- Heginbotham , Eric and Samuels , Richard J. 1998 . 'Mercantile Realism and Japanese Foreign Policy' . International Security , 22 ( 4 ) : 171 – 203 . Structural realist theory, for example, has been convincingly rebutted in the Japanese case by, They argue that Japan is a realist state, but far from subordinating all national goals to the overarching imperative of military security, Japan pursues a policy of 'mercantile realism', which 'recognizes security interests-including, but not limited to, those associated with military security--as central considerations of state policy' (p. 171). The application of structural realist theory to Japan has also been challenged by Green, who argues that structural realists assume that relative power shapes all outcomes in the international system. Given this assumption, they predict that Japan, given its expanding economic power relative to the United States, will ultimately reject military dependence in favour of an autonomous military posture. In the meantime, however, structural realists cannot account for Japan's continuing reliance on the United States for its military security. See
- Green , Michael . 15 August 1999 . “ 'Interests, Asymmetries, and Strategic Choices' ” . 15 August ,
- Japanese Defence Agency . 1997 . Defense of Japan 102 Collective self-defence is defined as 'the right to use force to stop armed attacks on a foreign country with which it has close relations, even when the state itself is not under direct attack'
- 1997 . Defense of Japan 113 Other facets of enhanced defence cooperation include increased policy consultation and exchanges of information, Japan--US joint exercises and mutual exchanges of military equipment and technology, and 'various policy measures to facilitate the activities of the U.S. Forces, Japan'
- 1998 . Defense of Japan 202 – 203 .
- 1998 . Defense of Japan 204
- Hisayoshi , Ina . 1999 . 'Posuto-Gaidorain: Kore kara Nihon ga Chokumen suru 9tsu no Kadai' . Gaiko Fiioramii , : 82 Diet debates also took up the question of collective self-defence, the definition of shuhen jitai and the problem of ship inspections
- Kunihiko , Miyake . 1999 . 'Shuhen Jitai Anzen Kakuhoho' . Gaiko Fiioramii , : 76
- Kato , Hisanori . June 1999 . “ 'China's Military Modernization and Japan--China Relations' ” . IIPS Policy Paper 209E June , 22
- Hitoshi , Tanaka . 1997 . 'An Inside Look at the Defense Guidelines' . Japan Echo , 24 ( 5 )
- Weltield , John . 1996 . 'Rock of Ages or Edifice of Clay? The American Japanese Alliance at the Turn of the Millennium' . Peace Research , 9 ( 2 ) : 7
- 1997 . Defense of Japan 323
- 1997 . Defense of Japan 323
- Shinichi , Kitaoka . 1999 . 'Nihon no Anzen Hosho: Reisengo 10-neu no Chiten kara' . Gaiko Fuorainu , : 25
- September 1999 . Asia: Investigating Change and Continuity in Civil--Military Relations September , 27 For this point, the author is grateful to Associate Professor Katahara Eiichi. As he elaborates, the new guidelines envisage ' "a comprehensive mechanism" for joint defense planning and the establishment of common standards and procedures, and "a bilateral coordination mechanism" for specific activities in times of crisis'. 'Civil--Military Relations in Japan: From Containment to Normalization', draft paper prepared for the East West Center's project: The State and the Soldier in
- 1997 . Defense of Japan 329 – 330 .
- 1997 . Defense of Japan 287 288 This called not only for a revision of the 1978 guidelines, hut also for closer consultations on defence policies and military postures, promotion of bilateral policy coordination 'including studies on bilateral cooperation in dealing with situations that may emerge in the areas surrounding Japan and which will have an important influence on the peace and security of Japan' : welcomed the signature of both countries to the 1996 ACSA and increased mutual exchanges in the areas of technology and equipment: and committed both countries to working together to prevent proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and to 'cooperate in the ongoing study on ballistic missile defense'
- Takashi , Kawachi . 1997 . 'Japan--U.S. Defense Cooperation' . Japan Echo , 24 ( 5 )
- Johnson , Chalmers . 1999 . 'American Intelligence Services Lose Credibility over East Asian Security Problems' . JPRI Critique , 6 ( 6 ) : 2 The Defence Agency had in fact been studying possible Japanese participation in research into the TMD system for more than one year, beginning in August 1997. Japan and the United States had also been conducting TMD working group meetings for some time prior to this
- 1998 . Defense of Japan 325 The Outline draws attention to the uncertainty and unpredictability in the areas surrounding Japan, such as the Korean Peninsula, and the fact that a stable security environment has not been fully established
- 1998 . Defense of Japan 327
- 1997 . Business Times, Singapore , 24 June
- 1999 . Yomiuri Shinbun , 13 August According to one Japanese newspaper editorial, the 'guideline laws will help the nation grow out of its tendency to think only of its own peace and security without bothering to play a role in resolving armed conflicts in other parts of the world'
- Ina . “ 'Posuto-Gaidoraian' ” . 81
- Welfield . “ 'Rock of Ages' ” . 7
- 1997 . Business Times, Singapore , 24 June
- 1997 . Defense of Japan 202 – 203 .
- Miyake . “ 'Shuhen Jitai' ” . 72 – 73 . Personal interview, Mitsubishi Research Institute(March 2000). Miyake argues that activities to support the United States such as transportation will be in a real' area in which conflict is not occurring and will not occur. Therefore, the chance that Japan will become involved in an actual conflict is less likely. Moreover, under the circumstances, Japan's support for the United States in a rear area does not provide surrounding countries with any legitimate grounds on which to attack Japan if the United States follows the UN Charter and Japan follows the new guidelines and supports the United States
- 1997 . Defense of Japan 327 – 328 . According to the Japanese Defence White Paper: 'When situations in areas surrounding Japan are anticipated, the two Governments will intensify intelligence sharing and policy consultations and initiate at an early stage the operation of a bilateral coordination mechanism. Cooperating as appropriate they will make preparations necessary for ensuring coordinated responses according to the readiness stage selected by mutual agreement … In situations in areas surrounding Japan, the two Governments will take appropriate responsive measures. They will undertake mutual support activities in accordance with appropriate arrangements'
- Miyake . “ 'Shuhen Jitai' ” . 70 – 71 . Miyake rejects the view that the new guidelines pose a risk of involving Japan in wars automatically, arguing that the SDF has the power to deter conflicts, and that by using the SDF to prevent conflicts from occurring, Japan will be able to avoid getting involved in wars
- Johnson , Chalmers . 1999 . 'The Uselessness of Local Autonomy' . JPRI Critique , 6 ( 4 ) : 2 Governor of Kochi Prefecture, Hashimoto Daijiro (the brother of former Prime Minister Hashimoto Ryutaro), for example, 'asked the prefectural assembly to pass a law requiring "non-nuclear certificates" before allowing warships to enter Kochi ports. He claimed he was merely following the national government ' s three non-nuclear principles'
- Morihiro , Hosokawa . 1998 . 'Are U.S. Troops in Japan Needed? Reforming the Alliance' . Foreign Affairs , July/August : 2 – 5 . The central government reacted by telling him he had no right to poke his nose into foreign and security affairs which were the prerogative of the central government. See also
- Seizaburo , Sato . 1996 . 'Clarifying the Right of Collective Self-Defense' . Asia--Pacific Review , 3 ( 2 ) : 91 – 108 . See, for example
- Christensen , Thomas J. 1999 . 'China, the U.S.--Japan Alliance, and the Security Dilemma in East Asia' . International Security , 23 ( 4 ) : 51
- Miyake . “ 'Shuhen Jitai' ” . 77
- Li , Rex . 1999 . "Unipolar Aspirations in a Multipolar Reality' . Pacifica Review , 11 ( 2 ) : 139
Pacifica Review: Peace, Security & Global Change
Volume 12, 2000 - Issue 3