620
Views
41
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Shadow players: Ecotourism development, corruption and state politics in Belize

Pages 549-565 | Published online: 25 Aug 2010

References

  • Reno , W . 1995 . Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Bayart , J F . 1993 . The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly , London : Longman .
  • Reno . Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone 8
  • Reno . Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone 3
  • Ibid, pp 23-26.
  • Blomstrom , M and Hettne , B . 1984 . Development Theory in Transition: The Dependency Debate and Beyond: Third World Responses , 81 – 91 . London : Zed Books .
  • Reno . Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone 23 – 26 .
  • Moran , J . 1999 . 'Patterns of corruption and development in East Asia,' . Third World Quarterly , 20 (3) : 569 – 587 .
  • Khan , M H . 1996 . 'A typology of corrupt transactions in developing countries' . IDS Bulletin , 27 (2) : 12 – 21 .
  • World Bank . 1997 . 'Reducing corruption' . World Bank Policy and Research Bulletin , 8 (3)
  • Hampton , M P and Levi , M . 1999 . 'Fast spinning into oblivion? Recent developments in money-laundering policies and offshore finance centres' . Third World Quarterly , 20 (3) : 651
  • Morris , S D . 1999 . 'Corruption and the Mexican political system: continuity and change' . Third World Quarterly , 20 (3) : 630
  • Gelbard , R S . 1996 . The Globalisation of the Drug Trade , Dublin : John Jay College of Criminal Justice . address at the
  • Gelbard , R S . 1997 . The Threat of Transnational Organised Crime and Illicit Narcotics , New York : UN General Assembly . statement before the
  • Grove , W . 'The drug trade as a national and international security threat' . paper presented at the 'Security 94' conference held at the Institute of Strategic Studies and the Security Association of South Africa . University of Pretoria .
  • Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs . 1998 . International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Canada, Mexico and Central America , 1 – 2 . Washington, DC : US Department of State .
  • Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs . 1998 . International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Money Laundering and Financial Crimes , Washington DC : US Department of State .
  • Hampton , M P . 1996 . 'Where currents meet: the offshore interface between corruption, offshore finance centres and economic development' . IDS Bulletin , 27 (2) : 78 – 87 .
  • 1997 . Offshore Times, (Panama City) , Winter (Belize Issue). The Offshore Times is published by the Offshore Association of Central America and the Caribbean, based in Panama. Also Belize Offshore Centre Brochure, produced by Cititrust International
  • Interview with Maria Vega, Vega Inn and BTIA, 21 January 1998, Caye Caulker. See also Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Money Laundering and Financial Crimes; and Hampton, 'Where currents meet'.
  • Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs . International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Canada, Mexico and Central America 1 – 2 .
  • 1999 . 'Shadow over Tory Treasurer' . The Times (UK) , 13 July
  • 1994 . 'A "mugging" and its consequences' . The Times , 14 July
  • 1999 . 'British diplomat tells Tories to launch Ashcroft enquiry,' . The Times , 16 July
  • 1999 . 'A "mugging" and its consequences'; 'Clamour grows for full scale enquiry' . The Times , 16 July
  • 1999 . 'Some of these rumours about Ashcroft cast a shadow over his reputation' . The Times , 15 July
  • 1999 . 'The whiff of the casbah lingers' . The Times , 13 July
  • 1999 . 'He is off to Bournemouth and will be lobbying our politicians . The Times , 13 July
  • 1999 . 'Ashcroft sought aid from ministers to promote business interests abroad . Guardian (UK) , 15 July
  • 1999 . 'Tory anger over Ashcroft leaks' . Guardian , 14 July
  • 1999 . 'Caribbean jaunt landed MPs in hot water' . Guardian , 23 July
  • 1999 . 'Fury as MPs' trip to Belize revealed' . Guardian , 23 July
  • 1999 . 'Tory MP defends Ashcroft trip' . Guardian , 24 July
  • 1999 . 'Drugs Agency has Ashcroft on its files' . Times , 17 July
  • 1999 . 'Drip drip of disclosures . Guardian , 22 July
  • 1999 . '100 million wiped off shares,' . Guardian , 27 July
  • 1999 . 'Ashcroft blocks US documents' . Guardian , 5 October
  • 1999 . 'Peace in our Times' . Guardian , 13 December
  • 1999 . 'Dramatic end of Ashcroft and Times libel' . Guardian , 9 December
  • 1999 . 'A new class of trafficker' . The Economist , 11-19 September : 66
  • Morris . 'Corruption and the Mexican political system' . Third World Quarterly , 630
  • Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs . International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Canada, Mexico and Central America 1 – 2 . Grove, 'The drug trade as a national and international security threat'. See also
  • Calvani , S , Guia , E and Lemahieu , J L . 'Drug resistance rating: an innovative approach for measuring a country's capacity to resist illegal drugs' . Third World Quarterly , 18 (4) 659 – 672 . Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997; Money Laundering and Financial Crimes. In addition, see
  • Stonich , S C , Sorensen , J H and Hundt , A . 1995 . 'Ethnicity, class and gender in tourism development: the case of the Bay Islands, Honduras' . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 3 (1) : 21 – 24 .
  • 1996 . The Cost of Tourism in the Caribbean , 90 – 101 . London : Cassell .
  • 1997 . 'Belize caught in the middle of a drug war' . Amandala , 3 August
  • Nietschmann . “ 'Protecting indigenous coral reefs and sea territories' ” . 193 – 224 .
  • 1997 . 'Belize by sea: much coast little guard' . Amandala , 26 September and anonymous interviewees
  • Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs . 1998 . Country Certifications , 1 Washington, DC : US Department of State .
  • 1997 . 'Defendants in Belize's biggest cocaine bust walk' . Amandala , 28 September See also
  • 1997 . 'Colombian drug trafficker pays fine, exits prison' . Amandala , 5 October
  • 1997 . 'Bad baby Belize says US' . Amandala , 9 March
  • Calvani , Guia and Lemahieu . “ 'Drug resistance rating' ” . 659 – 672 .
  • 1999 . Guardian , 22 July Tory MP reported to ombudsman as Belize affair widens
  • 1999 . 'Mr Ashcroft's patronage' . Guardian , 22 July
  • Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement . International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, 1997: Canada, Mexico and Central America 2
  • McField , M , Wells , S and Gibson , J , eds. 1996 . State of the Coastal Zone Report, Belize, 1995 , 97 Belize City : Coastal Zone Management Programme/UNDP/GEF .
  • BTB . 1993 . Tourism: A Historical Reference, a Challenge to the Future, from a BTB Perspective , Belize City : BTB . interview with Maria Vega, Vega Inn and BTIA, Caye Caulker, 21 January 1998
  • 1997 . 'Ectourism to become the fastest growing segment in world tourism' . San Pedro Sun , 31 October
  • 1997 . 'Tourist arrivals increase second quarter' . San Pedro Sun , 8 August
  • Belize Tourism Board . 1995 . Belize Tourism Statistics , Belize City : BTB . Section 1
  • 1997 . 'Where have all the sardines gone?' . San Pedro Sun , 30 May Interview with Dwight Neal, Director, Marine Research Centre, University of Belize (UCB), 24 January 1998, Calabash Caye; interview with Mito Paz, Director, Green Reef, 2 February 1998, San Pedro; interview with James Azueta, Marine Protected Areas Co-ordinator, Fisheries Department, 9 February 1998, Belize City; interview with Mike Fairweather, Resort Developer, 13 January 1998, Calabash Caye
  • Ellis , G . 'Tourism and the environment: some observations on Belize . Proceedings of the Second National Symposuim on the State of the Belize Environment . Belmopan . pp. 305 – 307 . DoE .
  • 1999 . 'Dive ship damages Belize barrier reef' . Amandala , 13 July
  • 1997 . 'Rembrandt Van Rijn, Fantome offered "options",' . Amandala , 10 August
  • 1997 . 'Windjammer Ltd apologises for reef destruction . Amandala , 10 August
  • 1997 . 'MTE sanctions reef crunching vessels' . San Pedro Sun , 8 August
  • Department of Environment . 1998 . Compliance Monitoring Site Visit Report, San Pedro , Belmopan : DOE .
  • 1997 . 'Gypsy Queen goes aground on the reef' . San Pedro Sun , 14 November Interview with Mito Paz, Director, Green Reef, 2 February 1998, San Pedro; interview with Tony Calderon, Park Ranger, Hol Chan Marine Reserve, 22 December 1997, San Pedro; interview with Alberto Patt, Biologist, Hol Chan Marine Reserve, 2 February 1998, San Pedro. See also
  • 1997 . San Pedro Sun , 23 December Interview with Victoria Collins, Editor of the
  • 1997 . 'Lamanai room declaration issued by BTIA, Audubon and others' . San Pedro Sun , 22 August
  • Godfey , G . 1998 . Ambergris Caye: Paradise with a Past , 23 – 28 . Belize : Cubola Productions .
  • Reef , Green . Contacts, San Pedro , Belize : Green Reef . undated
  • 1997 . 'Sunset Coves Ltd sold,' . Amandala , 21 December
  • McField , Wells and Gibson . State of the Coastal Zone 88 – 93 . interview with Janet Gibson, National Project Advisor, Coastal Zone Management Project, 11 February 1998, Belize City: interview with Tony Calderon, Park Ranger, Hol Chart Marine Reserve, 22 December 1997, San Pedro; and
  • 1997 . 'First phase of North Ambergris Caye development to start with Basil Jones airstrip says BIS press release, NACDC chairman,' . San Pedro Sun , 13 June
  • Department of Environment . 1998 . Compliance Monitoring Site Visit Report: San Pedro , Belize : Belmopan .
  • Department of Environment . 1998 . Compliance Monitoring Site Visit Report: Caye Chapel , Belize : Belmopan .
  • PUP . Set Belize Free: Manifesto of the PUP, 1998-2003 25
  • Department of Environment, Compliance Monitoring Site Visit Report: San Pedro: interview with Janet Gibson, National Project Advisor, Coastal Zone Management Project, 11 February 1998; Belize City.
  • 1997 . 'Dolphin International helps football club' . San Pedro Sun , 14 February
  • 1997 . 'Dolphin international donates paint for beautification project . San Pedro Sun , 18 July
  • 1997 . 'Dolphin International donates to the Reina De La Costa,' . San Pedro Sun , 8 August For further discussion of the different types of human-dolphin interaction for tourism, see
  • Perrine , D . 1998 . 'Divers and dolphins' . Sport Diver Magazine , 6 (1) : 40 – 47 .
  • 1997 . 'Cangrejo Caye Educational Experience Ltd applies for duty free tax exemption' . San Pedro Sun , 25 July 25.7.97
  • 1997 . 'Dolphin International receives lending commitment … meeting held with First Company' . San Pedro Sun , 27 June
  • 1997 . 'Letter from William (Mike) Campbell Dolphin International Development Ltd' . San Pedro Sun , 4 July
  • 1997 . San Pedro Sun , 22 December Interview with Daniel and Elodia Nunez, Tour Operators, Tanisha Tours, 30 December 1997, San Pedro; interview with Victoria Collins, Editor
  • 1997 . 'BETA concerned about Cangrejo Caye Project' . San Pedro Sun , 8 August San Pedro; interview with Janet Gibson, National Project Advisor, Coastal Zone Management Project, 11 February 1998, Belize City. See also
  • 27 June 1997 . “ 'Private hearing on the proposed Dolphin Park' ” . 27 June ,

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.