Politics in the Periphery: Political Cleavages in Poland Interpreted in their Historical and International Context

References

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• See Kitschelt, 'Party systems in East Central Europe', pp. 90-95. What is different about this study is that the 'left-authoritarian' (anti-market) camp is represented not only by the peasant PSL but also by the 'Solidarity' Trade Union and KPN. This specific structure may be seen as an effect of basing the study on elite judgements, in which the difference between the peasant party and others appeared less pronounced than in the other studies.
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• In a more general model of cleavages in the countries of 'national communism' (Kitschelt, 'Formation of Party Cleavages in Post-Communist Democracies', p. 466), a group of countries defined by Kitschelt of which Poland is a member, two slightly different axes were differentiated: 'secular libertarians vs. religious traditionalists' and 'economic populists vs. market liberals'. The axis system in this model is rotated 45 degrees in relation to the scheme in the previous work, but the general structure remains the same. The rotated axis system is also shown Figure 1. Moreover, in the latter scheme, the peasant camp (called 'left-authoritarians' in the language of the same author) is missing. A possible reason for this is that this model is more general and accommodates other countries lacking strong peasant parties.
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• Rose , Richard . 1998 . 'Negative and Positive Party Identification in Post-Communist Countries' . Electoral Studies , 17 ( 2 ) : 217 – 234 . This thesis could be classified as a radical example of the 'missing middle approach' as defined by Evans & Whitefield, 'Identifying the Bases of Party Competition in Eastern Europe'
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• (n18) Such a view seems to be in accordance with definitions suggested by Stefano Bartolini & Peter Mair, Identity, Competition and Availability: The Stabilisation of the European Electorates 1885-1985 (Cambridge, 1990). They propose a theoretically autonomous definition of cleavage as a concept which links social structure and political order. They point to the independent, objective existence of political cleavages, which, once institutionalised, develop their own strength and start to influence social, cultural and political life. Thus, cleavages have their own histories, independent of their social bases, and may even display a stabilising influence on the political and social system.
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• Kitschelt, 'Party Systems in East Central Europe. Consolidation or Fluidity', p. 55.
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