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Articles

Bernard Hamilton Essay Prize: A Paragon of Support? Ela of Salisbury, Martyrdom, and the Ideals of Sponsoring CrusadeFootnote

Gordon M. ReynoldsUniversity of [email protected]
Pages 247-266 | Published online: 17 Feb 2023

  • See Jonathan Riley-Smith, “Family Traditions and Participation in the Second Crusade,” in The Second Crusade and the Cistercians, ed. Michael Gervers (New York, 1992), 101–8; Jonathan Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders, 1095–1131 (Cambridge, 1997). For works that incorporate his concepts, see especially Nicholas L. Paul, To Follow in Their Footsteps: The Crusades and Family Memory in the High Middle Ages (Ithaca, NY, 2012), 55–89; Nicholas L. Paul and Jochen G. Schenk, “Family Memory and the Crusades,” in Remembering the Crusades and Crusading, ed. Megan Cassidy-Welch (London, 2016), 173–86; Danielle E. A. Park, Papal Protection and the Crusader: Flanders, Champagne, and the Kingdom of France 1095–1222 (Woodbridge, 2018), 1.
  • See generally Simon Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 1216–1307 (Oxford, 1988), 108–9; Paul, To Follow in Their Footsteps; Riley-Smith, “Family Traditions and Participation in the Second Crusade,” 101–8.
  • Danielle E. A. Park, “The Power of Crusaders’ Wives in Narrative and Diplomatic Sources, c. 1096–1149,” The Reading Medievalist 1/2 (2014): 18–31; Christopher Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 1095–1588 (Chicago, 1988), 196–201; James M. Powell, “The Role of Women in the Fifth Crusade,” in Horns, 294–313, at 296–97; Christine Dernbecher, Deus et virum suum diligens. Zur rolle und Bedeutung der Frau im Umfeld der Kreuzzüge (St. Ingbert, 2003), 27–52; Penelope A. Adair, “‘Ego et mea uxor…’: Countess Clemence and her Role in the Comital Family and in Flanders (1092–1133)” (unpublished PhD thesis, University of California, 1993); Thérèse de Hemptinne, “Les épouses de croisés et pèlerins flamands aux XIe et XIIe siècles: l’example des comtesses de Flandre Clémence et Sibylle,” in Autour, 83–95; Park, Papal Protection and the Crusader; Kathrine A. LoPrete, Adela of Blois, Countess and Lord (c. 1067–1137) (Dublin, 2007), 101–17; David Herlihy, “Land, Family and Women in Continental Europe, 701–1200,” Traditio 18/18 (1962): 89–120, at 113; Jochen Schenk, Templar Families: Landowning Families and the Order of the Temple in France, c. 1120–1307 (Cambridge, 2012), 203–49; Jürgen Sarnowsky, “Gender-Aspekte in der Geschichte der geistlichen Ritterorden,” in Lebendige Sozialgeschichte, Gedenkschrift für Peter Borowsky, ed. Rainer Hering (Wiesbaden, 2003), 168–88; Myra M. Bom, Women in the Military Orders of the Crusades (New York, 2012); Hospitaller Women in the Middle Ages, ed. Anthony Luttrell and Helen J. Nicholson (Aldershot, 2006). Regarding women’s ability to inhibit crusaders, see James A. Brundage, “The Crusader’s Wife: A Canonistic Quandary,” Studia Gratiana 12 (1967): 425–41; James A. Brundage, “The Crusader’s Wife Revisited,” Studia Gratiana 14 (1967): 243–51.
  • Christoph T. Maier, “Mass, the Eucharist and the Cross: Innocent III and the Relocation of the Crusade,” in Pope Innocent III and His World, ed. John C. Moore (Aldershot, 1999), 351–60; Christoph T. Maier, “Crisis, Liturgy and Crusade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 48/4 (1997): 628–67; Iris Shagrir and Cecilia Gaposchkin, “Liturgy and Devotion in the Crusader States: Introduction,” Journal of Medieval History 43/4 (2017): 359–66; Anne E. Lester, “A Shared Imitation: Cistercian Convents and Crusader Families in Thirteenth-Century Champagne,” Journal of Medieval History 35/4 (2009): 353–70.
  • Michael Lower, The Barons’ Crusade, A Call to Arms and its Consequences (Philadelphia, 2005), 13–36; Christoph T. Maier, Preaching the Crusades: Mendicant Friars and the Cross in the Thirteenth Century (Cambridge, 1994), 135–40; Penny J. Cole, The Preaching of the Crusades to the Holy Land, 1095–1270 (Cambridge, 1991), 160–65.
  • “Quia Maior,” in Studien zum Register Innocenz’ III, ed. Georgine Tangl (Weimar, 1929), 88–97, at 92: “Eis autem, qui non in personis propriis illuc accesserint, sed in suis dumtaxat expensis iuxta facultatem et qualitatem suam viros idoneos destinarint, et illis similiter, qui licet in alienis expensis, in propriis tamen personis accesserint, plenam suorum concedimus veniam peccatorum.” The following is my translation (and all other translations are my own except where stated otherwise): “those who do not fulfill these characteristics [as warriors] but who, at their own expense, send men of appropriate quality and standing, or similarly those who rely on others expenses and go in another’s stead, we grant a full pardon of their sins.”
  • Constance M. Rousseau, “Home Front and Battlefield: The Gendering of Papal Crusading Policy (1095–1221),” in Gendering the Crusades, ed. Susan Edgington and Sarah Lambert (Cardiff, 2001), 31–44. See also Thomas W. Smith, “How to Craft a Crusade Call: Pope Innocent III and Quia Maior (1213),” Institute of Historical Research 92/255 (2019): 2–23 at 20–21.
  • There is a large corpus on this topic; see particularly Natasha R. Hodgson, Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative (Woodbridge, 2007); Christoph T. Maier, “The Roles of Women in the Crusade Movement: A Survey,” Journal of Medieval History 30/1 (2004): 61–82, at 61–69; Bodo Hechelhammer, “Frauen auf dem Kreuzzug,” in Die Kreuzzüge: Kein Krieg ist Heilig, ed. Hans-Jürgen Kotzur, Brigitte Klein and Winfried Wilhelmy (Mainz am Rhein, 2004), 205–11; Keren Caspi-Reisfeld, “Women Warriors During the Crusades, 1095–1254,” in Gendering the Crusades, ed. Edgington and Lambert, 94–107; Rasa Mazeika, “‘Nowhere was the Fragility of their Sex Apparent’: Women Warriors in the Baltic Crusade Chronicles,” in Clermont, 229–48; Helen J. Nicholson, “Women on the Third Crusade,” Journal of Medieval History 23/4 (1997): 335–49; Charity C. Willard, “Isabel of Portugal and the Fifteenth-Century Burgundian Crusade,” in Journeys toward God: Pilgrimage and Crusade, ed. Barbara N. Sargent-Baur (Kalamazoo, 1992), 205–14; Megan McLaughlin, “The Woman Warrior: Gender, Warfare and Society in Medieval Europe,” Women’s Studies 17/1 (1990): 193–209; Régine Pernoud, La Femme au temps des Croisades (Paris, 1990); Benjamin Z. Kedar, “The Passenger List of a Crusader Ship, 1250: Towards the History of the Popular Element on the Seventh Crusade,” Studi Medievali 13/1 (1972): 267–79. See also Niall Christie, “Fighting Women in the Crusading Period through Muslim Eyes,” in Crusading and Masculinities, ed. Natasha R. Hodgson, Katherine J. Lewis, and Matthew M. Mesley (London, 2019), 183–95; Jeson Ng, “Women of the Crusades: The Constructedness of the Female Other, 1100–1200,” Al-Masāq 31/3 (2019): 303–22.
  • Paul, To Follow in Their Footsteps, 165–70; Paul and Schenk, “Family Memory and the Crusades,” 173–86; Miikka Tamminen, Crusade Preaching and the Ideal Crusader (Turnhout, 2018); Megan Cassidy-Welch, War and Memory at the Time of the Fifth Crusade (Philadelphia, 2019); Crusading and Masculinities, ed. Hodgson, Lewis, and Mesley.
  • Miikka Tamminen, “Crusading in the Margins? Women and Children in the Crusade Model Sermons of the Thirteenth Century,” in Religious Participation in Ancient and Medieval Societies: Rituals, Interaction and Identity, ed. Sari Katajala-Peltomaa and Ville Vuolanto (Rome, 2013), 145–58.
  • Louise J. Wilkinson, “Women as Sheriffs in Early Thirteenth-Century England,” in English Government in the Thirteenth Century, ed. Adrian Jobson (Woodbridge, 2004), 111–24, esp. 119–24; Christine Owens, “Noblewomen and Political Activity,” in Women in Medieval Western European Culture, ed. Linda E. Mitchell (London, 1999), 209–19; Megan McLaughlin, “Looking for Medieval Women: An Interim Report on the Project ‘Women’s Religious Life and Communities, a.d. 500–1500’,” Medieval Prosopography 8/1 (1987): 61–91, esp. 71–74; Valerie G. Spear, Leadership in Medieval English Nunneries (Woodbridge, 2005), 31, 61, 94; Women of the English Nobility and Gentry, 1066– 1500, ed. Jennifer Ward (Manchester, 1995), 105, no. 88, 115, no. 99, 152, no. 121, and 200–201, nos. 145–46; Margaret W. Labarge, A Medieval Miscellany (Ottawa, 1997), 68–72; William L. Bowles and John G. Nichols, Annals and Antiquities of Lacock Abbey in the County of Wilts; with Memorials of the Foundress Ela Countess of Salisbury, and of the Earls of Salisbury of the Houses of Sarisbury and Longespe (London, 1835).
  • Bowles and Nichols, Annals and Antiquities of Lacock Abbey, 255–56; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 403, n. 90; Simon Lloyd, “William Longespee II: The Making of an English Hero – Part I,” Nottingham Medieval Studies 35 (1991): 41–69, at 57–58; Labarge, A Medieval Miscellany, 68–72.
  • Lloyd and Hunt noted that Ela approved of William’s crusade, but no more. See Simon Lloyd and Tony Hunt, “William Longespee II: The Making of an English Crusading Hero – Part II,” Nottingham Medieval Studies 36 (1992): 79–125, at 87.
  • The Seventh Crusade, 1244–1254, ed. Peter Jackson (Farnham, 2009), 72–73.
  • Christopher Tyerman, The World of the Crusades (New Haven, 2019), 276–80.
  • For more on these works, see Bjorn Weiler, “Matthew Paris on the Writing of History,” Journal of Medieval History 35 (2009): 254–78.
  • The Historia narrates the battle but omits any mention of Ela: see Matthew Paris, Historia Anglorum and Abbreviatio Chronicorum, ed. Frederick Madden, 3 vols. (London, 1866–69), 3:83–84. In Matthew Paris’ Flores Historiarum, in a hand other than Matthew’s, the Abbreviatio’s version of events was replicated: Flores Historiarum Vol. II a.d. 1067–a.d. 1264, ed. Henry R. Luard (London, 1890), 364, n. 2.
  • Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ed. Henry R. Luard, 7 vols. (London, 1872–83), 5:153–54: “… quod caelo aperto susceptus est quidam miles omnibus armis redimitus. Cujus clipeum cum per picturam cognovisset, stupefacta sciscitabatur, quisnam esset ipse qui ascendens ab angelis ad tantam suscipiebatur gloriam, cujus noverat spolia; et responsum fuerat voce manifesta et articulata, ‘Willelmus filius tuus.’” I have translated spolia as “belongings.” Spolia typically means “spoils” or “booty,” but in this context I believe Matthew was referring to the equipment that William carried, like his recognizable shield.
  • Matthew Paris, Historia Anglorum and Abbreviatio Chronicorum, 3:313: “… videbatur in nocte praecedenti matri suae, abbatissae scilicet de Lacoc, quondam comitissae Saresbiriensi, quod dictus Willelmus, aperto coelo, elevates est totaliter armatus, cujus armature bene novit…”.
  • Jessalynn Bird, “Preaching and Crusading Memory,” in Remembering the Crusades and Crusading, ed. Cassidy-Welch, 14–33, at 28. See also Jessalynn Bird, “James of Vitry’s Sermons to Pilgrims,” Essays in Medieval Studies 25 (2008): 81–113, at 87.
  • Matthew Paris, Historia Anglorum and Abbreviatio Chronicorum, 3:313. Ela would have heard of her son’s death sometime before 27 September 1250, when William’s will was enacted, see Calendar of Close Rolls, Henry III – Edward I, 1227–1302, 19 vols. (London, 1902–75), 6:329.
  • Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, 5:173: “‘O domine mi Jesu Christe, gratias tibi ago, qui de corpore mei, indignae peccatricis, talem ac tantum voluisti filium procreari, quem tam manifesti martyrii corona dignatus es redimire. Spero utique, quod ipsius patrocinio citius ad culmen caelestis patriae promovebor.’ Haec autem postquam hujuscemodi rumorum relatores, qui diu prae timore tacuerant, viderent et audirent, non muliebrem in muliere laudantes constantiam, in ipsa mirabantur matronalem et maternam pietatem, in verba lugubris querimoniae non resolvi, immo potius spirituali gaudio alacriter exultare.”
  • Matthew Paris, Historia Anglorum and Abbreviatio Chronicorum, 3:313: “et addentes qua die in frusta, proelians contra infideles pro Christo, martir gloriosus detruncatur. At illa comperiens diem et visionem memoratam rei gestae respondere, elevatis manibus gratias egit Deo vultu alacri, dicens, ‘Gratias refero tibi ego ancilla tua, Domine, quod de carne mea peccatrice talem nasci praecepisti tuorum hostium expugnatorem’.”
  • Gerald of Wales, Giraldi Cambrensis Opera, ed. John S. Brewer, James G. Dimock, and George F. Warner, 8 vols. (London, 1861–91), 6:113: “Gratias tibi, carissime Domine Christe Jhesu, intimas ago, quod talem mihi filium quem tuo dignareris obsequio parere concessisti.”
  • Christoph T. Maier, “Brevis Ordinacio de Predicacione Sancte Crucis: Edition, Translation and Commentary,” Crusades 18 (2019): 25–65, at 27–29.
  • Maier, “Brevis Ordinacio de Predicacione Sancte Crucis,” 56: “Hoc audito a matre ipsorum, ipsa laudavit Deum, quod ipse ita respexerat eam, quod ipsa filium talem peperit, qui ei fuit placabilis” (translation: ibid., 57). On the identity of the crusader and his brother, see ibid., 56, n. h; Tamminen, Crusade Preaching and the Ideal Crusader, 192–93.
  • Hodgson, Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative, 162–63.
  • Cf. discussions of Hartmann von Aue’s poetry: Paul, To Follow in Their Footsteps, 3; William E. Jackson, “Poet, Woman, and Crusade in Songs of Marcabru, Guiot de Dijon, and Albrecht von Johansdorf,” Mediaevalia 22 (1999): 265–89, at 267.
  • Colin Morris, “Martyrs on the Field of Battle Before and During the First Crusade,” in Martyrs and Martyrologies, ed. Diana Wood (Oxford, 1993), 93–104, at 103.
  • Beth C. Spacey, “Martyrdom as Masculinity in the Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi,” in Crusading and Masculinities, ed. Hodgson, Lewis, and Mesley, 222–36, at 223; Caroline Smith, “Martyrdom and Crusading in the Thirteenth Century: Remembering the Dead of Louis IX’s Crusades,” Al-Masāq 15 (2003): 189–96, at 190.
  • Roger of Wendover, Rogeri de Wendover liber qui dicitur Flores Historiarum ab anno domini MCLIV annoque Henrici Anglorum Regis Secundi Primo, ed. Henry G. Hewlett, 3 vols. (Cambridge, 1886–89), 2:288: “et juxta cereum stantem viderunt puellam quandam nimia pulchritudine decoratam, quae lumen cerei, quod nocturnas tenebras illustrabat, a ventorum pluviarum que irruentium rabie conservaret praeclarum ex hac quoque caelestis visione claritatis tam comes ipse quam nautae omnes securitate concepta, divinum sibi adesse auxilium confidebant” (“and like a candle they saw a girl standing, adorned exceedingly beautifully, who lit up the night’s darkness, it was clear to the earl and all the sailors that by this heavenly vision they would be protected from harm, they were confident of divine help”). For a wider discussion on Matthew Paris’ use of prophecy and visions, see Bjorn Weiler, “History, Prophecy and the Apocalypse in the Chronicles of Matthew Paris,” English Historical Review 133/561 (2018): 253–83.
  • Lloyd and Hunt, “William Longespee II – Part I,” 57; Lloyd, “William Longespee II – Part I,” 44.
  • Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, 5:172: “De magnanimitate abbatissae et comitissae de Acoc, Hela [nomine].”
  • Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, 5:173: “fide vacillante, Terra Sancta patet discrimini; minorataque religione Christiana.”
  • Rebecca Reader, “Matthew Paris and Women,” in Thirteenth-Century England VII, ed. Michael Prestwich, Richard Britnell and Robin Frame (Woodbridge, 1999), 153–59.
  • Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, 5:173.
  • The word pietatem may also be rendered, literally, as “piety,” but I think Matthew Paris used the word in the sense given above; see Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, 5:173.
  • Matthew Paris, Historia Anglorum and Abbreviatio Chronicorum, 3:313: “Elapso autem dimidio anno sequente, cum omnes qui casum sciebant et diu celabant” (“half a year had elapsed after [the dream], and all that time those who knew the cause kept it secret”).
  • James A. Brundage, “Widows and Remarriage: Moral Conflicts and Their Resolution in Classical Canon Law,” in Wife and Widow in Medieval England, ed. Sue S. Walker (Ann Arbor, 1993), 17–31, esp. 24–26; Cordelia Beattie, Medieval Single Women: The Politics of Social Classification in Late Medieval England (Oxford, 2007), 21–24.
  • Bowles and Nichols, Annals and Antiquities of Lacock Abbey, app, p. ii; Nicholas Trevet, Annales Sex Regum Angliae, Qui Comitibus Andegavensibus Originem Traxerunt, ed. Thomas Hog (London, 1845), 237.
  • Lacock Abbey Charters, ed. Kenneth H. Rogers (Devizes, 1979), 2; Ruth J. Dean, “Nicholas Trevet, Historian,” in Medieval Learning and Literature: Essays Presented to Richard William Hunt, ed. Jonathan J. G. Alexander and Margaret T. Gibson (Oxford, 1976), 328–52, at 331–35.
  • London, The British Library, Cotton MS Vitellius A VIII, ff. 128v–130v.
  • Monasticon Anglicanum, ed. William Dugdale, 6 vols. (London, 1814–30), 6: part I, 501–2; Bowles and Nichols, Annals and Antiquities of Lacock Abbey, 374.
  • For the dating of the composition of the vita, see Anneke B. Mulder-Bakker, “General Introduction,” in Mary of Oignies: Mother of Salvation, ed. and trans. Anneke B. Mulder-Bakker, Margot H. King, Hugh Feiss, Brenda Bolton, and Suzan Folkerts (Turnhout, 2006), 3–4.
  • Translation by Margot H. King, “The Life of Mary of Oignies by James of Vitry,” in Mary of Oignies: Mother of Salvation, 33–127, at book II, 107, v. 82. For the Latin original, see Iacobus de Vitriaco and Thomas Cantipratensis, Vita Marie de Oegnies; Supplementum, ed. Robert B. C. Huygens (Turnhout, 2012), book II, 134, v. 82: “vidit sanctos angelos gratulantes et interfectorum animas absque aliquo purgatorio ad superna gaudia deferentes.” My sincere thanks to Prof. Iris Shagrir for showing me the latter source.
  • John W. Coakley, Women, Men, and Spiritual Power: Female Saints and their Male Collaborators (New York, 2006), 70; Bird, “Preaching and Crusading Memory,” 25; King, “The Life of Mary of Oignies,” 36.
  • Mulder-Bakker, “General Introduction,” 11.
  • For their relationship, see especially Jennifer N. Brown, “The Chaste Erotics of Marie d’Oignies and Jacques de Vitry,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 19/1 (2010): 74–93; Cassidy-Welch, War and Memory, 127–29.
  • Gavin Fort, “Suffering Another’s Sin: Proxy Penance in the Thirteenth Century,” Journal of Medieval History 44/2 (2018): 202–30; Christopher Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (Cambridge MA, 2006), 613–14.
  • Paul and Schenk, “Family Memory and the Crusades,” 178–79.
  • Les Registres d’Innocent IV, ed. Élie Berger, 4 vols. (Paris, 1881–1921), 3:111, no. 5980; Elizabeth Siberry, Criticism of Crusading 1095–1274 (Oxford, 1985), 46.
  • For more on the medieval nobility’s display of piety through patronage, see David Crouch, The English Aristocracy 1070–1272: A Social Transformation (New Haven, 2011), 230–33; Amy Livingstone, Out of Love for My Kin: Aristocratic Family Life in the Lands of the Loire, 1000–1200 (Ithaca, 2010), 189–92.
  • Monasticon Anglicanum, ed. Dugdale, 6: part I, 5, no. 1. For a translation of this charter see Women of the English Nobility and Gentry, ed, Ward, 200–201, no. 145.
  • Lacock Abbey Charters, ed. Rogers, 10, no. 1. See also Jennifer C. Ward, “Ela, suo jure countess of Salisbury,” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/47205 (accessed 31 March 2021).
  • The Cartulary of Bradenstoke Priory, ed. Vera C. M. London (Devizes, 1979), 1; 100, no. 304; 143, no. 482; Calendar of the Charter Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office, ed. Charles Crump, W. R. Cunningham, Maxwell Lyte, Alfred Stamp, and R. D. Trimmer, 6 vols. (London, 1903–20), 1:221.
  • For William I’s grants, see The Cartulary of Bradenstoke Priory, 143, no. 481; 113, no. 359 (see also, 114–15, no. 365); 95, no. 278. For William II’s grants, see ibid., 114, no. 360. For the latter’s confirmations of his parents’ gifts, see ibid., 99–100, nos. 301–2 and 169, no. 568. For William III’s grants, see ibid., 114–15, nos. 364 and 367.
  • The Cartulary of Bradenstoke Priory, 100, no. 303. For Ela’s grants, see ibid., 99, no. 301 and 100, no. 302.
  • William de Waude, “Historia Translationis Veteris Ecclesiae Beatae Mariae Sarum ad Novum,” in Vetus Registrum Sarisberiense alias dictum Registrum S. Osmundi Episcopi, ed. William H. R. Jones, 2 vols. (London, 1883–84), 2:3–124, at 13: “quartum vero lapidem, Comes Sarum, Willielmus Longaspata, qui tunc aderat; quantum, Ela de Viteri, comitissa de Sarum … mulier quidem laude digna, quia timore Domini plena.”
  • Roger of Wendover, Flores Historiarum, 2:323: “ut ex solo Anglorum regno plusquam quadraginta millia proborum hominum, praeter senes et mulieres, profecti referantur.”
  • The Life of St. Edmund by Matthew Paris, ed. Clifford H. Lawrence (Stroud, 1996; repr. 1999), 41–42; English Episcopal Acta, 18, Salisbury 1078–1217, ed. Brian R. Kemp (Oxford, 1999), lxxxi.
  • The Cartulary of Bradenstoke Priory, 143–44, no. 482; Monasticon Anglicanum, ed. Dugdale, 6: part I, 5, no. 1: “magistro Edmundo de Abendon thesaurario Sarr.” For a translation of this charter, see Women of the English Nobility and Gentry, ed. Ward, 200–201, no. 145.
  • Lacock Abbey Charters, ed. Rogers, 18–19, no. 30 and 10–11, no. 4.
  • The Life of St. Edmund by Matthew Paris, ed. Lawrence, 58.
  • “Vita Beati Edmundi Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi et Confessoris,” in Thesaurus Novus Anecdotorum, ed. Edmond Martène and Ursin Durand, 5 vols. (Paris, 1717), 3:1775–1826, at 1791: “Hunc induxit praefata nobilis uxor ejus, ut beati viri sequeretur consilium” (“He was induced by his said noble wife, to follow the counsel of the blessed man [Edmund]”).
  • “Vita Beati Edmundi Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi et Confessoris,” 1788–89: “Postmodum misit ei reliquias, scilicet de sanguine beati Thomae martyris : quo accepto, statim curate est mulier” (“Afterwards he sent her relics, including blood of Saint Thomas the martyr, which, when accepted, cured the woman at once”). See also Labarge, A Medieval Miscellany, 69, 71.
  • Mary Dominica Legge, Anglo-Norman in the Cloisters: The Influence of the Orders upon Anglo-Norman Literature (Edinburgh, 1950), 96.
  • Maier, Preaching the Crusades, 139.
  • Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, 3:312: “thesaurarius ecclesiae Saresberiensis.”
  • Lacock Abbey Charters, ed. Rogers, 10, no. 1. For Latin original see William G. Clark-Maxwell, “The Earliest Charters of the Abbey of Lacock,” in The Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine vol. 35, 1907–1908 (Devizes, 1908), 191–209, at App. C., 200, no. 1: “beate Marie et Sancto Bernardo.”
  • Sally Thompson, Women Religious: The Founding of English Nunneries after the Norman Conquest (Oxford, 1991), 112.
  • For an explanation on Bernard’s attitude to crusade and on his fame as a preacher, see, respectively, Gillian R. Evans, Bernard of Clairvaux (Oxford, 2000), 16–17, and 168–71; and Giles Constable, “The Second Crusade as seen by Contemporaries,” Traditio 9 (1953): 213–79, at 244–48.
  • David Crouch, William Marshal, 3rd ed. (Abingdon, 2016), 39–41.
  • For William I Longespée’s parentage, see Paul C. Reed, “Countess Ida, Mother of William Longespée, Illegitimate son of Henry II,” The American Genealogist 77/306 (2002): 137–49; Raymond W. Phair, “William Longespée, Ralph Bigod, and Countess Ida,” The American Genealogist 77/308 (2002): 279–81.
  • Lloyd and Hunt, “William Longespee II – Part II,” 99; Richard Coer de Lyon, ed. Peter Larkin (Kalamazoo, 2015), 130, l. 4869. For a discussion of the latter’s blend of historical narrative and chivalric romance, see John Finlayson, “‘Richard, Coer de Lyon’: Romance, History or Something in Between?”, Studies in Philology 87/2 (1990): 156–80, at 179–80.
  • For more on this, see Caroline Smith, Crusading in the Age of Joinville (London, 2006), 171–74.
  • Erin L. Jordan, Women, Power, and Religious Patronage in the Middle Ages (New York, 2006), 88.
  • Lacock Abbey Charters, ed. Rogers, 11–12, no. 9. The chirograph of this agreement has survived and it states the date “duodecimo die febi”: see London, The National Archives, MS. E 40/8877.
  • Lacock Abbey Charters, ed. Rogers, 11–12, no. 9.
  • Lacock Abbey Charters, ed. Rogers, 13, no. 12. For the Latin original, see Clark-Maxwell, “The Earliest Charters of the Abbey of Lacock,” App. C., 204, no. 10: “utrum religionem subierit necne.”
  • Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, 3:368–69: “comes Saresberiensis, G[alfridus] de Lucy, frater ejus, Ricardus Siuard, et multi alii nobiles.” For a full list of later additions to this contingent, see Lower, The Barons’ Crusade, 45.
  • Lacock Abbey Charters, ed. Rogers, 12–13, no. 12; Clark-Maxwell, “The Earliest Charters of the Abbey of Lacock,” 194.
  • Thompson, Women Religious, 170.
  • Lester, “A Shared Imitation,” 356–57.
  • Thompson, Women Religious, 176.
  • For the testimony at her canonization hearing and a study of her life, see The Life and Afterlife of St. Elizabeth of Hungary, trans. and ed. Kenneth B. Wolf (Oxford, 2011).
  • Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 198–99.
  • Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders, 116; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, 198–99, 209; Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade, 159. Cf. Constance B. Bouchard, Holy Entrepreneurs, Cistercians, Knights and Economic Exchange in Twelfth-Century Burgundy (Ithaca, 1991), 75–79; Barbara H. Rosenwein, To Be the Neighbor of Saint Peter: The Social Meaning of Cluny’s Property, 909–1049 (Ithaca, 1989), 37.
  • Charters and Documents Illustrating the History of the Cathedral, City, and Diocese of Salisbury in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, ed. William R. Jones and William D. MacRay (London, 1891), 151.
  • Lacock Abbey Charters, ed. Rogers, 68, no. 262. For the Latin original, see the older cartulary of Lacock: London, British Library, MS 88973, fol. 11r: “diu Ela comitissa Sar[um] que habitu religionis ibidum suscepit vixit.”
  • Lacock Abbey Charters, ed. Rogers, 69, no. 263. For the Latin original, see Clark-Maxwell, “The Earliest Charters of the Abbey of Lacock,” App. C, 208, no. 17: “quam diu vixerit seu religionem subierit necne ad sustentacionem victus sui.”
  • Lacock Abbey Charters, ed. Rogers, 14, nos. 14–15; 15, no. 17.
  • Bracton’s Note Book. A Collection of Cases Decided in the King’s Courts during the Reign of Henry the Third, ed. Frederic W. Maitland, 3 vols. (London, 1887), 3:248–49, no. 1235.
  • The full Latin text of the order as sent to Simon de Montfort is printed in Les Registres de Grégoire IX, ed. Lucien Auvray, 4 vols. (Paris, 1896–1955), 2:897, no. 4094: “significant se regis Angliae litteras recepise, ex quibus apparebat timeri ne regno Angliae, undique hostium insidiis circumadato […] iter in Terre predicte subsidium nequaquam arripiat, donex mandatum apostolicum speciale super hox receperit; alioquin indulgentia crucesignatis in concilio generali concessa se noverit cariturum” (“as indicated in the letters received from the king of England concerning his apparent fear for the kingdom of England, treacherous enemies close in from every direction…. None may depart in aid of said [Holy] Land while this apostolic mandate is in force, otherwise be it known that you will lose the crusade indulgences granted by the general council”). The editor states that the identical order was sent to Richard of Cornwall (ibid., no. 4095) and William II Longespée (ibid., no. 4096). For context, see Nikolaos G. Chrissis, “A Diversion That Never Was: Thibaut IV of Champagne, Richard of Cornwall and Pope Gregory IX’s Crusading Plans for Constantinople, 1235–1239,” Crusades 9 (2010): 123–45, at 140. My thanks to Dr. Nikolaos Chrissis for showing me this article.
  • Lower, The Barons’ Crusade, 134 and 148.
  • Smith, Crusading in the Age of Joinville, 174.
  • Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, 4:188 and 629.
  • Matthew Paris, Historia Anglorum and Abbreviatio Chronicorum, 3:55: “Verumtamen idem W[illelmus] cito postea clitellas suas electo replens numismate, adjunctis sibi aliis nobilibus, iter arripuit Jerosolimitanum.”
  • Les Registres d’Innocent IV, ed. Berger, 1:563, nos. 3723–24, 2:68–70 nos. 4474, 4484. Matthew Paris claimed William received half as much; see Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, 4:636: “Consimilique cautela Willelmus Longa-spata edoctus mille marcas et amplius de cruce signatis sub praetextu peregrinationis suae” (“similarly, security was made for William Long-sword to receive a thousand marks and more for the crusaders under his protection for the pilgrimage”).
  • Calendar of Patent Rolls, Henry III–Edward I, 1216–1301, 9 vols. (London, 1893–1913), at Henry III, 4:19. The manors were “Audiburn, Ambresbury, Trobragge and Caneford”: see ibid., 25.
  • Dorchester, Dorset History Centre, MS DC-PL/A/1/1/1.
  • Calendar of Liberate Rolls, Henry III–Edward I, 1226–72, 6 vols. (London, 1917–64), at Henry III, 3:239.
  • The remuneration that Ela received for her grants to the creditor, Nicholas of Hedinton, is described in the following manner: “Nicholas has discharged Ela for fifty marks against William Lungesp”; see Lacock Abbey Charters, ed. Rogers, 103, no. 417. For the Latin original, see the older cartulary of Lacock: London, British Library, MS 88973, f.26v: “Nicholas aquietavit dictam Elam abatissa et conventu de Lacok Christi(?) dominum Willimum Lungesp de quinquaginta marci argentem.”
  • Lacock Abbey Charters, ed. Rogers, 15, no. 18A.
  • Clark-Maxwell, “The Earliest Charters of the Abbey of Lacock,” App. C, 209, no. 20; Lacock Abbey Charters, ed. Rogers, 69–70, no. 267. This deed was confirmed in the Charter Rolls by 1248, see Calendar of the Charter Rolls, ed. Crump, Cunningham, Lyte et al., 1:332.
  • Lacock Abbey Charters, ed. Rogers, 77, no. 301.
  • Clark-Maxwell, “The Earliest Charters of the Abbey of Lacock,” App. C, 209, no. 21: “in puram et perpetuam elemosinam.”
  • For an examination of the development of Lacock Abbey, see “The Abbey of Lacock,” in A History of Wiltshire, ed. R. B. Pugh and Elizabeth Crittall (Oxford, 1956), 3:303–16, at 303–4.
  • Clark-Maxwell, “The Earliest Charters of the Abbey of Lacock,” App. C, 209, no. 21: “Et eadem abbatissa recepit predictum Willelmum et heredes suos in singulis beneficiis et oracionibus que de cetero fient in ecclesia sua predicta in perpetuum” (“and the same abbess received the said William and his heirs into all benefits and prayers that would be made in her church in perpetuity”).
  • Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, 5:76: “Willelmus igitur cum licentia et benedictione matris suae nobilis ac sanctae abbatissae de Acoc, dux omnium cruce signatorum de regno Angliae.”
  • Miriam R. Tessera, “Philip Count of Flanders and Hildegard of Bingen: Crusading against the Saracens or Crusading against Deadly Sin?”, in Gendering the Crusades, ed. Edgington and Lambert, 77–93, at 84.
  • Anne E. Lester, “What Remains: Women, Relics, and Remembrance in the Aftermath of the Fourth Crusade,” Journal of Medieval History 40/3 (2014): 311–28.
  • Lacock Abbey Charters, ed. Rogers, 78, no. 305.
  • Bowles and Nichols, Annals and Antiquities of Lacock Abbey, 345.
  • Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, 5:342: “et ossa secum dicti Willelmi nuntii deferentes, Acon pervenerunt. Et ossa memorata in ecclesia Sanctae Crucis veneranter tumularunt.” For a description of this church, see Pringle, Churches, 4:35–40, no. 361.

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