References
- Billittier AJ, Moscati R, Janicke D, Lerner EB, Seymour J, Olsson D. A multisite survey of factors contributing to medically un-necessary ambulance transports. Acad Emerg Med. 1996;3: 1046–52.
- Brown E, Sindelar J. The emergent problem of ambulance misuse. Ann Emerg Med. 1993;22:646–50.
- Brady VVJ, Hennes H, Wolf A, Hall KN, Davis M. Pattern of basic life support ambulance use in an urban pediatric population. Am J Emerg Med. 1996;14:250–3.
- Kost S, Arruda J. Appropriateness of ambulance transportation to a suburban pediatric emergency department. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1999;3:187–90.
- Camasso-Richardson K, Wilde JA, Petrack EM. Medically unnecessary pediatric ambulance transports: a medical taxi service? Acad Emerg Med. 1997;4:1137–41.
- Richards JR, Ferrall SJ. Inappropriate use of emergency medical services transport: comparison of provider and patient perspec-tives. Acad Emerg Med. 1996;1:14–20.
- Rademaker AW, Powell DG, Read JH, et al. Inappropriate use and unmet need in paramedic and nonparamedic ambulance systems. Ann Emerg Med. 1987;16:553–6.
- Neely KW, Drake ME, Moorhead JC, Schmidt TA, Skeen DT, Wilson EA. Multiple options and unique pathways: a new direction for EMS? Ann Emerg Med. 1997;30:797–9.
- Neely K. Demand management: the new view of EMS? Prehosp Emerg Care. 1997;1:114-8.
- Pointer JE, Levitt MA, Young JC, Promes SB, Messana BJ, Ader ME. Can paramedics using guidelines accurately triage patients? Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38:268–77.
- Hauswald M, Brillman J, Raynovich W, Bralove D, Martinez A. Training paramedics to determine who does not need ambulance transport: validation of an educational program and protocol [abstract]. Acad Emerg Med. 1999;4: 474.
- Sasser SM, Brokaw M, Blackwell TH. Paramedic vs emergency physician decisions regarding the need for emergency depart-ment evaluation [abstract]. Acad Emerg Med. 1998;5:391.
- Schmidt TA, Atcheson R, Federiuk C, et al. Hospital follow-up of patients categorized as not needing an ambulance using a set of emergency medical technician protocols. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2001;5:366–70.
- Zalenski R, Compton S, Welch R, et al. Accuracy of an out-of-hospital triage rule to detect unnecessary emergency medical services transports [abstract]. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36:519.
- Silvestri S, Rothrock SG, Kennedy D, Ladde J, Bryant M, Pagane J. Can paramedics accurately identify patients who do not require emergency care? Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;6:387–90.
- Fleiss JL. Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions, ed 2. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981, pp. 212–36.
- Asplin BR. Undertriage, overtrige, or no triage? In search of the unnecessary emergency department visit. Ann Emerg Med. 2001;38:282–5.
- Zachariah BS. The problem of ambulance misuse: whose problem is it anyway? Acad Emerg Med. 1999;6:2–5.
- Krohmer JR. Appropriate EMS transport. Acad Emerg Med. 1999;6:5–7.
- Koenig KL. Unscheduled access to health care: reengineering the 911 system. Acad Emerg Med. 1996;3:989–91.