- Howorth , Jolyon . 2000 . "Britain, France and the European Defence Initiative" . Survival , 42 ( 2 ) Summer : 33 – 55 . Joint Declaration issued at the British-French Summit, St. Malo, 3-4 December 1998. www.fco.gov.uk/news/newstext.asp?1795. For an analysis of the shift in the British approach, see Richard G. Whitman, Amsterdam's Unfinished Business? The Blair Government's Initiative and the Future of the West European Union, Paris: The Institute for Security Studies of the West European Union, January 1999. For an analysis of the Anglo-French agreement and some of its implications, see
- 1997 . The Treaty of Amsterdam , Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of the European Communities .
- See, for example, remarks made by defence minister Cakmakoglu at a press conference following a WEU Council meeting in November 1999, "Turkey expresses concerns over plans for European defence identity", Anatolia News Agency, 2 December 1999. w arhol.monitor.bbc.co.uk/cgi-bin/bbc@8080/xeeedaeb5-156/Search/539461236/537
- "Turkey seeks quid pro quo on European security identity", Anatolia News Agency, 2 December 1999. w arhol.monitor.bbc.co.uk/cgi-bin/bbc@8080/bx8a5be634-3260/Search/ 551986396/144. See also Statement by MFA, 21 June 2000, op. cit., and Cakmakoglu, WEU and the development of ESDI and CESDP, 15 May 2000, op. cit.
- Heisbourg , Francois . 2000 . "European defence takes a leap forward" . NATO Review , 48 Spring/Summer : 11
- 2000 . "US firmly backs Turkey over ESDI" . TDN , 9 June
- Schmidt , Peter . 2000 . "ESDI: 'separable but not separate?'" . NATO Review , 48 Spring/Summer : 15
- 1999 . "Turkey expresses concerns over plans for a European defence identity" . Anatolia News Agency , 2 December
- 2000 . "EU diplomats: Turkey cannot be involved in ESDI decision-making" . TDN , 7 June
- 12 December 1999 . "Statemate overcome by intense diplomacy" ” . 12 December , See Presidency Conclusions, Helsinki European Council, 10 and 11 December 1999. www.eu.presidency.finland.fi/netcomm/News. For background to the Helsinki deal, see
- 14 December 1999 . "Cem: Turkey will be a member sooner than expected" ” . 14 December ,
- 15 December 1999 . "Clinton welcome's Turkey's acceptance of EU's offer" ” . 15 December , all TDN',
- 1999 . "Turkey: Little left to chance in EU bid" . Financial Times , 13 December
- 1999 . "Turkey bid threatens to wreck Helsinki" . The Times , 9 December
- Kupchan , Charles A. 2000 . "In defence of European defence: an American perspective" . Survival , 42 ( 2 ) Summer : 16 – 32 . For an analysis of American unease, see
- Schake , Kori , BlochLaine , Amaya and Grant , Charles . 1999 . "Building a European defence capability" . Survival , 41 ( 1 ) Spring : 20 – 40 . For more general treatments of European aspirations and progress, see
- Heisbourg , Francois . 2000 . "Europe's strategic ambitions: the limits of ambiguity" . Survival , 42 ( 2 ) Summer : 5 – 15 .
- "Declaration of the European Council on strengthening the common European policy on security and defence" ” . Brussels Press Release Nr. 122/99
- 2000 . "Non-EU NATO members' meeting postponed" . TDN , 4 July
- Athanassopoulou , Ekavi . 1999 . Turkey: Anglo-American Security Interests, 1945-1952 , London : Frank Cass .
- Kuniholm , Bruce R. 1996 . "Turkey and the West since World War II" ” . In Turkey Between East and West: New Challenges for a Rising Regional Power , Edited by: Mastny , Vojtech and Nation , R. Craig . 48 Boulder, Colorado, and Oxford : Westview .
- Wood , Pia Christina . 1999 . "Europe and Turkey: A Relationship Under Fire" . Mediterranean Quarterly , 12 ( 1 ) Winter : 95 – 115 .
- Sanguinetti , Vittorio . 1997 . "Turkey and the European Union: Dreaming West but moving East" . Mediterranean Quarterly , 8 ( 1 ) Winter : 11 – 26 . For a strong expression of Turkey's "non-European" character, see
- 1999 . "Conditional EU bid to Turkey" . International Herald Tribune , 11-12 December As quoted in
- 1999 . "Cem: Turkey will be a member sooner than expected" . TDN , 14 December Quoted in
- Albright , Madeline . 1998 . "The right balance will secure NATO's future" . Financial Times , 7 December
- 1999 . "Britain backs Euro force's ambitions" . The Guardian , 3 December
- 2000 . "Turkey takes a big step towards integration into European defence" . Turkish Daily News (TDN) , 5 February
- Turkish Foreign Ministry (MFA) official Ambassador Omur Orhun . 2000 . "European security and defence; an inclusive approach" . TDN , 14 April For a strong statement of this, see the comments by the senior
- For a statement of the official Turkish position, see "European security and Turkey", MFA, Ankara, 6 January 1999. www.mfa.gov.tr?GRUPF/organ/default.asp?Param=secure.htm. This passage is based on this source, on the comments of Ambassador Orhun, op. cit., and on an interview with a senior MFA official, Ankara, 24 May 1999.
- Cornish , Paul . 1997 . Partnership in Crisis; The US, Europe, and the Fall and Rise of NATO , 81 – 103 . London : RIIA . For a consideration of the nature of the Berlin compromise, see
- Jose Cutileiro, NATO and the WEU,www.weu.int/eng/speeches/s99031a.htm
- 1999 . "Turkey's demands on European Security and Defence Identity finally accepted" . Anatolia News Agency , 25 April Ankaraw arhol.monitor.bbc.co.uk/cg-bn/bbc@8080/xe4875 db6-37/Search/539385464/148
- 2000 . "US firmly backs Turkey over ESDI" . TDN , 9 June
- 2000 . "Turkey threatens EU with its NATO power of veto" . TDN , 23 June
Defense Analysis
Volume 16, 2000 - Issue 3