- Klandermans , B. 1986 . 'New Social Movements and Resource Mobilization: The European and the American Approach' . International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters , 4 : 13 – 39 .
- Klandermans , B. and Tarrow , S. 1988 . “ Mobilization into Social Movements: Synthesizing European and American Approaches ” . In From Structure to Action: Comparing Social Movement Research Across Cultures , Edited by: Klandermans , B. , Kriesi , H. and Tarrow , S. Greenwich, CN : JAI Press .
- McAdam , D. , Tarrow , S. and Tilly , C. 1996 . To Map Contentious Politics . Mobilization , 1 : 17 – 34 .
- McAdam , D. , Tarrow , S. and Tilly , C. 1997 . “ Towards an Integrated Perspective on Social Movements and Revolution' ” . In Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture and Institutions , Edited by: Lichbach , M. I. and Zuckerman , A. S. New York : Cambridge University Press .
- Tarrow , S. 1994 . Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics , New York : Cambridge University Press .
- Tarrow , S. 1998 . Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, , 2nd (edn) , New York : Cambridge University Press .
- McAdam , D. , McCarthy , J. D. and ZaId , M. N. , eds. 1996 . Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures and Cultural Framing , New York : Cambridge University Press .
- Kriesi , H. , Koopmans , R. , Duyvendak , J. R. and Giugni , M. G. 1995 . The Politics of New Social Movements in Western Europe: A Comparative Analysis , Minneapolis and St Paul : University of Minnesota Press .
- Goldstone , J. A. 1998 . “ Social Movements or Revolution? On the Evolution and Outcomes of Collective Action ” . In From Contention to Democracy , Edited by: Giugni , M. G. , McAdam , D. and Tilly , C. Boulder, CO : Rowman and Littlefield .
- McAdam , D. , Tarrow , S. and Tilly , C. 1999 . “ 'Dynamics of Contention' ” . unpublished manuscript
- Ibid., p. 13.
- Tilly , C. 1993 . European Revolutions, 1492-1992 , Cambridge : Blackwell . McAdam, Tarrow and Tilly (1996, 1997, 1999), op. cit.
- Wehr , P. 1995 . 'Commentary: Towards a History of Nonviolence' . Peace & Change , 20 : 82 – 93 . Tarrow (1994, 1998), op. cit. Previous brief and partial comparisons of the social movement literature with TAN can be found in
- McCarthy , R. M. and Kruegler , C. 1993 . Toward Research and Theory Building in the Study of Nonviolent Action , Cambridge, MA : Albert Einstein Institution .
- McCarthy , R. M. and Sharp , G. 1997 . Nonviolent Action: A Research Guide , New York and London : Garland .
- Sharp , G. 1973 . The Politics of Nonviolent Action , Boston, MA : Porter Sargent .
- Sharp , G. 1990 . Civilian Based Defense: A Post-Military Weapons System , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
- McAdam , D. 1982 . Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency 1930-1970 , Chicago, IL : University of Chicago Press .
- Kreisi , H. 1988 . "The Interdependence of Structure and Action: Some Reflections on the State of the Art' . International Social Movement Research , 1 : 349 – 68 .
- Tilly , C. 1997 . 'Kings in Beggar's Railmenf . Mobilization , 2 : 107 – 111 . McCarthy and Kruegler (1993), op. cit.;
- Tilly , C. 1997 . 'Contentious Politics and Social Change' . African Studies , 56 : 51 – 65 .
- Meyer , D. S. 1999 . Tending the Vineyard: Cultivating Political Process Research' . Sociological Forum , 14 : 79 – 92 .
- Meyer , D. S. and Minkoff , D. C. 'Operationalizing Political Opportunity' . paper presented at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association . Toronto, Canada. Tilly (1997), op. cit.
- Sommer , H. 1996 . 'From Apartheid to Democracy: Patterns of Violent and Nonviolent Direct Action in South Africa, 1984-1994' . Africa Today , 43 : 53 – 76 .
- Sommer , H. 1998 . “ 'Non-Violent Direct Action, the Cycle of Protest, and the Demise of Apartheid, 1970-1994' ” . Boulder : Department of Political Science, University of Colorado . unpublished Ph.D. dissertation
- McAdam , D. 1995 . "Initiator" and "Spin-Off' Movements: Diffusion Processes in Protest Cycles ” . In Repertoires and Cycles of Collective Action , Edited by: Traugott , M. Durham, NC : Duke University Press . Tarrow (1998), op. cit.; McAdam, Tilly and Tarrow (1996, 1997), op. cit.
- Tilly , C. 1983 . 'Contentious Repertoires in Great Britain, 1758-1834' . Social Science History , 17 : 253 – 279 . Tilly (1993), op. cit.; McAdam, Tarrow, and Tilly (1996, 1997), op. cit.
- Ibid., p. 1.
- Ibid., p. 85.
- Tarrow , S. 1996 . 'Social Movements in Contentious Politics: A Review Article' . American Political Science Review , 90 : 874 879
- Snow , D. A. and Benford , R. D. 1992 . “ Master Frames and Cycles of Protest ” . In Frontiers in Social Movement Theory , Edited by: Morris , A. and Mueller , C. M. New Haven, NJ : Yale University Press .
- Giugni , M. G. , McAdam , D. and Tilly , C. , eds. 1999 . How Social Movements Matter , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . Giugni, McAdam and Tilly (1998), op. cit.;
- Smith , J. , Chatfield , C. and Pagnucco , R. , eds. 1997 . Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics: Solidarity Beyond the State , Syracuse : Syracuse University Press .
- Delia Porta , D. , Kreisi , H. and Rucht , D. , eds. 1999 . Social Movements in a Globalizing World , New York : St Martin's Press .
- Meyer , D. S. and Tarrow , S. , eds. 1998 . The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century , Lanham, MD : Rowman and Littlefeld .
- Delia Porta , D. 1995 . Social Movements, Political Violence and the State , New York and Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Delia Porta , D. and Reiter , H. 1998 . Policing Protest. The Control of Mass Demonstrations in Western Democracies , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
- Sharp , G. 1961 . "The Need for Functional Substitute for War' . International Relations , 3 : 176 – 190 . For earlier programmatic statements and details on the pacifist approach see
- Sharp , G. 1967 . “ A Study of the Meanings of Nonviolence ” . In Gandhi: His Relevance for Our Times , Edited by: Ramachandran , G. and Mahadevan , T. K. Berkeley, CA : World Without War Council .
- Sharp , G. 1970 . Exploring Nonviolent Alternatives , 42 – 44 . Boston, MA : Porter Sargent . chapter 4
- Sharp , G. , ed. 1980 . Social Power and Political Freedom , 15 Boston, MA : Porter Sargent .
- de La Boetie , E. 1942 . [1842] Anti-Dictator: The 'Discours sur la servitude volontaire' , New York : Columbia University Press .
- Gregg , R. B. 1934 . The Power of Nonviolence , Philadelphia, PA : J. B. Lippincott Company . The concept originates in
- Burgess , G. and Burgess , H. 1994 . “ Research Questions and Hypotheses ” . In Justice Without Violence , Edited by: Wehr , P. , Burgess , H. and Burgess , G. Boulder, CO : Lynne Reinner . See for example Ackerman and Kruegler (1994), op. cit.;
- Tarrow , S. 1989 . Democracy and Disorder: Protest and Politics in Italy 1965-1975 , Oxford : Clarendon Press . McAdam (1982), op. cit.
- Parkman , P. 1988 . Nonviolent Insurrection in El Salvador: The Fall of Maximiliane Hemandez Martinez , Tucson : University of Arizona .
- Rucht , D. , Koopmans , R. and Niehart , R. , eds. 1998 . Acts of Dissent: New Developments in the Study of Protest , Berlin : Sigma Press .
- Bond , D. 1985 . “ 'Alternatives to Violence: An Empirical Study of Nonviolent Direct Action' ” . University of Hawaii . unpublished Ph.D. dissertation
- Bond , D. and Bennett , B. 'The Practice of Democracy: Global Patterns and Processes since 1990' . paper presented at the XIV World Congress of the International Political Science Association . Berlin.
- Bond , D. , Jenkins , C. J. , Taylor , C. and Schonk , K. 1997 . 'Mapping Mass Political Conflict and Civil Society: Issues and Prospects for the Automated Development of Event Data' . Journal of Conflict Resolution , 41 : 553 – 79 .
- McGuinness , K. 1993 . 'Gene Sharp's Theory of Power: A Feminist Critique of Consent' . Journal of Peace Research , 30 : 101 – 15 . A similar point is made in
- Lipsky , M. 1968 . 'Protest as a Political Resource' . American Political Science Review , 62 : 1144 – 58 .
- Ibid.
- Tilly , C. 1983 . 'Speaking Your Mind about Elections, Surveys, or Social Movements' . Public Opinion Quarterly , 42 : 461 – 78 .
- Vogele , W. B. 1992 . 'Learning and Nonviolent Struggle in the Intifadah' . Peace & Change , 17 : 312 – 40 . Burgess and Burgess (1995), op. cit.;
- Sommer , H. and Scarritt , J. R. 1999 . "The Utility of Reuters for Events Analysis in Area Studies: The Case of Zambia-Zimbabwe Interactions, 1982-1993,' . International Interactions , 25 : 29 – 59 . See Rucht, Koopsmans, and Neidhart (1997), op. cit.;
- Kellgren , H. and Johanson , J. 1999 . “ 'Mapping Nonviolent Means' ” . In Peace and Development Research Institute , Gothenburg University . Bond, Jenkins, Schock and Taylor (1997), op. cit.; unpublished manuscript
- Olivier , J. L. and Olivier , J. L. 1990 . 'Causes of Ethnic Collective Action in the Pretoria-Witwatersrand Triangle, 1970 to 1984' . South African Sociological Review , 19 : 89 – 108 . Interesting comparisons could be made between the data sets on South African contention by and the more extensive data set analyzed in Sommer (1996, 1998), op. cit.
- Gamson , W. A. 1975 . The Strategy of Social Protest , Homewood, IL : Dorsey Press .
- Kitchelt , H. P. 1986 . 'Political Opportunity Structure and Political Protest: Anti-Nuclear Movements in Four Democracies' . British Journal of Political Science , 16 : 57 – 85 .
- Eisinger , P. K. 1973 . "The Conditions of Protest Behavior in American Cities' . American Political Science Review , 55 : 11 – 28 .
- McCarthy , R. M. 1990 . “ Appendix B: The Techniques of Nonviolent Action. Some Principles of its Nature, Use, and Effects ” . In Arab Nonviolent Political Struggle in the Middle East , Edited by: Crow , R. , Grant , P. and Ibrahim , S. E. Boulder, CO : Lynne Reinner .
- Tilly , C. 1978 . From Mobilization to Revolution , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall .
- McAdam , D. 1994 . “ Culture and Social Movements ” . In Ideology and Identity in Contemporary Social Movements , Edited by: Gusfield , J. R. , Johnston , H. and Larana , E. Philadelphia, PA : Temple University Press .
- McAdam , D. , McCarthy , J. D. and ZaId , M. 1988 . “ Social Movements ” . In Handbook of Sociology , Edited by: Smelser , N. J. Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
- McAdara , D. 1998 . “ On the International Origins of Domestic Political Opportunities' ” . In Social Movements and the American Political System , Edited by: Costain , A. H. and McFarlain , A. S. Boulder, CO : Rowman and Littlefield . Smith, Chatfield, and Pagnucco (1997), op. cit,; Tarrow (1998), op. cit.
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.