A Dissociation Between Simple and Complex Span Impairment in Alcoholics

References

• Adams , K. M. , Gilman , S. , Koeppe , R. A. , Kluin , K. J. , Brunberg , J. A. , Dede , D. , Berent , S. and Kroll , P. D. 1993 . Neuropsychological deficits are correlated with frontal hypometabolism in position emission tomography studies of older alcoholic patients . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 17 : 205 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbuckle , T. Y. , Chaikelson , J. S. and Gold , D. P. 1994 . Social drinking and cognitive functioning revisited: The role of intellectual endowm ent and psychological distress . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 55 : 352 – 361 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arria , A. M. , Tartar , R. E. , Kabene , M. A. , Laird , S. B. , Moss , H. and Van Thiel , D. H. 1991 . The role of cirrhosis in memory functioning of alcoholics . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 15 : 932 – 937 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. 1986 . Working memory , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. 1996 . Exploring the central executive . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 49A : 5 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. and Hitch , G. 1974 . “ Working memory ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation , Edited by: Bower , G. 47 – 88 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. , Steer , R. A. and Garbin , M. G. 1988 . Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation . Clinical Psychology Review , 8 : 77 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , A. T. , Ward , C. H. , Mendelson , M. , Mock , J. and Erbaugh , J. 1961 . An inventory for measuring depression . Archives of General Psychiatry , 4 : 53 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt , J. , Butters , N. , Ryan , C. and Bayong , R. 1983 . Cognitive loss and recovery in long-term alcohol abusers . Archives of General Psychiatry , 40 : 435 – 442 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , J. 1958 . Some tests of the decay theory of immediate memory . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 10 : 12 – 21 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantor , J. , Engle , R. W. and Hamilton , G. 1991 . Short-term memory, working memory and verbal abilities: How do they relate? . Intelligence , 15 : 229 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connelly , S. L. , Hasher , L. and Zacks , R. T. 1991 . Age and reading: The impact of distraction . Psychology and Aging , 6 : 533 – 541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway , A. R. A. and Engle , R. W. 1994 . Working memory and retrieval: A resource-dependent inhibition model . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 123 : 354 – 373 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daneman , M. and Carpenter , P. A. 1980 . Individual differences in working memory and reading . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 19 : 450 – 466 .
   Google Scholar
• Davila , M. D. , Shear , P. K. , Lane , B. , Sullivan , E. V. and Pfefferbaum , A. 1994 . Mamillary body and cerebellar shrinkage in chronic alcoholics: An MRI and a neuropsychological study . Neuropsychology , 8 : 433 – 444 .
   Google Scholar
• Dias , R. , Robbins , T. W. and Roberts , A. C. 1996 . Dissociation in prefrontal cortex of affective and attentional shifts . Nature , 380 : 69 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gathercole , S. E. and Hitch , G. J. 1993 . “ Developmental changes in short-term memory: A revised working memory perspective ” . In Theories of memory , Edited by: Collins , A. , Gathercole , S. E. , Conway , M. A. and Morris , P. E. 189 – 209 . Hove, , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Gilman , S. , Adams , K. , Koeppe , R. A. , Berent , S. , Kluin , K. K. , Modell , J. G. , Kroll , P. and Brunnberg , J. A. 1990 . Cerebellar and frontal hypometabolism in alcoholic cerebellar degeneration studied with positron emission tomography . Annals of Neurology , 28 : 775 – 785 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman , M. S. 1990 . Experience-dependent neuropsychological recovery and the treatment of chronic alcoholism . Neuropsychological Review , 1 : 75 – 101 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldman-Rakic , P. S. 1992 . Working memory and the mind . Scientific American , 267 : 110 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant , I. 1987 . Alcohol and the brain: Neuropsychological correlates . Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology , 55 : 310 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant , I. , Adams , K. and Reed , R. 1979 . Normal neuropsychological abilities of alcoholic men in their late thirties . American Journal of Psychiatry , 136 : 1263 – 1269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grasby , P. M. , Frith , C. D. , Friston , K. J. , Bench , C. , Frackowiak , R. S. J. and Dolan , R. J. 1993 . Functional mapping of brain areas implicated in auditory-verbal memory function . Brain , 116 : 1 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagen , J. W. and Kail , R. V. Jr. 1973 . Facilitation and distraction in short-term memory . Child Development , 44 : 831 – 836 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper , C. G. , Kril , J. J. and Daly , J. M. 1987 . Are we drinking our neurones away? . British Medical Journal , 294 : 534 – 536 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart , R. P. , Colenda , C. C. , Dougherty , L. M. and Wade , J. B. 1992 . Recall of clustered and unclustered word lists in elderly adults . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 48 : 341 – 354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasher , L. , Stoltzfus , E. R. , Zacks , R. T. and Rypma , B. 1991 . Age and inhibition . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 17 : 163 – 169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasher , L. and Zacks , R. T. 1988 . “ Working memory, comprehension and aging: A review and a new view ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation , Edited by: Bower , G. H. Vol. 22 , 193 – 225 . San Diego, CA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Horn , J. L. , Skinner , H. A. , Wanberg , K. and Foster , F. M. 1984 . Alcohol Dependence Scale , Toronto : Addiction Research Foundation .
   Google Scholar
• Kane , M. J. , Hasher , L. , Stoltzfus , E. R. , Zacks , R. T. and Connelly , S. L. 1994 . Inhibitory attentional mechanisms and aging . Psychology and Aging , 9 : 103 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesner , R. P. , Hopkins , R. O. and Chiba , A. A. 1992 . “ Learning and memory in humans with an emphasis on the role of the hippocampus ” . In The neuropsychology of memory , Edited by: Squire , L. R. and Butters , N. New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kramer , J. H. , Blusewicz , M. J. and Preston , K. A. 1989 . The premature aging hypothesis: Old before its time . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 57 : 257 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laming , D. 1992 . Analysis of short-term retention: Models for Brown-Peterson experim ents . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 6 : 1342 – 1365 .
   Google Scholar
• Lehto , J. 1996 . Are executive function tests dependent on working m em ory capacity? . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 49A : 29 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leng , N. R. C. and Parkin , A. J. 1989 . Aetiological variation in the amnesic syndrome: Comparisons using the Brown-Peterson task . Cortex , 25 : 251 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellers , J. D. C. , Bullmore , E. , Brammer , M. , Williams , S. C. R. , Andrew , C. , Sachs , N. , Andrews , C. , Cox , T. S. , Simmons , A. , Woodruff , P. , David , A. S. and Howard , R. 1995 . Neural correlates of working memory in a visual letter monitoring task: An fMRI study . Neuroreport , 7 : 109 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , W. R. and Saucedo , C. F. 1983 . “ Assessment of neuropsychological impairment and brain damage in problem drinkers ” . In Clinical neuropsychology, Interface with neurologic and psychiatric disorders , Edited by: Golden , C. J. 141 – 198 . New York : Grune & Stratton .
   Google Scholar
• Milner , B. 1970 . “ Memory and the medial temporal regions of the brain ” . In Biology of memory , Edited by: Pribram , K. H. and Broadbent , D. E. 29 – 50 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Milner , B. 1972 . “ Disorders of learning and memory after temporal lobe lesions in man ” . In Clinical neurosurgery , Edited by: Tindal , G. T. Vol. V ol. 20 , 421 – 446 . Baltimore : Williams and Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Morris , R. G. 1986 . Short-term forgetting in senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 3 : 77 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker , E. S. , Parker , D. A. and Harford , T. C. 1991 . Specifying the relationship between alcohol use and cognitive loss: The effects of consumption and psychological distress . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 52 : 366 – 373 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsons , O. A. 1986 . Cognitive functioning in sober social drinkers: A review and a critique . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 47 : 101 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulesu , E. , Frith , C. D. and Frakowiak , R. S. J. 1993 . The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory . Nature , 362 : 342 – 345 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , L. R. and Gentile , A. 1963 . Proactive interference as a function of time between tests . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 70 : 473 – 478 .
   Google Scholar
• Peterson , L. R. and Peterson , M. J. 1959 . Short-term retention of individual verbal items . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 58 : 193 – 198 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petrides , M. , Alivisatos , B. , Meyer , E. and Evans , A. C. 1993 . Functional activation of the human frontal cortex during the performance of verbal working memory tasks . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , 90 : 878 – 882 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum , A. , Lim , K. O. , Zipursky , R. B. , Mathalon , D. H. , Rosenblom , M. J. , Lane , B. , Chung , N. H. and Sullivan , E. 1992 . Brain gray and white matter volume loss accelerates with aging in chronic alcoholics: A quantitative MRI study . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 16 : 1078 – 1089 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum , A. , Sullivan , D. H. , Mathalon , P. K. , Shear , M. J. , Rosenblom , M. J. and Lim , K. O. 1995 . Longitudinal changes in magnetic resonance imaging brain volumes in abstinent and relapsed alcoholics . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 19 : 1177 – 1199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randolph , C. , Gold , J. M. , Carpenter , C. J. , Goldberg , T. E. and Weinberger , D. R. 1992 . Release from proactive interference: Determinants of performance and neuropsychological correlates . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 14 : 785 – 800 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed , R. J. , Grant , I. and Rourke , S. B. 1992 . Long-term abstinent alcoholics have normal memory . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 16 : 677 – 683 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , C. and Butters , N. 1980 . Learning and memory impairments in young and old alcoholics. Evidence for premature aging hypothesis . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 4 : 288 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samson , Y. , Baron , J. C. , Feline , A. , Bories , J. and Crouzel , C. 1986 . Local cerebral clucose utilisation in chronic alcoholics. A positron tomographic study . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 49 : 1165 – 1170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saukkonen , P. , Haipus , M. , Niemikorpi , A. and Sulkala , H. 1979 . Suomen kielen taajuussanasto [Finnish frequency dictionary] , Porvoo : WSOY .
   Google Scholar
• Shallice , T. and Burgess , P. W. 1991 . Deficits in strategy applications following frontal lobe damage in man . Brain , 114 : 727 – 741 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shallice , T. and Burgess , P. 1993 . “ Supervisory control of action and thought selection ” . In Attention: Selection, awareness, and control , Edited by: Baddeley , A. D. and Weiskrantz , L. 171 – 187 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sharp , J. R. , Rosenbaum , G. and Goldman , M. S. 1977 . Recoverability of psychological functioning following alcohol abuse: Acquisition of meaningful synonyms . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 45 : 1023 – 1028 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherer , M. , Nixon , S. J. , Parsons , O. A. and Adams , R. L. 1992 . Performance of alcoholic & braindam aged subjects on the Luria Memory for Words Test . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 7 : 499 – 504 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimamura , A. P. 1995 . “ Memory and frontal lobe function ” . In The cognitive neurosciences , Edited by: Gazzaniga , M. S. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shimamura , A. P. , Jurica , P. J. , Mangels , J. A. , Gershberg , F. B. and Knight , R. T. 1995 . Susceptibility to memory interference effects following frontal lobe damage: Findings from tests of paired associate learning . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 7 : 144 – 152 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simkins-Bullock , J. , Brown , G. G. , Greiffenstein , M. , Malik , G. M. and McGillicuddy , J. 1994 . Neuropsychological correlates of short-term memory distractor tasks among patients with surgical repair of anterior communicating artery aneurysms . Neuropsychology , 8 : 246 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , M. R. and Oscar-Berman , M. 1992 . Resource-limited information processing in alcoholism . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 53 : 515 – 518 .
   Google Scholar
• Sweeney , J. A. , Meisel , L. , Walsh , V. L. and Castrovinci , D. 1989 . Assessment of cognitive functioning in poly-substance-abusers . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 45 : 346 – 351 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan , E. V. , Marsh , L. , Mathalon , D. H. , Lim , K. O. and Pfefferbaum , A. 1995 . Anterior hippocampal volume deficits in nonamnesic aging chronic alcoholics . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 19 : 110 – 122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talland , G. A. 1965 . Three estimates of the word span and their stability over the adult years . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 10 : 301 – 307 .
   Google Scholar
• Tracy , J. I. and Bates , M. E. 1994 . Models of functional organization as a method for detecting cognitive deficits: Data from a sample of social drinkers . Journal of Studies on Alcohol , 55 : 726 – 738 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tulving , E. 1966 . Subjective organization and effects of repetition in multi-trial free-recall learning . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 5 : 193 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , M. L. and Engle , R. W. 1989 . Is working memory task dependent? . Journal of Memory and Language , 28 : 127 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallar , G. and Baddeley , A. D. 1982 . Short-term forgetting and the articulatory loop . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 34A : 53 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Linden , M. , Coyette , F. and Seron , X. 1992 . Selective impairment of the “central executive” component of working memory: A single case study . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 9 : 301 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters , G. S. and Caplan , D. 1996 . The measurement of verbal working memory capacity and its relation to reading comprehension . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 49A : 51 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1959 . WAIS-käsikirja. Wechslerin aikuisten älykkyysasteikko [Finnish version of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults] , Helsinki : Psykologien kustannus .
   Google Scholar
• Yohman , R. J. and Parsons , O. A. 1985 . Intact verbal paired associate learning in alcoholics . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 41 : 844 – 851 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacks , R. T. and Hasher , L. 1988 . “ Capacity theory and processing of inferences ” . In Language, memory and aging , Edited by: Light , L. L. and Burke , D. M. 154 – 170 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zacks , R. T. , Radvansky , G. and Hasher , L. 1996 . Studies of directed forgetting in older adults . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , 22 : 143 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman , I. L. and Woo-Sam , J. M. 1973 . Clinical interpretation of the Wechsler adult intelligence scale , New York : Grune & Stratton .
   Google Scholar