- Bull , H. 1977 . The Anarchical Society , London : Macmillan .
- Baldwin , David , ed. 1993 . Neorealism and Neoliberalism; The Contemporary Debate , New York : Columbia University Press .
- Bull . 1983 . “ The Anarchical Society ” . In The Expansion of International Society , Edited by: Bull , H. and Watson , A. Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Rosenau . 1989 . “ Governance without Government ” . In International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relations Theory , Edited by: Keohane , Robert O. Boulder : Westview Press . See, for example
- Ruggie , John G. 1983 . “ Multilateralism Matters ” . In International Regimes , Edited by: Krasner , Stephen . Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
- Young , Oran R. 1989 . International Cooperation: Building Regimes for Natural Resources and the Environment , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
- Rosenau . Governance without Government 5
- Rosenau . Governance without Government 4
- Rosenau . Governance without Government 4
- Price and Reus-Smit . “ 'Dangerous Liaisons?' ” . 283
- Price and Reus-Smit . “ 'Dangerous Liaisons' ” . 283
- Katzenstein . The Culture cf National Security 5
- Reus-Smit . "The Constitutional Structure' ” . 577
- Price and Reus-Smit . “ 'Dangerous Liaisons' ” . 283
- Reus-Smit . “ 'The Constitutional Structure of International Society' ” . 578
- Bull , Hedley . 1982 . "The West and South Africa' . Daedalus , 11 and a similar finding suggested by Audie Klotz, Norms in International Relations
- Carr , E. H. 1939 . The Twenty Years Crisis , 79 New York : Harper & Row . The classic example is that used by Carr in his critique of Wilsonian idealism, in which he stated 'that theories of social morality are always the product of a dominant group which identifies with the community as a whole, and which possess facilities denied to subordinate groups or individuals, for imposing its view of life on the community'
- Wheeler , Nick and Dunne , Tim . 1996 . 'Hedley Bull's Pluralism of the Intellect and Solidarism of the Will' . International Affairs , 72 See Bull, The Anarchical Society
- Bull . The Anarchical Society 157
- Devetak , Richard . 1996 . “ 'Postmodernism' ” . In Theories of International Relations , Edited by: Burchill , Scott , Linklater , Andrew , Devetak , Richard , Paterson , Matthew and True , Jacqiri . London : Macmillan . The ambivalence of postmodern and poststructuralist approaches towards the possibility of dialogue should not be underestimated. For examples of this ambivalence, see the different references to dialogue in
- der Derian , James . 1993 . “ 'Act Four' ” . In Global Voices: Dialogues in International Relations , Edited by: Rosenau , James . Boulder : Westview . Ashley and Walker, 'Reading Dissidence/Writing the Discipline'
- Brown , C. 1994 . "Turtles All the Way Down: Antifoundationalism, Critical Theory and International Relations' . Millennium , 23 ( 2 ) Linklater, The Transformation of Political Community
- Brown , C. 1988 . "The Modern Requirement?: Reflections on Normative International Theory in a Post-Western World' . Millennium , 17 ( 2 )
- Linklater , A. 1990 . "The Problem of Community in International Relations' . Alternatives , 15 : 142 According to Linklater, what Habermas' defence of universalism emphasises 'is the importance of answerability of all others; what it highlights is the need for the destruction of all systematic forms of exclusion and the pre-eminence of the obligation to develop global arrangements that can secure nothing less than the consent of each and every member of the human race … this notion of universal consent is the essence of ethical universalism'
- Linklater , A. 1996 . 'Citizenship and Sovereignty in the Post-Westphalian State' . European Journal of International Relations , 2 ( 1 ) : 86
- Linklater , A. 1996 . "The Achievements of Critical Theory' ” . In International Theory: Positivism and Beyond , Edited by: Smith , Steve , Booth , Ken and Zalewski , Marysia . 286 Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Linklater . “ 'Citizenship and Sovereignty' ” . 86
- Linklater . “ 'Citizenship and Sovereignty' ” . 86
- Linklater . “ 'The Achievements of Critical Theory' ” . 286
- Linklater . “ 'Citizenship and Sovereignty' ” . 86
- Shapcott , Richard . Justice, Community and Conversation in International Relations , Cambridge University Press . For a detailed discussion of these differences, see, forthcoming)
- Gadamer , Hans Georg . 1989 . Truth and Method, , 2nd edn , Edited by: Weinsheimer , J. and Marshall , D. 367 London : Sheed & Ward .
- Gadamer . Truth and Method 363
- Gadamer , Hans Georg , ed. 1986 . “ 'Socratic Knowing and Not-Knowing' ” . In The Knowledge of the Good in Platonic-Aristotelian Philosophy , Newhaven : Yale University Press . See Chapter 2
- Gadamer . Truth and Method 363
- Gadamer . Truth and Method 387 'Reaching an understanding in conversation presupposes that both partners are ready for it and are trying to recognise the full value of what is alien and opposed to them. If this happens mutually, and each of the partners, while simultaneously holding onto his own arguments weighs the counter arguments, it is finally possible to achieve-a common diction and a common dictum.'
- Linklater . Transformation of Political Community 92 Emphasis added
- Gadamer . Truth and Method 379
- Gadamer , Hans Georg . 1981 . Reason in the Age of Science , 87 Cambridge : MIT Press . In its ultimate form, then, Gadamer sees the task of hermeneutics as contributing to 'the rediscovery of solidarities that could enter into the future society of humanity'
- Gadamer . Reason in the Age of Science 87 'I ask whether in foreign civilisations that are now being drawn technologically over into the ambit of European-American civilization-China, Japan, and especially India-much of the religious and social traditions of their ancient cultures does not still live on under the cover of European furnishings and American jobs, and whether whatever lives on may not perhaps bring about an awareness out of necessity once again of new normative and common solidarities that let practical reason speak again.'
- Gadamer . Reason in the Age of Science 86
- Shapcott , Richard . 1994 . 'Conversation and Coexistence, Gadamer and the Interpretation of International Society' . Millennium , 23 ( 1 ) For discussion of this, see; Gadamer, Truth and Method
- Keohane , Robert O. 1988 . 'International Institutions: Two Approaches' . International Studies Quarterly , 32 See, for instance
- Ruggie , John G. 1993 . Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Proas of an Institutional Form , New York : Columbia University Press .
- Katzenstein , Peter , ed. 1996 . The Culture of National Security , New York : Columbia University Press .
- Rosenau , James and Czempiel , Ernst Otto , eds. 1992 . Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Lapid , Y. and Kratochwil , F. , eds. 1996 . The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory , London : Lynne Rienner . It is important to emphasise that the rediscovery or 'return' of these concerns is largely a North American phenomenon, as it can be argued that normative and cultural conerns, while never absent from the discourse of IR in North America (witness Hans Morgenthau and Charles Beitz), have not in the last three decades been as central there in the way they have been in Great Britain (witness the emphasis placed on issues of justice and culture and the normative constitution of international society in the works of Bull, Watson and Wight). In this sense the 'return' mentioned above is inaccurate and misleading if referring to the discipline as whole
- Ruggie . Multilateralism Matters 574 "The concept of multilateralism here refers to the constitutive rules that order relation in given domains of international life' and not just the number of participants in an agreement
- Ruggie . Multilateralism Matters 572 Furthermore Ruggie argues that the practices of multilateralism that emerged with American hegemony in the post-war period reflected the values of that hegemony, and so reflected a particular set of normative assumptions and beliefs
- Krasner , Stephen D. 1983 . International Regimes , 1 Ithaca : Cornell University Press . For institutionalists, norms are to be primarily understood in the context of international institutions, which are 'persistent and connected sets of rules (formal and informal) that prescribe behavioural roles, constrain activity and shape expectations' (Keohane, 'International Institutions; Two Approaches'), and international regimes, which are 'principles, norms, rules, and decisions making procedures'
- Price , Richard and Reus-Smit , Christian . 1998 . 'Dangerous Liaisons? Critical International Theory and Constructivism' . European Journal of International Relations , 4 ( 3 ) : 269
- Keohane , Robert . 1986 . 'Reciprocity in International Relations' . International Organization , 40 ( 1 ) See Keohane, International Institutions and State Power, and
- Reus-Smit , Christian . 1997 . "The Constitutional Structure of International Society and the Nature of Fundamental Institutions' . International Organisation , 51 ( 4 )
- Reus-Smit . "The Constitutional Structure of International Society' ” . 584 Thus one of the achievements of constructivist accounts of international society is to have undermined the eggbox conception of international society as a 'practical association', that is an association based purely on pragmatism and coexistence. Reus-Smit has correctly argued that 'all historical society of states have begun as … communities of states linked by common sentiment experience and identity', that is by more purposive sentiments
- Klotz , A. 1995 . Norms at International Relations: The Struggle against Apartheid , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
- Price , Richard . 1997 . The Chemical Weapons Taboo , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
- Rosenau , James . “ 'Governance Order and Change in World Politics' ” . In Governance without Government Edited by: Rosenau and Czempiel . 10
- Price and Reus-Smit . “ 'Dangerous Liaisons' ” . 287 As Price and Reus-Smit note, for example, 'Constructivist research has done much to explain how social and political norms emerge, both domestically and internationally, and how these norms affect the actions of governments and individuals'
- Price and Reus-Smit . “ 'Dangerous Liaisons?' ” . 286
- Frost , Mervyn . 1998 . 'A Turn Not Taken: Ethics in IR at the Millennium' . Re view of International Studies , 24 December
- Bull . The Anarchical Society 148 Richard FaIk quoted in
- Bull . The Anarchical Society 157
- Rawls , J. 1972 . A Theory of Justice , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Beitz , C. R. 1979 . Political Theory and International Relations , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Bull , H. 1983 . Justice in International Relations (The Hagey Lectures) , Waterloo : University of Waterloo .
- Shue , H. 1980 . Basic Rights , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Hoffmann , S. 1981 . Duties Beyond Borders , Syracuse : Syracuse University Press .
- Linklater , Andrew . 1990 . Men and Citizens in the Theory of International Relations, , 2nd edn , London : Macmillan . For the definitive version of this argument, see
- Gill , Stephen . 1998 . 'New Constitutionalism, Democratisation and Global Political Economy' . Pacifica Review , 10 ( 1 )
- Gill . “ 'New Constitutionalism' ” . 31
- Gill . “ 'New Constitutionalism' ” . 27
- Bull , Hedley . 1966 . “ 'The Grotian Conception of International Society' ” . In Diplomatic Investigations , Edited by: Butterneid , Hebert and Wight , Martin . London : Allen & Unwin . and also Bull, Anarchical Society
Pacifica Review: Peace, Security & Global Change
Volume 12, 2000 - Issue 2