- Howorth , Jolyon . 2000 . "Britain, France and the European Defence Initiative" . Survival , 42 ( 2 ) Summer : 33 – 55 . Joint Declaration issued at the British-French Summit, St. Malo, 3-4 December 1998. www.fco.gov.uk/news/newstext.asp?1795. For an analysis of the shift in the British approach, see Richard G. Whitman, Amsterdam's Unfinished Business? The Blair Government's Initiative and the Future of the West European Union, Paris: The Institute for Security Studies of the West European Union, January 1999. For an analysis of the Anglo-French agreement and some of its implications, see
- 1997 . The Treaty of Amsterdam , Luxembourg : Office for Official Publications of the European Communities .
- See, for example, remarks made by defence minister Cakmakoglu at a press conference following a WEU Council meeting in November 1999, "Turkey expresses concerns over plans for European defence identity", Anatolia News Agency, 2 December 1999. w arhol.monitor.bbc.co.uk/cgi-bin/bbc@8080/xeeedaeb5-156/Search/539461236/537
- "Turkey seeks quid pro quo on European security identity", Anatolia News Agency, 2 December 1999. w arhol.monitor.bbc.co.uk/cgi-bin/bbc@8080/bx8a5be634-3260/Search/ 551986396/144. See also Statement by MFA, 21 June 2000, op. cit., and Cakmakoglu, WEU and the development of ESDI and CESDP, 15 May 2000, op. cit.
- Heisbourg , Francois . 2000 . "European defence takes a leap forward" . NATO Review , 48 Spring/Summer : 11
- 2000 . "US firmly backs Turkey over ESDI" . TDN , 9 June
- Schmidt , Peter . 2000 . "ESDI: 'separable but not separate?'" . NATO Review , 48 Spring/Summer : 15
- 1999 . "Turkey expresses concerns over plans for a European defence identity" . Anatolia News Agency , 2 December
- 2000 . "EU diplomats: Turkey cannot be involved in ESDI decision-making" . TDN , 7 June
- 12 December 1999 . "Statemate overcome by intense diplomacy" ” . 12 December , See Presidency Conclusions, Helsinki European Council, 10 and 11 December 1999. www.eu.presidency.finland.fi/netcomm/News. For background to the Helsinki deal, see
- 14 December 1999 . "Cem: Turkey will be a member sooner than expected" ” . 14 December ,
- 15 December 1999 . "Clinton welcome's Turkey's acceptance of EU's offer" ” . 15 December , all TDN',
- 1999 . "Turkey: Little left to chance in EU bid" . Financial Times , 13 December
- 1999 . "Turkey bid threatens to wreck Helsinki" . The Times , 9 December
- Kupchan , Charles A. 2000 . "In defence of European defence: an American perspective" . Survival , 42 ( 2 ) Summer : 16 – 32 . For an analysis of American unease, see
- Schake , Kori , BlochLaine , Amaya and Grant , Charles . 1999 . "Building a European defence capability" . Survival , 41 ( 1 ) Spring : 20 – 40 . For more general treatments of European aspirations and progress, see
- Heisbourg , Francois . 2000 . "Europe's strategic ambitions: the limits of ambiguity" . Survival , 42 ( 2 ) Summer : 5 – 15 .
- "Declaration of the European Council on strengthening the common European policy on security and defence" ” . Brussels Press Release Nr. 122/99
- 2000 . "Non-EU NATO members' meeting postponed" . TDN , 4 July
- Athanassopoulou , Ekavi . 1999 . Turkey: Anglo-American Security Interests, 1945-1952 , London : Frank Cass .
- Kuniholm , Bruce R. 1996 . "Turkey and the West since World War II" ” . In Turkey Between East and West: New Challenges for a Rising Regional Power , Edited by: Mastny , Vojtech and Nation , R. Craig . 48 Boulder, Colorado, and Oxford : Westview .
- Wood , Pia Christina . 1999 . "Europe and Turkey: A Relationship Under Fire" . Mediterranean Quarterly , 12 ( 1 ) Winter : 95 – 115 .
- Sanguinetti , Vittorio . 1997 . "Turkey and the European Union: Dreaming West but moving East" . Mediterranean Quarterly , 8 ( 1 ) Winter : 11 – 26 . For a strong expression of Turkey's "non-European" character, see
- 1999 . "Conditional EU bid to Turkey" . International Herald Tribune , 11-12 December As quoted in
- 1999 . "Cem: Turkey will be a member sooner than expected" . TDN , 14 December Quoted in
- Albright , Madeline . 1998 . "The right balance will secure NATO's future" . Financial Times , 7 December
- 1999 . "Britain backs Euro force's ambitions" . The Guardian , 3 December
- 2000 . "Turkey takes a big step towards integration into European defence" . Turkish Daily News (TDN) , 5 February
- Turkish Foreign Ministry (MFA) official Ambassador Omur Orhun . 2000 . "European security and defence; an inclusive approach" . TDN , 14 April For a strong statement of this, see the comments by the senior
- For a statement of the official Turkish position, see "European security and Turkey", MFA, Ankara, 6 January 1999. www.mfa.gov.tr?GRUPF/organ/default.asp?Param=secure.htm. This passage is based on this source, on the comments of Ambassador Orhun, op. cit., and on an interview with a senior MFA official, Ankara, 24 May 1999.
- Cornish , Paul . 1997 . Partnership in Crisis; The US, Europe, and the Fall and Rise of NATO , 81 – 103 . London : RIIA . For a consideration of the nature of the Berlin compromise, see
- Jose Cutileiro, NATO and the WEU,www.weu.int/eng/speeches/s99031a.htm
- 1999 . "Turkey's demands on European Security and Defence Identity finally accepted" . Anatolia News Agency , 25 April Ankaraw arhol.monitor.bbc.co.uk/cg-bn/bbc@8080/xe4875 db6-37/Search/539385464/148
- 2000 . "US firmly backs Turkey over ESDI" . TDN , 9 June
- 2000 . "Turkey threatens EU with its NATO power of veto" . TDN , 23 June
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.