1,520
Views
33
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Phytochemical composition, health effects, and crop management of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.): Α medicinal plant

, , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Efthimiadou, A.; Karkanis, A.; Bilalis, D.; Katsenios, N. Cultivation of cow cockle (Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert): An industrial–medicinal weed. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2012, 40, 307–311.
  • Karkanis, A.; Efthimadou, A.; Bilalis, D. Cultivation of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.), a medicinal weed. Ind. Crops Prod. 2011, 34, 825–830.
  • Karkanis, A.; Vellios, E.; Thomaidis, T.; Bilalis, D.; Efthimiadou, A.; Travlos, I. Phytochemistry and biological properties of burnet weed (Sanguisorba spp.): A Review. Not. Sci. Biol. 2014, 6, 395–398.
  • Singh, D.; Gupta, R.; Saraf, A.S. Herbs-Are they safe enough? An overview. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2012, 52, 876–898.
  • WHO. WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Vol. 1; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 1999; pp 183–194.
  • Anagha, K.; Manasi, D.; Priya, L.; Meera, M. Antimicrobial activity of Yashtimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) – A Review. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 2014, 3, 329–336.
  • Bell, L.W.; Bennett, R.G.; Ryan, M.H.; Clarke, H. The potential of herbaceous native Australian legumes as grain crops: A review. Renew. Agr. Food Syst. 2011, 26, 72–91.
  • Dong, Y.; Zhao, M.; Zhao, T.; Feng, M.; Chen, H.; Zhuang, M.; Lin, L. Bioactive profiles, antioxidant activities, nitrite scavenging capacities and protective effects on H2O2-injured PC12 cells of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. leaf and root extracts. Molecules. 2014, 19, 9101–9113.
  • Zheng, Y.F.; Wei, J.H.; Fang, S.Q.; Tang, Y.P.; Cheng, H.B.; Wang, T.L.; Li, C.Y.; Peng, G.P. Hepatoprotective triterpene saponins from the roots of Glycyrrhiza inflate. Molecules 2015, 20, 6273–6283.
  • Parker, P.M. The World Market for Licorice Roots; ICON Group Ltd.: Nevada, USA, 2007; p 20.
  • Grieve, M. A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, and Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses, Volume II; Dover Publications Inc.: New York, USA, 1971; pp 487–492.
  • Çetin, O.; Duran, A.; Martin, E.; Küçüködük, M. Karyological studies in some Glycyrrhiza (Fabaceae) taxa from Turkey. Caryologia 2015, 68, 254–264.
  • Sheidai, M.; Iraj, S.; Karamian, R.; Ranjbar, M. Cyto-morphological studies of the genus Glycyrrhiza in Iran. Cytol. 2008, 73, 333–339.
  • Nomura, T.; Fukai, T.; Akiyama, T. Chemistry of phenolic compounds of licorice (Glycyrrhiza species) and their estrogenic and cytotoxic activities. Pure Appl. Chem. 2002, 74, 1199–1206.
  • Russo, M.; Serra, D.; Suraci, F.; Di Sanzo, R.; Fuda, S.; Postorino, S. The potential of e-nose aroma profiling for identifying the geographical origin of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) roots. Food Chem. 2014, 165, 467–474.
  • Yazdi, A.; Sardari, S.; Sayyah, M.; Ezzati, M.H. Evaluation of the anticonvulsant activity of the leaves of Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera grown in Iran, as a possible renewable source for anticonvulsant compounds. Iran. J. Pharm. Res. 2011, 10, 75–82.
  • Li, L.; Sinkko, H.; Montonen, L.; Montonen, L.; Wei, G.; Lindström, K.; Räsänen, L.A. Biogeography of symbiotic and other endophytic bacteria isolated from medicinal Glycyrrhiza species in China. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2012, 79, 46–68.
  • Fenwick, G.R.; Lutomski, J.; Nieman, C. Liquorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra L.–Composition, uses and analysis. Food Chem. 1990, 38, 119–143.
  • Ross, I.A. Medicinal Plants of the World Vol. 2: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Uses; Humana Press Inc.: New Jersey, USA, 2001; pp 191–240.
  • Zhang, J.J.; Lin, H.M.; Liu, T. Study on characteristics and identify indexes of three kinds of medicine licorice seeds. J. Gansu Agric. Univ. 2012, 4, 015.
  • Durak, H. Bio-oil production from Glycyrrhiza glabra through supercritical fluid extraction. J. Supercrit. Fluid. 2014, 95, 73–86.
  • Gao, X.; Wang, W.; Wei, S.; Li, W. Review of pharmacological effects of Glycyrrhiza Radix and its bioactive compounds. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi. 2009, 34, 2695–2700.
  • Račková, L.; Jančinová, V.; Petríková, M.; Drábiková, K.; Nosá, R.; Štefek, M.; Koštálová, D.; Prónayová, N.; Kováčová, M. Mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of liquorice extract and glycyrrhizin. Nat. Prod. Res. 2007, 21, 1234–1241.
  • FDA. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Vol. 3. US Food and Drug Association. 2015; 21CFR184.1408.
  • Hayashi, H.; Sudo, H. Economic importance of licorice. Plant Biotechnol. 2009, 26, 101–104.
  • Omar, H.R.; Komarova, I.; El-Ghonemi, M.; Fathy, A.; Rashad, R.; Abdelmalak, H.D.; Yerramadha, M.R.; Ali, Y.; Helal, E.; Camporesi, E.M. Licorice abuse: Time to send a warning message. Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metabol. 2012, 3, 125–138.
  • Yavari, S.; Eshghi, S.; Tafazoli, E.; Karimian, N. Mineral elements uptake and growth of strawberry as influenced by organic substrates. J. Plant Nutr. 2009, 32, 1498–1512.
  • Aysu, T.; Durak, H. Catalytic pyrolysis of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) in a fixed-bed reactor: Effects of pyrolysis parameters on product yields and character. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol. 2015, 111, 156–172.
  • İbanoğlu, E.; İbanoğlu, S. Foaming behaviour of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) extracts. Food Chem. 2000, 70, 333–336.
  • Copur, Y.; Tozluoglu, A.; Karademir, A. Pulping of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra): An alternative raw material to produce pulp. Cell. Chem. Technol. 2007, 41, 155–159.
  • Kondo, K.; Shiba, M.; Nakamura, R.; Morota, T.; Shoyama, Y. Constituent properties of licorices derived from Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra, or G. inflata identified by genetic information. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2007, 30, 1271–1277.
  • Guan, Y.; Li, F.-F.; Hong, L.; Yan, X.-F.; Tan, G.-L.; He, J.-S.; Dong, X.-W.; Bao, M.-J.; Xie, Q.-M. Protective effects of liquiritin apioside on cigarette smoke-induced lung epithelial cell injury. Fundam. Clin. Pharm. 2012, 26, 473–483.
  • Chin, Y.W.; Jung, H.A.; Liu, Y.; Su, B.N.; Castoro, J.A.; Keller, W.J.; Pereira, M.A.; Kinghorn, A.D. Anti-oxidant constituents of the roots and stolons of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 4691–4697.
  • Jiang, J.; Zhang, X.; True, A.D.; Zhou, L.; Xiong, Y.L. Inhibition of lipid oxidation and rancidity in precooked pork patties by radical-scavenging licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) extract. J. Food Sci. 2013, 78, 1686–1694.
  • Martins, N.; Barros, L.; Dueñas, M.; Santos-Buelga, C.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R. Characterization of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. rhizomes and roots. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 26991–26997.
  • Vaya, J.; Belinky, P.A.; Aviram, M. Antioxidant constituents from licorice roots: isolation, structure elucidation and antioxidative capacity toward LDL oxidation. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1997, 23, 302–313.
  • Xie, J.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, W.; Hou, J. Identification and simultaneous determination of glycyrrhizin, formononetin, glycyrrhetinic acid, liquiritin, isoliquiritigenin, and licochalcone A in licorice by LC-MS/MS. Acta Chromatogr. 2014, 26, 507–516.
  • Kitagawa, I. Licorice root. A natural sweetener and an important ingredient in Chinese medicine. Pure Appl. Chem. 2002, 74, 1189–1198.
  • Farag, M.A.; Porzel, A.; Wessjohann, L.A. Comparative metabolite profiling and fingerprinting of medicinal licorice roots using a multiplex approach of GC-MS, LC-MS and 1D NMR techniques. Phytochemistry. 2012, 76, 60–72.
  • Li, J.R.; Wang, Y.Q.; Deng, Z.Z. Two new compounds from Glycyrrhiza glabra. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 2006, 7, 677–680.
  • Simons, R.; Vincken, J.P.; Mol, L.A.; The, S.A.M.; Bovee, T.F.H.; Luijendijk, T.J.C.; Verbruggen, M.A.; Gruppen, H. Agonistic and antagonistic estrogens in licorice root (Glycyrrhiza glabra). Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2011, 401, 305–313.
  • Suman, A.A.M.; Alam, P. New prenylated isoflavanones from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra. Chem. Nat. Compd. 2009, 45, 487–491.
  • Lee, J.S.; Kim, J.A.; Cho, S.H.; Son, A.R.; Jang, T.S.; So, M.S.; Chung, S.R.; Lee, S.H. Tyrosinase inhibitors isolated from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Korean J. Pharmacogn. 2003, 34(1), 33–39.
  • Biondi, D.M.; Rocco, C.; Ruberto, G. New dihydrostilbene derivatives from the leaves of Glycyrrhiza glabra and evaluation of their antioxidant activity. J. Nat. Prod. 2003, 66, 477–480.
  • Dey, S.; Deepak, M.; Setty, M.; D’ Souza, P.; Agarwal, A.; Sangli, G.K. Bioactive caffeic acid esters from Glycyrrhiza glabra. Nat. Prod. Res. 2009, 23, 1657–1663.
  • Näf, R.; Jaquier, A. New lactones in liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.). Flavour Fragr. J. 2006, 21, 193–197.
  • Karami, Z.; Mirzaei, H.; Emam-Djomeh, Z.; Sadeghi Mahoonak, A.R.; Khomeiri, M. Effect of harvest time on antioxidant activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract and evaluation of its antibacterial activity. Int. Food Res. J. 2013, 20, 2951–2957.
  • Oloumi, H.; Hassibi, N. Study the correlation between some climate parameters and the content of phenolic compounds in roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra. J. Med. Plants Res. 2011, 5, 6011–6016.
  • Wittschier, N.; Faller, G.; Hensel, A. Aqueous extracts and polysaccharides from Liquorice roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) inhibit adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric mucosa. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 125, 218–223.
  • Farag, M.A.; Wessjohann, L.A. Volatiles profiling in medicinal licorice roots using steam distillation and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to chemometrics. J. Food Sci. 2012, 77, 1179–1184.
  • Fuggersberger-Heinz, R.; Franz, G. Formation of glycyrrhizinic acid in Glycyrrhiza glabra var. typica. Planta Med. 1984, 50, 409–413.
  • Douglas, J.A.; Douglas, M.H.; Lauren, D.R.; Martin, R.G.; Deo, B.; Follett, J.M.; Jensen, D.J. Effect of plant density and depth of harvest on the production and quality of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root harvested over 3 years. New Zeal. J. Crop Hortic. Sci. 2004, 32, 363–373.
  • Nasrollahi, V.; Mirzaie-Asl, A.; Piri, K.; Nazeri, S.; Mehrabi, R. The effect of drought stress on the expression of key genes involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoid saponins in liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). Phytochemistry. 2014, 103, 32–37.
  • Marui, A.; Nagafuchi, T.; Shinogi, Y.; Yasufuku, N.; Omine, K.; Kobayashi, T.; Shinkai, A. Cultivation research for high-glycyrrhizin licorice by applying low temperature and Ca2+ ion as environmental stress based on field investigation. J. Fac. Agr. Kyushu Univ. 2011, 56, 367–371.
  • Charpe, T.W.; Rathod, V.K. Extraction of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice root using ultrasound: Process intensification studies. Chem. Eng. Process. 2012, 54, 37–41.
  • Chen, S.; Yuchun, X.; Huizhou, L. Microwave-assisted micellar extraction and determination of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin in licorice root by HPLC. Chinese J. Chem. Eng. 2007, 15, 474–477.
  • Gupta, S.; Sharma, R.; Pandotra, P.; Jaglan, S.; Gupta, A.P. Chromolithic method development, validation and system suitability analysis of ultra-sound assisted extraction of glycyrrhizic acid and glycyrrhetinic acid from Glycyrrhiza glabra. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2012, 7, 991–994.
  • Hedayati, A.; Ghoreishi, S.M. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice plant root using binary entrainer: Experimental optimization via response surface methodology. J. Supercrit. Fluid. 2015, 100, 209–217.
  • Pan, X.; Liu, H.; Jia, G.; Shu, Y.Y. Microwave-assisted extraction of glycyrrhizic acid from licorice root. Biochem. Eng. J. 2000, 5, 173–177.
  • Wang, Q.; Ma, S.; Fua, B.; Lee, F.S.C.; Wang, X. Development of multi-stage countercurrent extraction technology for the extraction of glycyrrhizic acid (GA) from licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch). Biochem. Eng. J. 2004, 21, 285–292.
  • Wang, L.; Weller, C.L. Recent advances in extraction of nutraceuticals from plants, Trends Food Sci. Tech. 2006, 17, 300–312.
  • Cheel, J.; Tůmová, L.; Areche, C.; Antwerpen, P.V.; Nève, J.; Zouaoui-Boudjeltia, K.; Martin, A.S.; Vokřál, I.; Wsól, V.; Neugebauerová, J. Variations in the chemical profile and biological activities of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), as influenced by harvest times. Acta Physiol. Plant. 2012, 35, 1337–1349.
  • Kaur, R.; Kaur, H.; Dhindsa, A.S. Glycyrrhiza glabra: A phytopharmacological review. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2013, 4, 2470–2477.
  • Mukherjee, P.K.; Houghton, P.J. Evaluation of Herbal Medicinal Products: Perspectives on Quality, Safety and Efficacy; Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain: London, Great Britain, 2009; p. 520.
  • Singh, I.; Mok, M.; Christensen, A.M.; Turner, A.H.; Hawley, J.A. The effects of polyphenols in olive leaves on platelet function. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2008, 18(2), 127–132.
  • Uto, T.; Morinaga, O.; Tanaka, H.; Shoyama, Y. 2012. Analysis of the synergistic effect of glycyrrhizin and other constituents in licorice extract on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production using knock-out extract. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2012, 417(1), 473–478.
  • Fuhrman, B.; Buch, S.; Vaya, J.; Belinky, P.; Coleman, R.; Hayek, T.; Aviram, M. Licorice extract and its major polyphenol glabridin protect low-density lipoprotein against lipid peroxidation: In vitro and ex vivo studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1997, 66, 267–275.
  • Kühnl, J.; Roggenkamp, D.; Gehrke, S.A.; Stäb, F.; Wenck, H.; Kolbe, L., Neufang, G. Licochalcone A activates Nrf2 in vitro and contributes to licorice extract-induced lowered cutaneous oxidative stress in vivo. Exp. Dermatol. 2016, 24(1), 42–47.
  • Fu, Y.; Chen, J.; Li, Y.J.; Zheng, Y.F.; Li, P. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of six flavonoids separated from licorice. Food Chem. 2013, 141, 1063–1071.
  • Haraguchi, H.; Yoshida, N.; Ishikawa, H.; Tamura, Y.; Mizutani, K.; Kinoshita, T. Protection of mitochondrial functions against oxidative stresses by isoflavans from Glycyrrhiza glabra. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2000, 52, 219–223.
  • Tohma, H.S.; Gulçin, I. Antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of aerial parts and roots of Turkish liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.). Int. J. Food Prop. 2010, 13, 657–671.
  • Chakotiya, A.S.; Tanwar, A.; Narula, A.; Sharma, R.K. Alternative to antibiotics against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra on membrane permeability and inhibition of efflux activity and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its in vitro time-kill activity. Microb. Pathog. 2016, 98, 98–105.
  • Cheema, H.S.; Prakash, O.; Pal, A.; Khan, F.; Bawankule, D.U.; Darokar, M.P. Glabridin induces oxidative stress mediated apoptosis like cell death of malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol. Int. 2014, 63(2), 349–358.
  • Chen, M.; Christensen, S.B.; Blom, J.; Lemmich, E.; Nadelmann, L.; Fich, K.; Theander, T.G.; Kharazmi, A. Licochalcone A, a novel antiparasitic agent with potent activity against human pathogenic protozoan species of Leishmania. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1993, 37, 2550–2556.
  • Ercisli, S.; Coruh, I.; Gormez, A.; Sengul, M.; Bilen, S. Total phenolics, mineral contents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. roots grown wild in Turkey. Ital. J. Food Sci. 2008, 20, 91–100.
  • Fatima, A.; Gupta, V.K.; Luqman, S.; Negi, A.S.; Kumar, J.K.; Shanker, K.; Saikia, D.; Srivastava, S.; Darokar, M.P.; Khanuja, S.P.S. Antifungal activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra extracts and its active constituent glabridin. Phytother. Res. 2009, 23, 1190–1193.
  • Fiore, C.; Eisenhut, M.; Krausse, R.; Ragazzi, E.; Pellati, D.; Armanini, D.; Bielenberg, J. Antiviral effects of Glycyrrhiza species. Phytother. Res. 2008, 22, 141–148.
  • Ghannad, M.S.; Mohammadi, A.; Faradmal, J.; Azizi, M.; Ahmadvand, Z. The effect of aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra on herpes simplex virus 1. Jundishapur J. Microbiol. 2014, 7, e11616.
  • Gupta, V.K.; Fatima, A.; Faridi, U.; Negi, A.S.; Shanker, K.; Kumar, J.K.; Rahuja, N.; Luqman, S.; Sisodia, B.S.; Saikia, D.; Darokar, M.P.; Khanuja, S.P.S. Antimicrobial potential of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 116, 377–380.
  • Hwang, J.-K.; Shim, J.-S.; Chung, J.-Y. Anticariogenic activity of some tropical medicinal plants against Streptococcus mutans. Fitoterapia. 2004, 75, 596–598.
  • Irani, M.; Sarmadi, M.; Bernard, F.; Ebrahimi, G.H.; Bazarnov, H.S. Leaves antimicrobial activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Iran. J. Pharm. Res. 2010, 9, 425–428.
  • Martins, N.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R.; Henriques, M.; Silva, S. In vitro anti-Candida activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Ind. Crops Prod. 2016, 83, 81–85.
  • Matsumoto, Y.; Matsuura, T.; Aoyagi, H.; Matsuda, M.; Hmwe, S.S.; Date, T.; Watanabe, N.; Watashi, K.; Suzuki, R.; Ichinose, S.; Wake, K.; Suzuki, T.; Miyamura, T.; Wakita, T.; Aizaki, H. Antiviral activity of glycyrrhizin against hepatitis C virus in vitro. PLoS ONE. 2013, 8(7), e68992.
  • Nitalikar, M.M.; Munde, K.C.; Dhore, B.V.; Shikalgar, S.N. Studies of antibacterial activities of Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract. Int. J. Pharm. Tech. Res. 2010, 2(1), 899–901.
  • Mueller, M.; Hobiger, S.; Jungbauer, A. Anti-inflammatory activity of extracts from fruits, herbs and spices. Food Chem. 2010, 122, 987–996.
  • Li, C.; Eom, T.; Jeong, Y. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. extract inhibits LPS-induced inflammation in RAW macrophages. J. Nutr. Sci.Vitaminol. 2015, 61(5), 375–381.
  • Sil, R.; Ray, D.; Chakraborti, A.S. Glycyrrhizin ameliorates metabolic syndrome-induced liver damage in experimental rat model. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2015, 409, 177–189.
  • Chu, X.; Ci, X.; Wei, M.; Yang, X.; Cao, Q.; Guan, M., Li., H., Deng, Y.; Feng H.; Deng X. Licochalcone A inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 2012, 60(15), 3947–3954.
  • Asha, M.K.; Debraj, D.; Prashanth, D.S.; Edwin, J.R.; Srikanth, H.S.; Muruganantham, N.; Dethe, S.M.; Anirban, B.; Jaya, B.; Deepak, M.; Agarwal, A. In vitro anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of a flavonoid rich extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra and its probable mechanisms of action. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2013, 145, 581–586.
  • Ashfaq, U.A.; Masoud, M.S.; Nawaz, Z.; Riazuddin, S. Glycyrrhizin as antiviral agent against Hepatitis C Virus. J. Transl. Med. 2011, 9, 112.
  • D’Angelo, S.D.; Morana, A.; Salvatore, A.; Zappia, V.; Galletti, P. Protective effect of polyphenols from Glycyrrhiza glabra against oxidative stress in Caco-2 cells. J. Med. Food 2009, 12, 1326–1333.
  • He, S.-Q.; Gao, M.; Fu, Y.-F.; Zhang, Y.-N. Glycyrrhizic acid inhibits leukemia cell growth and migration via blocking AKT/mTOR/STAT3 signaling. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2015, 8(5), 5175–5181.
  • Kamei, J.; Nakamura, R.; Ichiki, H.; Kubo, M. Antitussive principles of Glycyrrhizae radix, a main component of the Kampo preparations Bakumondo-to (Mai-men-dong-tang). Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2003, 469, 159–163.
  • Ram, A.; Mabalirajan, U.; Das, M.; Bhattacharya, I.; Dinda, A.K.; Gangal, S.V.; Ghosh, B. Glycyrrhizin alleviates experimental allergic asthma in mice. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2006, 6(9), 1468–1477.
  • Rasool, M.; Iqbal, J.; Malik, A.; Ramzan, H.S.; Qureshi, M.S.; Asif, M.; Qazi, M.H.; Kamal, M.A.; Chaudhary, A.G.A.; Al-Qahtani, M.H.; Gan, S.H.; Karim, S. Hepatoprotective effects of Silybum marianum (Silymarin) and Glycyrrhiza glabra (Glycyrrhizin) in combination: A possible synergy. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2014, 1–9, Article ID 641597.
  • Shin, Y.W.; Bae, E.A.; Lee, B.; Seung, H.L.; Jeong, A.K.; Kim, Y.S.; Kim, D.H. In vitro and in vivo antiallergic effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra and its components. Planta Med. 2007, 73, 257–261.
  • Smolarczyk, R.; Cichoń, T.; Matuszczak, S.; Mitrus, I.; Lesiak, M.; Kobusińska, M.; Kamysz, W.; Jarosz, M.; Sieroń, A.; Szala, S. The role of glycyrrhizin, an inhibitor of HMGB1 protein, in anticancer therapy. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz.). 2012, 60, 391–399.
  • Song, N.R.; Kim, J.-E.; Park, J.S.; Kim, J.R.; Kang, H.; Son, J.; Seo, S.G.; Heo, Y.S., Lee, K.W. Licochalcone A, a polyphenol present in licorice, suppresses UV-induced COX-2 expression by targeting PI3K, MEK1, and B-Raf. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16, 4453–4470.
  • Visavadiya, N.P.; Narasimhacharya, A.V.R.L. Hypocholesterolaemic and antioxidant effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Linn) in rats. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2006, 50, 1080–1086.
  • Adamyan, I.; Gevorkyan, E.S.; Minasyan, S.M.; Oganesyan, K.R.; Kirakosyan, K.A. Effect of licorice root on peripheral blood indexes upon vibration exposure. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2005, 140, 197–200.
  • Bordbar, N.; Karimi, M.H.; Amirghofran, Z. Phenotypic and functional maturation of murine dendritic cells induced by 18 alpha-and beta-glycyrrhetinic acid. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 2014, 36, 52–60.
  • Cheel, J.; Van Antwerpen P.; Tůmová, L.; Onofre, G.; Vokurková, D.; Zouaoui-Boudjeltia, K.; Vanhaeverbeek, M.; Nève, J. Free radical-scavenging, antioxidant and immunostimulating effects of a licorice infusion (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.). Food Chem. 2010, 122, 508–517.
  • Chen, J.; Yu, X.; Huang, Y. Inhibitory mechanisms of glabridin on tyrosinase. Spectrochim. Acta - Part A: Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2016, 168, 111–117.
  • De Paula, F.T.; Frauches, P.Q.; Pedebos, C.; Berger, M.; Gnoatto, S.C.B.; Gossmann, G.; Verli, H.; Guimarães, J.A.; Graebin, C.S. Improving the thrombin inhibitory activity of glycyrrhizin, a triterpenic saponin, through a molecular simplification of the carbohydrate moiety. Chem. Biol. Drug Des. 2013, 82, 756–760.
  • Dhingra, D., Parle, M., Kulkarni, S.K. Memory enhancing activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004, 91, 361–362.
  • Fukai, T.; Satoh, K.; Nomura, T.; Sakagami, H. Preliminary evaluation of antinephritis and radical scavenging activities of glabridin from Glycyrrhiza glabra. Fitoterapia. 2003, 74, 624–629.
  • Hong, Y.K.; Wu, H.T.; Ma, T.; Liu, W.J.; He, X.J. Effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra polysaccharides on immune and antioxidant activities in high-fat mice. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2009, 45, 61–64.
  • Kwon, S.J.; Park, S.Y.; Kwon, G.T.; Lee, K.W.; Kang, Y.-H.; Choi, M.-S.; Yun, J.W.; Jeon, J.-H.; Jun, J.G.; Park, J.H.Y. Licochalcone E present in licorice suppresses lung metastasis in the 4T1 mammary orthotopic cancer model. Cancer Prev. Res. 2013, 6, 603–613.
  • Ofir, R.; Tamir, S.; Khatib, S.; Vaya, J. Inhibition of serotonin re-uptake by licorice constituents. J. Mol. Neurosci. 2003, 20, 135–140.
  • Oganisyan, A.O.; Oganesyan, K.R.; Minasyan, S.M. Changes in succinate dehydrogenase activity in various parts of the brain during combined exposure to vibration and licorice root. Neurosci. Behav. Physiol. 2005, 35, 545–548.
  • Somjen, D.; Knoll, E.; Vaya, J.; Stern, N.; Tamir, S. Estrogen-like activity of licorice root constituents: glabridin and glabrene, in vascular tissues in vitro and in vivo. J. Steroid Biochem. 2004, 91, 147–155.
  • Wu, F.; Jin, Z.; Jin, J. Hypoglycemic effects of glabridin, a polyphenolic flavonoid from licorice, in an animal model of diabetes mellitus. Mol. Med. Rep. 2013, 7, 1278–1282.
  • Wu, H.-J.; Yang, J.-Y.; Jin, M.; Wang, S.-Q.; Wu, D.-L.; Liu, Y.-N.; Yan, X.; Yang, C.; Zhang, G.; He, J. Glycyrrhetinic acid protects the heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating the susceptibility and incidence of fatal ventricular arrhythmia during the reperfusion period in the rat hearts. Cell Physiol. Biochem. 2015, 36(2), 741–752.
  • Yu, L.; Bi, X.; Zhu, G.; Han, Z.; Ye, Y.; Liang, Y.; Zhang, L.; Hao, Z.; Zeng, G.; He, H., Zhong, W. Protective effect of glycyrrhizin on nephrotic syndrome induced by adriamycin in rats. Clin. Investig. Med. 2009, 32, E229–E238.
  • Kim, D.H.; Hong, S.W.; Kim, B.T.; Bae, E.A.; Park, H.Y.; Han, M.J. Biotransformation of glycyrrhizin by human intestinal bacteria and its relation to biological activities. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2000, 23, 172–177.
  • Størmer, F.C.; Reistad, R.; Aexander, J. Glycyrrhizic acid in liquorice–evaluation of health hazard. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1993, 31, 303–312.
  • Soma, R.; Ikeda, M.; Morise, T.; Miyamori, I.; Takeda, R. Effect of glycyrrhizin on cortisol metabolism in humans. Endocr. Regul. 1994, 28, 31–34.
  • Heilman, P.; Heide, J.; Hundertmark, S.; Schöneshöfer, M. Administration of glycyrrhetinic acid: Significant correlation between serum levels and the cortisol/cortisone-ratio in serum and urine. Exp. Clin. Endocr. Diab. 1999, 107, 370–378.
  • Isbrucker, R.A.; Burdock, G.A. Risk and safety assessment on the consumption of licorice root (Glycyrrhiza sp.), its extract and powder as a food ingredient, with emphasis on the pharmacology and toxicology of glycyrrhizin. Regul. Toxicol. Pharm. 2006, 46, 167–192.
  • Sigurjonsdottir, H.; Manhem, K.; Axelson, M.; Wallerstedt, S. Subjects with essential hypertension are more sensitive to the inhibition of 11 beta-HSD by liquorice. J. Hum. Hypertens. 2003, 17, 125–131.
  • Wang, Z.; Nishioka, M.; Kurosaki, Y.; Nakayama, T.; Kimura, T. Gastrointestinal absorption characteristics of glycyrrhizin from glycyrrhiza extract. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 1995, 18, 1238–1241.
  • EFSA. FEEDAP Panel (EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed), Scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of glycyrrhizic acid ammoniated (chemical group 30, miscellaneous substances) when used as a flavouring for all animal species. EFSA J. 2015, 13, 3971, 20.
  • Duke, J.A. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. In Handbook of legumes of world economic importance; Plenum Press: New York, USA, 1981; pp 90–92.
  • Marzi, V.; Ventrelli, A.; De Mastro, G. Influence of intercropping and irrigation on productivity of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.). Acta Hortic. 1993, 331, 71–78.
  • Dagar, J.C.; Yadav, R.K.; Dar, S.R.; Ahamad, S. Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra): A potential salt-tolerant, highly remunerative medicinal crop for remediation of alkali soils. Curr. Sci. 2015, 108, 1683–1688.
  • Kushiev, H.; Noble, A.D.; Abdullaev, I.; Toshbekov, U. Remediation of abandoned saline soils using Glycyrrhiza glabra: a study from the Hungry Steppes of Central Asia. Int. J. Agric. Sustain. 2005, 3, 102–112.
  • Zimnitskaya, S.A. State of the reproductive system of populations of species of the genus Glycyrrhiza L. (Fabaceae). Contemp. Probl. Ecol. 2009, 2, 392–395.
  • Boe. A.; Wynia, R. Seed predation, seedling emergence, and rhizome characteristics of American licorice. J. Range Manag. 1985, 38, 499–502.
  • Abudureheman, B.; Liu, H.; Zhang, D.; Guan, K. Identification of physical dormancy and dormancy release patterns in several species (Fabaceae) of the cold desert, north-west China. Seed Sci. Res. 2014, 24, 133–145.
  • Ghadiri, H.; Torshiz, B. Effects of scarification and temperature on germination of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) seeds. J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 2000, 2, 257–262.
  • Lu, J.H.; Lv, X.; Wu, L.; Li, X.Y. Germination responses of three medicinal licorices to saline environments and their suitable ecological regions. Acta Pratacult. Sin. 2013, 2, 192–202.
  • Chun-lei, W.U. Study on the Effect of pH on seed germination and seedling growth of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. J. Anhui Agr. Sci. 2011, 14, 8270–8272.
  • Yamamoto, Y.; Tani, T. Growth and glycyrrhizin contents in Glycyrrhiza uralensis roots cultivated for four years in eastern Nei-Meng-gu of China. J. Trad. Med. 2002, 19, 87–92.
  • Mohammad, N.; Rehman, S. Performance of Glycyrrhiza glabra in Mastung valley, Baluchistan. Pak. J. Agric. Res. 1985, 6, 176–179.
  • Akhzari, D. Response of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and water stress. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants 2015, 18, 992–1002.
  • Liu, H.; Tan, Y.; Nell, M.; Zitter-Eglseer, K.; Wawscrah, C.; Kopp, B.; Wang, S.; Novak, J. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots enhances plant biomass, phosphorus uptake and concentration of root secondary metabolites. J. Arid Land. 2014, 6, 186–194.
  • Orujei, Y.; Shabani, L.; Sharifi-Tehrani, M. Induction of glycyrrhizin and total phenolic compound production in licorice by using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Russ. J. Plant Physiol. 2013, 60, 855–860.
  • De Mastro, G.; Marzi, V.; Ventrelli, A. Influence of temporary intercropping on the productivity of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.). Acta Hortic. 1993, 344, 523–528.
  • Hartley, M.J. Weed control in licorice. In Proceedings of the New Zealand Plant Protection Conference, Nelson, New Zealand, August 13–15, 1996; 49, 169–172.
  • Liu, T.; Lin, H.M. Preliminary assessment of genetic diversity in cultivated Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. inflate and G. glabra by chemical fingerprint and intersimple sequence repeat markers. Adv. Mat. Res. 2012, 347–353, 1318–1325.
  • Kojoma, M.; Hayashi, S.; Shibata, T.; Yamamoto, Y.; Sekizaki, H. Variation of glycyrrhizin and liquiritin contents within a population of 5-year-old licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) plants cultivated under the same conditions. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2011, 34, 1334–1337.
  • Basar, N.; Talukdar, A.D.; Nahar, L.; Stafford, A.; Kushiev, H.; Kan, A.; Sarker, S.D. A simple semi-preparative reversed-phase HPLC/PDA method for separation and quantification of glycyrrhizin in nine samples of Glycyrrhiza glabra root collected from different geographical origins. Phytochem. Analysis 2014, 25, 399–404.
  • Montoro, P.; Maldini, M.; Russo, M.; Postorino, S.; Piacente, S.; Pizza, C. Metabolic profiling of roots of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) from different geographical areas by ESI/MS/MS and determination of major metabolites by LC-ESI/MS and LC-ESI/MS/MS. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2011, 54, 535–544.
  • Mousa, N.A.; Siaguru, P.; Wiryowidagdo, S.; Wagih, M.E. Evaluation and selection of elite clonal genotypes of the sweet crop licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) in a new environment. Sugar Tech. 2007, 9, 83–94.
  • Tenea, G.N.; Calin, A.; Gavrila, L.; Cucu, N. Manipulation of root biomass and biosynthetic potential of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. plants by Agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated transformation. Rom. Biotech. Lett. 2008, 13, 3922–3932.
  • Casulli, F.; Ippolito, A. Observations on liquorice rust (Uromyces glycyrrhizae) in southern Italy. Informatore-Fitopatologico. 1995, 45, 27–30.
  • Chen, H.H.; Zhang, Z.K.; Nan, N.L.; Zhang, R. Screening of fungicides against liquorice rust. Agrochem. 2014, 5, 377–378.
  • Rakhshani, E.; Starý, P.; Tomanović, Z. Tritrophic associations and taxonomic notes on Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae), a keystone aphid parasitoid in Iran. Arch. Biol. Sci. Belgrade. 2013, 65, 667–680.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.