, in the Appendix below.
- As seen above, Brundage, Canon Law, 131 n. 63; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 224 n. 171 (at 420).
- Lunt, Financial Relations, 453 n. 1.
- Eighth Report of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, 345.
- The sources on this are discussed by Lunt, Financial Relations, 338 n. 9. See also, Prestwich, Edward I, 327–29.
- Reg. Sutton, 3:156–59.
- W. H. Bliss and J. A. Twemlow, eds., Calendar of the Entries in the Papal Registers relating to Great Britain and Ireland, 14 vols. (London, 1893–1960), 1:552–54, quote at 554. On 5 November 1290, Clement V issued a list of names of trustworthy merchants for the bishops to deposit the subsidy with: John de Pontissara, Registrum Johannis de Pontissara Episcopi Wyntoniensis A.D. MCCLXXXII– MCCCIV, ed. Cecil Deedes, Canterbury & York Society 19 & 30, 2 vols. (London, 1915–24), 2:501–03; a further two paragraphs of instructions for the collection survives in the same register, 2:783–85.
- Alan Forey, “Otto of Grandson and the Holy Land, Cyprus and Armenia,” Crusades 16 (2017): 79–94, at 83.
- Bishop Oliver had commissioned Walter de Langele, provincial minister of the Franciscans to preach in the archdeaconries of Oxford and Buckingham: Reg. Sutton, 3:195; Beebe, “Edward I and the Crusades,” 318–19.
- John le Romeyn, The Registers of John le Romeyn, Lord Archbishop of York, 1286–1296, ed. W. Brown, Surtees Society 123 & 128, 2 vols. (Durham, 1913–17), 1:113 no. 309; 2:8–9 no. 1133, 13 no. 1140; James Raine, ed., Historical Papers and Letters from the Northern Registers, RS 61 (London, 1873), 93, 96. Archbishop John was to preach in York Minster and the friars and other theologians in other parts of the archdiocese on the feast of the Exaltation of the Cross (14 September) 1291. See also, Maier, Preaching the Crusades, 95, 106; Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 55–56. According to the 13th-century chronicler Bartholomew Cotton, the archbishop of Canterbury had also started a recruitment campaign in 1290: Bartholomew Cotton, Bartholomaei de Cotton Monachi Norwicensis Historia Anglicana (AD 449–1298), ed. Henry Richards Luard, RS 16 (London, 1859; repr. Cambridge, 2012), 177–78.
- Durham, Durham Cathedral Archives Special Collections, 1.14.Pont.1; 1.14.Pont.2; Calendar of the Entries in the Papal Registers, 1:553; calendared in C. M. Fraser, ed., Records of Antony Bek, Bishop and Patriarch, 1283–1311, Surtees Society 162 (Durham, 1953), 26–28.
- Article 18, in the Appendix below. There are a couple of cases of this form of donation occurring: for example, C. E. Woodrough, ed., “The Will of Peter de Aqua Blanca, Bishop of Hereford (1268),” in Camden Miscellany XIV, Camden Series (London, 1926), 3. One contemporary case in 1291 was in the will of Sir Nicholas de Mitton who left 10 marks to Henry de Bonden for the Holy Land subsidy and further “moneys coming from certain debts to the subsidy of the Holy Land.” Godfrey Giffard, Episcopal Registers, Diocese of Worcester. Register of Bishop Godfrey Giffard, September 23rd, 1286, to January 26th, 1302, ed. and trans. J. W. Willis-Bund, Worcestershire Historical Society, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1898–1902), 2:388–90.
- Pontissara, Registrum. The register does, however, contain six bulls of Clement V relating to the appointment of the bishops of Lincoln and Winchester and their duties as collectors of the tenth.
- For his biography, see Giovanna Petti Balbi, I signori di Vezzano in Lunigiana (secoli XI–XIII) (Lunigiana, 1982).
- Calendar of the Entries in the Papal Registers, 1:475.
- Ibid., 1:476.
- Giffard, Register, 2:153–54. Willis-Bund, however, has not fully translated these letters but merely calendared them with little information. Worcester, Worcester Archive and Archaeology Services, Rf.x716.093 BA 2648/I (i), fols. 144v–145r. “Unde cu[m] temeam[ur] diligenti sollicitudine q[uo]d a d[ic]ta sed[et] vob[is] inimi[gitur] [et] co[m]mittit[ur] exquiren[er]ent[ur] [...] sup[er] hiis que debent[ur] t[er]re s[an]c[t]e in Civitate [et] dioc[esis] vest[ra], p[ro]ut a duos rec[us]atis p[er]venit temp[or]ib[us] sive h[ab]endo in exquirendo sollicitudine p[ro]ut d[ic]tam sed [et] vos deceat, ac d[ic] te t[er]re s[an]c[t]e respiciat co[m]modu[m] p[er]venire pot[er]it in fut[uru]m, sic vos instru[er]e ac c[er]tificare debitores quoque ad satisfaciend[o] [et] .. Offic[ialis] ac Archid[iaconis] v[er]os [et] alias p[er]sonas Ecc[les]iasticas relig[iosos] [et] sec[u]lares ad p[ro]movend[o], h[u]i[us], t[er]re s[an]c[t]e negocia, [et] ad impendend[um] vob[is] in co[m]missis negociis”: fol. 144v.
- Worcester Archive and Archaeology Services, Rf.x716.093, fol. 144v.
- This was the dean of Christianity of Bury St. Edmunds. For more on this, see Jane Sayers, “Monastic Archdeacons,” in Church and Government in the Middle Ages: Essays Presented to C. R. Cheney on his 70th Birthday, ed. C. N. L. Brooke, D. E. Luscombe, G. H. Martin and Dorothy Owen (Cambridge, 1976), 177–203, Bury St. Edmunds at 179–81; reprinted in Jane E. Sayers, Law and Records in Medieval England (London, 1988), no. 6.
- William Hoo, Letter Book, 48–49 no. 41. N. de H. [...] discreto viro decano de C. salutem in domino. Quia in decanatu predicto super legatis in subsidium terre sancte assignatis seu alio modo debitis die tali post festum talem inquirere intendimis [...] quatinus peremptorie citetis omnes capellanos predicti decanatus necnon de qualibet villa duos legaliores homines quod compareant coram nobis in ecclesia parochiali de C. die supradicto per iuramentum suum super articulis terram sanctam vel eius statum contingentibus veritatem dicturi. Et quid super premissis feceritis per litteras vestras patentes harum seriem continentes nos ad dictos diem et locum distincte et aperte certificetis.
- Based on Matthew Paris, Matthaei Parisiensis, Monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica Majora, ed. Henry Richards Luard, RS 57, 7 vols. (London, 1872–83), 6:134–38; for a translation of the letter see: Robert Grosseteste, The Letters of Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln, trans. F. A. C. Mantello and Joseph Goering (Toronto, 2010), 454–58 no. 132.
- William Hoo, Letter Book, 47 no. 37, 92 no. 176. As Gransden noted, William de Morborne could have been confused with William de Muriden or Miriden, who had previous experience as a collector in the diocese of Norwich between 1266 to 1269. William Hoo, Letter Book, 92 n. 1; Lunt, Financial Relations, 626, 628.
- William Hoo, Letter Book, 92 no. 176.
- Ibid., 48–49 no. 41, 92 no. 176.
- Ibid., 107–8 no. 205.
- Ibid., 107–8 no. 205; Calendar of the Patent Rolls preserved in the Public Record Office, Edward I, A.D. 1281–1292 (London, 1893), 231, 244.
- Unfortunately, copies of the inquiry do not seem to have been entered in the abbey’s registers: Rodney M. Thomson, ed., The Archives of the Abbey of Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk Records Society 21 (Woodbridge, 1980).
- Romeyn, The Registers, 2:73–74 no. 1313.
- Ibid., 2:73.The barony of Churchdown and the Augustinian priory of St. Oswald, both near Gloucester, were under the jurisdiction of the archbishops of York until 1536: “Houses of Augustinian canons: The priory of St. Oswald, Gloucester,” in A History of the County of Gloucester, ed. William Page et al., 14 vols. (London, 1907–), 2:84–87.
- Romeyn, The Registers, 2:73.
- Ibid., 1:68–69 no. 162.
- John de Halton, The Register of John de Halton, Bishop of Carlisle, A.D. 1292–1324, ed. W. N. Thompson and T. F. Tout, Canterbury and York Society, 2 vols. (London, 1913), 1:28–29.
- Worcester and Lichfield: Hugo Tankes, the prior of Worcester, and William le Archer. Canterbury, Rochester, and Chichester: J de Monyngeliam. See, Romeyn, The Registers, 2:73–74; Giffard, Register, 2:427–28, 432; Worcester Archive and Archaeology Services, Rf.x716.093, fols. 369r, 371r; Annales de Wigornia in Annales Monastici, 4:507; Canterbury, Canterbury Cathedral Archives, CCA-DCc/Sede Vacante Scrap Book 3, fol. 173r. Lunt noticed that Robert Bernard was commissioned to conduct an inquiry in the diocese of Lincoln in Lent 1294, after the collection of obventions and legacies had passed from the bishops of Lincoln and Winchester: Lunt, Financial Relations, 453 n. 3.
- This is evidenced in Giffard, Register, 2:427–28, 432; Worcester Archive and Archaeology Services, Rf.x716.093, fols. 369r, 371r, where letters are dated to June 1292 and July 1293. The contents of both letters concern the collection and accounts of the collectors in the diocese of Worcester for these years.
- J. W. Willis-Bund, ed., The Register of the Diocese of Worcester during the Vacancy of the See, usually called “Registrum Sede Vacante”: Part I, from the Death of Bishop Giffard, Feb. 1301, to the Enthronization of Bishop Ginsborough, June 1303, Worcestershire Historical Society (Oxford, 1893), 7.
- Articles 1, 2, 7, in the Appendix below.
- Article 13. Articles 5, 8, 11, and 12 also deal with bequests and legacies (see Appendix below).
- Article 1, in the Appendix below.
- Article 14, in the Appendix below. In 1291 Eva, the wife of Robert de Tibetot, was absolved of her crusader vow by the bishop of Norwich: Calendar of the Entries in the Papal Registers, 1:528. For more on female crusaders see: Michael R. Evans, “‘Unfit to Bear Arms’: The Gendering of Arms and Armour in Accounts of Women on Crusade,” in Gendering the Crusades, ed. Susan B. Edgington and Sarah Lambert (Cardiff, 2001), 45–58; Keren Caspi-Reisfeld, “Women Warriors during the Crusades, 1095–1254,” in Gendering the Crusades, 94–107; Natasha R. Hodgson, Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative (Woodbridge, 2007); Helen J. Nicholson, “Women’s Involvement in the Crusades,” in The Crusader World, ed. Adrian J. Boas (London, 2016), 54–67.
- Article 16, in the Appendix below.
- Article 17, in the Appendix below.
- Ibid. Many crusaders ended up with great debts which would be reimbursed at a later date: for example, Forey, “Otto of Grandson,” 84.
- For the inquiries, 1196: Howden, Chronica, 3:317–19; 1201: Howden, Chronica, 4:165–67, 173; Innocent III, The Letters of Pope Innocent III (1198–1216) concerning England and Wales: A Calendar with an Appendix of Texts, ed. C. R. and Mary G. Cheney (Oxford, 1967), 52 no. 318. The lists here are a set of names and occupations of crusaders from the archdeaconry of Cornwall and the diocese of Lincoln. Cornwall: Canterbury, Canterbury Cathedral Archives, CCA-DCc/MSSB/A/7; recorded briefly in the Fifth Report of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts: Part I. Report and Appendix, Historical Manuscripts Commission (London, 1876), 462. Lincolnshire: Canterbury, Canterbury Cathedral Archives, CCA-DCc/ChChLet/II/227; recorded, not wholly accurately, in Report of the Royal Commission on Manuscripts in Various Collections: Part I. Report and Appendix (London, 1901), 235–36. Both have received studies of varying degrees of accuracy. For the list from the archdeaconry of Cornwall, see Nicholas Orme and O. J. Padel, “Cornwall and the Third Crusade,” Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall 9 (2005): 71–77, an image of the manuscript list is provided on 74, and a modern transcription, 75–76. For Lincoln, see: Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 171–72; Evans, “Crusades and Society,” 149–54; idem, “Commutation of Crusade Vows: Some Examples from the English Midlands,” in Clermont, 219–28, at 223–24; idem, “‘A far from Aristocratic Affair’: Poor and Non-Combatant Crusaders from the Midlands, c.1160–1300,” Midland History 21 (1996): 23–36, at 26–28. A new edition of the Lincolnshire list is in preparation by the present author.
- Brundage, Medieval Canon Law, 131. This turn of phrase was used by Evans in his article on poor and non-combatant crusaders: Evans, “‘A far from Aristocratic Affair’,” 23–36.
- Reg. Sutton, 3:157, “Ista.”
- Reg. Sutton, 3:157 n. 2; Hill noted “This heading appears in the text and not, as is usual, in the margin.” For the Hereford and Canterbury registers the heading is at the top centre of the folio.
- Reg. Swinfield, 78, inserted “[per]” here.
- Reg. Swinfield, 78, “Cujuscumque”; in the manuscript register there is clearly an “n” not an “m.”
- Reg. Swinfield, 78, “alio” omitted: “seu aliquo modo assignata.”
- Reg. Swinfield, 78, inserted “[promiserit]” here. In adding this, Capes was translating crucesignatus as the noun “crusader,” rather than the participle “signed up with the cross.” For those working from the printed register this could have rendered their translation as “Moreover, whether any crusader [promised] to set out for the Holy Land and did not set out,” rather than: “Moreover, whether anyone might have been signed with the cross in order to set out to the Holy Land and did not set out.” Lunt rendered it, “Item, whether any was signed with the cross that he would go to the Holy Land and has not gone.” Lunt, Papal Revenues, 2:491. I am especially grateful to Professor Paul Russell for taking the time to highlight this point to me.
- Reg. Sutton, 3:157 n. 3, Hill notes: “I have followed Scalleby’s somewhat arbitrary use of tenses throughout this entry.”
- Same as n. 7 above.
- Reg. Sutton, 3:157, “proxime.”
- This seems to be a repetition of article 5.
- This seems to be a repetition of article 5.
- The abbreviated “P” is written with a scribal flourish.
- There is no break in this clause in the manuscript or printed edition. In Canterbury and Lincoln it forms two separate articles.
- Reg. Swinfield, 79, “quibus.”
- Reg. Swinfield, 79, “vel.”
- Reg. Swinfield, 79, “sint.”
- Reg. Swinfield, 79, “executors etc.” Capes terminates this entry here.
- Reg. Swinfield, 79, “quod.”
- Reg. Swinfield, 79, “legata terre sancte subsidio, qui sunt executors etc.” Capes omits “vel relicta” and terminates this entry here.
- The scribe has inserted a “paragraphus” (¶) here as the clause proceeds directly into Article 12 “Item videantur.”
- Reg. Sutton, 3:158, “decesserunt.”
- Reg. Swinfield, 79, “aliquod.”
- Reg. Swinfield, 79, “hujusmodi.”
- Reg. Sutton, 3:158, “hujusmodi.”
- Reg. Swinfield, 79, “terminum.”
- Reg. Swinfield, 79, “aliquid.”
- Reg. Swinfield, 79, “hujusmodi.”
- The scribe has started a new line here and has indicated that this is a separate, new clause with a “paragraphus” (¶).
- Reg. Sutton, 3:158 n. 1, “Sic, recte ‘sed’.”
- Reg. Sutton, 3:158, “hujusmodi.”
- Article of inquiry omitted from Reg. Swinfield, 79.
- Article of inquiry omitted from Reg. Sutton, 3:158.
- Register/I, fol. 167v, “pro hiis” interlined.
- Reg. Sutton, 3:158, “Anglie.”
- Reg. Sutton, 3:158, “Anglia.”
- Reg. Sutton, 3:158, “receperint.”
- Reg. Sutton, 3:159, “London.”
- Reg. Sutton, 3:159, “conditionis.”
- Reg. Sutton, 3:159, “hujusmodi.”
- Reg. I, fol. 68r, “ad eundum” interlined.