References
- Kaplan, W.; Background Paper 6.5 Cancer and Cancer Therapeutics. 2013, (April), 6–20.
- Danaei, G.; Vander Hoorn, S.; Lopez, A. D.; Murray, C. J. L.; Ezzati, M. Causes of Cancer in the World: Comparative Risk Assessment of Nine Behavioural and Environmental Risk Factors. Lancet. 2005, 366(9499), 1784–1793. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67725-2.
- Cancer. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer ( accessed Jan 31, 2020).
- Xu, F. Y.; Shang, W. Q.; Yu, J. J.; Sun, Q.; Li, M. Q.; Sun, J. S. The Antitumor Activity Study of Ginsenosides and Metabolites in Lung Cancer Cell. Am. J. Transl. Res. 2016, 8(4), 1708–1718.
- Otto, S. E. Understanding the Immune System: Overview for Infusion Assessment. J. Infus. Nurs. 2003, 26(2), 79–85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00129804-200303000-00003.
- Lakshmi Narendra, B.; Eshvendar Reddy, K.; Shantikumar, S.; Ramakrishna, S. Immune System: A Double-Edged Sword in Cancer. Inflamm. Res. 2013, 62(9), 823–834. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-013-0645-9.
- Burnet, M. Cancer-a Biological Approach. BMJ. 1957, 1, 779–786. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5022.779.
- Stutman, O. Immunodepression and Malignancy. Adv. Cancer Res. 1976, 22(C), 261–422. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-230X(08)60179-7.
- Dunn, G. P.; Old, L. J.; Schreiber, R. D. The Immunobiology of Cancer Immunosurveillance and Immunoediting. Immunity. 2004, 21(2), 137–148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2004.07.017.
- Balkwill, F. R.; Mantovani, A. Cancer-Related Inflammation: Common Themes and Therapeutic Opportunities. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2012, 22(1), 33–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.12.005.
- Chimal-Ramírez, G. K.; Espinoza-Sánchez, N. A.; Fuentes-Pananá, E. M. Protumor Activities of the Immune Response: Insights in the Mechanisms of Immunological Shift, Oncotraining, and Oncopromotion. J. Oncol. 2013, 2013, 1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/835956.
- Venkatalakshmi, P.; Vadivel, V.; Brindha, P. Role of Phytochemicals as Immunomodulatory Agents: A Review. 2016, 10(1), 1–2.
- Yun, T. K. Brief Introduction of Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2001, 16 Suppl(4), 16–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2001.16.S.S3.
- Chang, Y. S.; Seo, E. K.; Gyllenhaal, C.; Block, K. I. Panax Ginseng: A Role in Cancer Therapy? Integr. Cancer Ther. 2003, 2(1), 13–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735403251167.
- Kim, N. H.; Jayakodi, M.; Lee, S. C.; Choi, B. S.; Jang, W.; Lee, J.; Kim, H. H.; Waminal, N. E.; Lakshmanan, M.; van Nguyen, B.; et al. Genome and Evolution of the Shade-Requiring Medicinal Herb Panax Ginseng. Plant Biotechnol. J. 2018, 16(11), 1904–1917. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12926.
- Li, M. R.; Shi, F. X.; Zhou, Y. X.; Li, Y. L.; Wang, X. F.; Zhang, C.; Wang, X. T.; Liu, B.; Xiao, H. X.; Li, L. F. Genetic and Epigenetic Diversities Shed Light on Domestication of Cultivated Ginseng (Panax Ginseng). Mol. Plant. 2015, 8(11), 1612–1622. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2015.07.011.
- Koren, O. G.; Potenko, V. V.; Zhuravlev, Y. N. Inheritance and Variation of Allozymes in Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae). Int. J. Plant Sci. 2003, 164(1), 189–195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/344758.
- Ma, X. J.; Wang, X. Q.; Xiao, P. G.; Hong, D. Y. [A Study on AFLP Fingerprinting of Land Races of Panax Ginseng L]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi = Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi = China J. Chinese Mater. Medica. 2000, 25(12), 707–710.
- Sharma, P.; Sett, R. Micropropagation of Indian Ginseng (Panax Pseudoginseng Wall): A Proposition to Save an Endangered Commercial and Medicinal Forest Plant. J. Hum. Ecol. 2001, 12(3), 201–205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2001.11907603.
- Chen, S.; Wang, Z.; Huang, Y.; O’Barr, S. A.; Wong, R. A.; Yeung, S.; Chow, M. S. S. Ginseng and Anticancer Drug Combination to Improve Cancer Chemotherapy: A Critical Review. Evidence-based Complement. Altern. Med. 2014, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/168940.
- Shin, B. K.; Kwon, S. W.; Park, J. H. Chemical Diversity of Ginseng Saponins from Panax Ginseng. J. Ginseng Res. 2015, 39(4), 287–298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2014.12.005.
- Oliynyk, S.; Oh, S. Actoprotective Effect of Ginseng: Improving Mental and Physical Performance. J. Ginseng Res. 2013, 37(2), 144–166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2013.37.144.
- Kennedy, D. O.; Scholey, A. B. Ginseng: Potential for the Enhancement of Cognitive Performance and Mood. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2003, 75(3), 687–700. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00126-6.
- Choi, S. S.; Han, E. J.; Han, K. J.; Lee, H. K.; Suh, H. W. Antinociceptive Effects of Ginsenosides Injected Intracerebroventricularly or Intrathecally in Substance P-Induced Pain Model. Planta Med. 2003, 69(11), 1001–1004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-45145.
- Kamangar, F.; Gao, Y. T.; Shu, X. O.; Kahkeshani, K.; Ji, B. T.; Yang, G.; Li, H. L.; Rothman, N.; Chow, W. H.; Zheng, W. Ginseng Intake and Gastric Cancer Risk in the Shanghai Women’s Health Study Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2007, 16(3), 629–630. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-1009.
- Yun, T. K.; Choi, S. Y. Preventive Effect of Ginseng Intake against Various Human Cancers: A Case-Control Study on 1987 Pairs. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1995, 4(4), 401–408.
- Park, J. D.; Kim, D. S.; Kwon, H. Y.; Son, S. K.; Lee, Y. H.; Baek, N. I.; Kim, S. I.; Rhee, D. K. Effects of Ginseng Saponin on Modulation of Multidrug Resistance. Arch. Pharm. Res. 1996, 19(3), 213–218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02976892.
- GROSBR_2007_v31n1_54.Pdf.
- Lai, D. M.; Tu, Y. K.; Liu, I. M.; Chen, P. F.; Cheng, J. T. Mediation of β-Endorphin by Ginsenoside Rh2 to Lower Plasma Glucose in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Planta Med. 2006, 72(1), 9–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-916177.
- Lee, W. K.; Kao, S. T.; Liu, I. M.; Cheng, J. T. Increase of Insulin Secretion by Ginsenoside Rh2 to Lower Plasma Glucose in Wistar Rats. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2006, 33(1–2), 27–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04319.x.
- Huu Tung, N.; Uto, T.; Morinaga, O.; Kim, Y. H.; Shoyama, Y. Pharmacological Effects of Ginseng on Liver Functions and Diseases: A Minireview. Evidence-based Complement. Altern. Med. 2012, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/173297.
- Chen, I. J.; Chang, M. Y.; Chiao, S. L.; Chen, J. L.; Yu, C. C.; Yang, S. H.; Liu, J. M.; Hung, C. C.; Yang, R. C.; Chang, H. C.; et al. Korean Red Ginseng Improves Blood Pressure Stability in Patients with Intradialytic Hypotension. Evidence-based Complement. Altern. Med. 2012, 2012, 12–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/595271.
- Kim, E. H.; Kim, I. H.; Ha, J. A.; Choi, K. T.; Pyo, S.; Rhee, D. K. Antistress Effect of Red Ginseng in Brain Cells Is Mediated by TACE Repression via PADI4. J. Ginseng Res. 2013, 37(3), 315–323. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2013.37.315.
- de Andrade, E.; de Mesquita, A. A.; de Almeida, C. J.; de Andrade, P. M.; Ortiz, V.; Paranhos, M.; Srougi, M.; Erdogrun, T. Study of the Efficacy of Korean Red Ginseng in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction. Asian J. Androl. 2007, 9(2), 241–244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7262.2007.00210.x.
- Cho, Y. K.; Kim, J. E. Effect of Korean Red Ginseng Intake on the Survival Duration of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Patients. J. Ginseng Res. 2017, 41(2), 222–226. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2016.12.006.
- Cho, Y. K.; Lim, J. Y.; Jung, Y. S.; Oh, S. K.; Lee, H. J.; Sung, H. High Frequency of Grossly Deleted Nef Genes in HIV-1 Infected Long-Term Slow Progressors Treated with Korean Red Ginseng. Curr. HIV Res. 2006, 4(4), 447–457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/157016206778560072.
- Kim, D. H. Chemical Diversity of Panax Ginseng, Panax Quinquifolium, and Panax Notoginseng. J. Ginseng Res. 2012, 36(1), 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2012.36.1.1.
- Zheng, B. C. Shennong’s Herbal–One of the World’s Earliest Pharmacopoeia. J. Tradit. Chinese Med. = Chung I Tsa Chih Ying Wen Pan. 1985, 5(3), 236.
- Liu, Z. Q. Chemical Insights into Ginseng as a Resource for Natural Antioxidants. Chem. Rev. 2012, 112(6), 3329–3355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cr100174k.
- Attele, A. S.; Wu, J. A.; Yuan, C. S. Ginseng Pharmacology: Multiple Constituents and Multiple Actions. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1999, 58(11), 1685–1693. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(99)00212-9.
- Le, T. H., Van; Lee, S. Y.; Kim, T. R.; Kim, J. Y.; Kwon, S. W.; Nguyen, N. K.; Park, J. H.; Nguyen, M. D. Processed Vietnamese Ginseng: Preliminary Results in Chemistry and Biological Activity. J. Ginseng Res. 2014, 38(2), 154–159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2013.11.015.
- Kim, J. Y.; Germolec, D. R.; Luster, M. I. M I A L. 1990, 2.
- Riaz, M.; Rahman, N. U.; Zia-Ul-Haq, M.; Jaffar, H. Z. E.; Manea, R. Ginseng: A Dietary Supplement as Immune-Modulator in Various Diseases. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2018 April, 2019(83), 12–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.11.008.
- Zabriskie, J. B. Immunological Techniques. Essential Clin. Immunol. 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511575266.002.
- Nagarathna, P. K. M.; Reena, K.; Reddy, S.; Wesley, J. Review on Immunomodulation and Immunomodulatory Activity of Some Herbal Plants. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2013, 22(1), 223–230.
- Corradetti, B.; Vaiasicca, S.; Mantovani, M.; Virgili, E.; Bonucci, M.; Hammarberg Ferri, I. Bioactive Immunomodulatory Compounds: A Novel Combinatorial Strategy for Integrated Medicine in Oncology? BAIC Exposure in Cancer Cells. Integr. Cancer Ther. 2019, 18, 153473541986690. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735419866908.
- Lee, S.; Kim, M. G.; Ko, S. K.; Kim, H. K.; Leem, K. H.; Kim, Y. J. Protective Effect of Ginsenoside Re on Acute Gastric Mucosal Lesion Induced by Compound 48/80. J. Ginseng Res. 2014, 38(2), 89–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2013.10.001.
- Baik, J. S.; Seo, Y. N.; Yi, J. M.; Rhee, M. H.; Park, M.-T.; Kim, S. D. Ginsenoside-Rp1 Inhibits Radiation-Induced Effects in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated J774A.1 Macrophages and Suppresses Phenotypic Variation in CT26 Colon Cancer Cells. J. Ginseng Res. February 2020, 1–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2020.01.006.
- Lee, Y. J.; Han, J. Y.; Lee, C. G.; Heo, K.; Park, S. I.; Park, Y. S.; Kim, J. S.; Yang, K. M.; Lee, K. J.; Kim, T. H.; et al. Korean Red Ginseng Saponin Fraction Modulates Radiation Effects on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Nitric Oxide Production in RAW264.7 Macrophage Cells. J. Ginseng Res. 2014, 38(3), 208–214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2014.02.001.
- Friedl, R.; Moeslinger, T.; Kopp, B.; Spieckermann, P. G. Stimulation of Nitric Oxide Synthesis by the Aqueous Extract of Panax Ginseng Root in RAW 264.7 Cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2001, 134(8), 1663–1670. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0704425.
- Lee, I. A.; Hyam, S. R.; Jang, S. E.; Han, M. J.; Kim, D. H. Ginsenoside Re Ameliorates Inflammation by Inhibiting the Binding of Lipopolysaccharide to TLR4 on Macrophages. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012, 60(38), 9595–9602. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf301372g.
- Rhule, A.; Navarro, S.; Smith, J. R.; Shepherd, D. M. Panax Notoginseng Attenuates LPS-Induced pro-Inflammatory Mediators in RAW264.7 Cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2006, 106(1), 121–128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.12.012.
- Jung, H. W.; Seo, U. K.; Kim, J. H.; Leem, K. H.; Park, Y. K. Flower Extract of Panax Notoginseng Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response via Blocking of NF-ΚB Signaling Pathway in Murine Macrophages. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 122(2), 313–319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.12.024.
- Park, E. K.; Shin, Y. W.; Lee, H. U.; Kim, S. S.; Lee, Y. C.; Lee, B. Y.; Kim, D. H. Inhibitory Effect of Ginsenoside Rb1 and Compound K on NO and Prostaglandin E2 Biosyntheses of RAW264.7 Cells Induced by Lipopolysaccharide. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2005, 28(4), 652–656. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.28.652.
- Lu, M.; Zeng, Y.; Song, B. The Effect of Ginsenoside Rb1 on Phagocytosis, the Production of Cytokines and NO of Murine Macrophage in Vitro. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2011, 27(3), 242–248.
- Park, J. S.; Park, E. M.; Kim, D. H.; Jung, K.; Jung, J. S.; Lee, E. J.; Hyun, J. W.; Kang, J. L.; Kim, H. S. Anti-Inflammatory Mechanism of Ginseng Saponins in Activated Microglia. J. Neuroimmunol. 2009, 209(1–2), 40–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.01.020.
- Lee, Y. Y.; Park, J. S.; Jung, J. S.; Kim, D. H.; Kim, H. S. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ginsenoside Rg5 in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated BV2 Microglial Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14(5), 9820–9833. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14059820.
- Huang, Y.; Zou, Y.; Lin, L.; Zheng, R. Ginsenoside Rg1 Activates Dendritic Cells and Acts as a Vaccine Adjuvant Inducing Protective Cellular Responses against Lymphomas. DNA Cell Biol. 2017, 36(12), 1168–1177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/dna.2017.3923.
- Son, K. J.; Choi, K. R.; Lee, S. J.; Lee, H. Immunogenic Cell Death Induced by Ginsenoside Rg3: Significance in Dendritic Cell-Based Anti-Tumor Immunotherapy. Immune Netw. 2016, 16(1), 75–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4110/in.2016.16.1.75.
- Cho, M.; Choi, G.; Shim, I.; Chung, Y. Enhanced Rg3 Negatively Regulates Th1 Cell Responses. J. Ginseng Res. 2019, 43(1), 49–57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.08.003.
- Kim, J.; Byeon, H.; Im, K.; Min, H. Effects of Ginsenosides on Regulatory T Cell Differentiation. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2018, 27(1), 227–232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-017-0255-3.
- Tam, D. N. H.; Truong, D. H.; Nguyen, T. T. H.; Quynh, L. N.; Tran, L.; Nguyen, H. D.; Shamandy, B. E.; Le, T. M. H.; Tran, D. K.; Sayed, D.; et al. Ginsenoside Rh1: A Systematic Review of Its Pharmacological Properties. Planta Med. 2018, 84(3), 139–152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-124087.
- Jie, Y. H.; Cammisuli, S.; Baggiolini, M. Immunomodulatory Effects of Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer in the Mouse. Agents Actions. 1984, 15(3–4), 386–391. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01972376.
- Scaglione, F.; Ferrara, F.; Dugnani, S.; Falchi, M.; Santoro, G.; Fraschini, F. Immunomodulatory Effects of Two Extracts of Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer. Drugs Exp. Clin. Res. 1990, 16(10), 537–542.
- Bae, H. M.; Cho, O. S.; Kim, S. J.; Im, B. O.; Cho, S. H.; Lee, S.; Kim, M. G.; Kim, K. T.; Leem, K. H.; Ko, S. K. Inhibitory Effects of Ginsenoside Re Isolated from Ginseng Berry on Histamine and Cytokine Release in Human Mast Cells and Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells. J. Ginseng Res. 2012, 36(4), 369–374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2012.36.4.369.
- Kee, J. Y.; Hong, S. H. Ginsenoside Rg3 Suppresses Mast Cell–Mediated Allergic Inflammation via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway. J. Ginseng Res. 2019, 43(2), 282–290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2018.02.008.
- Park, S.; Yeo, M.; Jin, J. H.; Lee, K. M.; Jung, J. Y.; Choue, R.; Sung, W. C.; Hahm, K. B. Rescue of Helicobacter Pylori - Induced Cytotoxicity by Red Ginseng. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2005, 50(7), 1218–1227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-005-2763-x.
- Kim, J. W.; Jung, S. Y.; Kwon, Y. H.; Lee, J. H.; Lee, Y. M.; Lee, B. Y.; Kwon, S. M. Ginsenoside Rg3 Attenuates Tumor Angiogenesis via Inhibiting Bioactivities of Endothelial Progenitor Cells. Cancer Biol. Ther. 2012, 13(7), 504–515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4161/cbt.19599.
- Paik, S.; Choe, J. H.; Choi, G. E.; Kim, J. E.; Kim, J. M.; Song, G. Y.; Jo, E. K. Rg6, a Rare Ginsenoside, Inhibits Systemic Inflammation through the Induction of Interleukin-10 and MicroRNA-146a. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9(1), 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40690-8.
- Jung, S. H.; Woo, M. S.; Kim, S. Y.; Kim, W. K.; Hyun, J. W.; Kim, E. J.; Kim, D. H.; Kim, H. S. Ginseng Saponin Metabolite Suppresses Phorbol Ester-Induced Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Expression through Inhibition of Activator Protein-1 and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways in Human Astroglioma Cells. Int. J. Cancer. 2006, 118(2), 490–497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.21356.
- Kim, S. Y.; Kim, D. H.; Han, S. J.; Hyun, J. W.; Kim, H. S. Repression of Matrix Metalloproteinase Gene Expression by Ginsenoside Rh2 in Human Astroglioma Cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2007, 74(11), 1642–1651. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2007.08.015.
- Oh, J. M.; Kim, E.; Chun, S. Ginsenoside Compound K Induces Ros-Mediated Apoptosis and Autophagic Inhibition in Human Neuroblastoma Cells in Vitro and in Vivo. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(17), 4279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20174279.
- Wouters, M. C. A.; Nelson, B. H. Prognostic Significance of Tumor-Infiltrating B Cells and Plasma Cells in Human Cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2018, 24(24), 6125–6135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-1481.
- Gumus, E.; Erdamar, S.; Demirel, G.; Horasanli, K.; Kendirci, M.; Miroglu, C. Association of Positive Serum Anti-P53 Antibodies with Poor Prognosis in Bladder Cancer Patients. Int. J. Urol. 2004, 11(12), 1070–1077. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00948.x.
- Jung, J. S.; Kim, D. H.; Kim, H. S. Ginsenoside Rh1 Suppresses Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Expression in IFN-γ-Stimulated Microglia via Modulation of JAK/STAT and ERK Signaling Pathways. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2010, 397(2), 323–328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.05.117.
- Choo, M. K.; Sakurai, H.; Kim, D. H.; Saiki, I.; Ginseng Saponin, A. Metabolite Suppresses Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Promoted Metastasis by Suppressing Nuclear Factor-ΚB Signaling in Murine Colon Cancer Cells. Oncol. Rep. 2008, 19(3), 595–600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/or.19.3.595.
- Joh, E. H.; Lee, I. A.; Jung, I. H.; Kim, D. H. Ginsenoside Rb1 and Its Metabolite Compound K Inhibit IRAK-1 Activation - the Key Step of Inflammation. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2011, 82(3), 278–286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2011.05.003.
- Lee, S. Y.; Jeong, J. J.; Eun, S. H.; Kim, D. H. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ginsenoside Rg1 and Its Metabolites Ginsenoside Rh1 and 20(S)-Protopanaxatriol in Mice with TNBS-Induced Colitis. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2015, 762, 333–343. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.06.011.
- Song, J. Y.; Han, S. K.; Son, E. H.; Pyo, S. N.; Yun, Y. S.; Yi, S. Y. Induction of Secretory and Tumoricidal Activities in Peritoneal Macrophages by Ginsan. Int. Immunopharmacol. 2002, 2(7), 857–865. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1567-5769(01)00211-9.
- Kim, M. H.; Byon, Y. Y.; Ko, E. J.; Song, J. Y.; Yun, Y. S.; Shin, T.; Joo, H. G. Immunomodulatory Activity of Ginsan, a Polysaccharide of Panax Ginseng, on Dendritic Cells. Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2009, 13(3), 169–173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4196/kjpp.2009.13.3.169.
- Cho, Y. J.; Son, H. J.; Kim, K. S. A 14-Week Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Ginseng Polysaccharide (Y-75). J. Transl. Med. 2014, 12(1), 1–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-014-0283-1.
- Lee, D. Y.; Park, C. W.; Lee, S. J.; Park, H. R.; Seo, D. B.; Park, J. Y.; Park, J.; Shin, K. S. Immunostimulating and Antimetastatic Effects of Polysaccharides Purified from Ginseng Berry. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2019, 47(4), 823–839. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X19500435.
- Assinewe, V. A.; Arnason, J. T.; Aubry, A.; Mullin, J.; Lemaire, I. Extractable Polysaccharides of Panax Quinquefolius L. (North American Ginseng) Root Stimulate TNFα Production by Alveolar Macrophages. Phytomedicine. 2002, 9(5), 398–404. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1078/09447110260571625.
- Galvan, R. F.; Barranco, V.; Galvan, J. C.; Batlle, S. F.; García, S. We Are IntechOpen, The World ’ s Leading Publisher of Open Access Books Built by Scientists, for Scientists TOP 1 %. Intech 2016, i (tourism), 13. DOI:https://doi.org/10.5772/57353.
- Wang, Y.; Huang, M.; Sun, R.; Pan, L. Extraction, Characterization of a Ginseng Fruits Polysaccharide and Its Immune Modulating Activities in Rats with Lewis Lung Carcinoma. Carbohydr. Polym. 2015, 127, 215–221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.070.
- Sun, Y.; Guo, M.; Feng, Y.; Zheng, H.; Lei, P.; Ma, X.; Han, X.; Guan, H.; Hou, D. Effect of Ginseng Polysaccharides on NK Cell Cytotoxicity in Immunosuppressed Mice. Exp. Ther. Med. 2016, 12(6), 3773–3777. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3840.
- Wang, J.; Zuo, G.; Li, J.; Guan, T.; Li, C.; Jiang, R.; Xie, B.; Lin, X.; Li, F.; Wang, Y.; et al. Induction of Tumoricidal Activity in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages by Ginseng Polysaccharide. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2010, 46(4), 389–395. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.02.007.
- Ni, W.; Chen, Y.; Fan, Y.; Zhang, X.; Wang, B. School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun; 2 College of Chemistry and Biology, Beihua University, Jilin; and 3 Baicheng Medical College, Baicheng, China. 2010, 13(2), 270–277.
- Jiao, L.; Zhang, X.; Li, B.; Liu, Z.; Wang, M.; Liu, S. Anti-Tumour and Immunomodulatory Activities of Oligosaccharides Isolated from Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2014, 65, 229–233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.039.
- Shin, M. S.; Hwang, S. H.; Yoon, T. J.; Kim, S. H.; Shin, K. S. Polysaccharides from Ginseng Leaves Inhibit Tumor Metastasis via Macrophage and NK Cell Activation. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2017, 103, 1327–1333. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.055.
- Jensen, H. K.; Donskov, F.; Marcussen, N.; Nordsmark, M.; Lundbeck, F.; Von Der Maase, H. Presence of Intratumoral Neutrophils Is an Independent Prognostic Factor in Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 27(28), 4709–4717. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2008.18.9498.
- Sionov, R. V.; Fridlender, Z. G.; Granot, Z. The Multifaceted Roles Neutrophils Play in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Microenviron. 2015, 8(3), 125–158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12307-014-0147-5.
- Hicks, A. M.; Riedlinger, G.; Willingham, M. C.; Alexander-Miller, M. A.; Von Kap-Herr, C.; Pettenati, M. J.; Sanders, A. M.; Weir, H. M.; Du, W.; Kim, J.; et al. Transferable Anticancer Innate Immunity in Spontaneous Regression/Complete Resistance Mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006, 103(20), 7753–7758. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0602382103.
- Mantovani, A.; Sica, A.; Sozzani, S.; Allavena, P.; Vecchi, A.; Locati, M. The Chemokine System in Diverse Forms of Macrophage Activation and Polarization. Trends Immunol. 2004, 25(12), 677–686. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2004.09.015.
- Bonnotte, B.; Larmonier, N.; Favre, N.; Fromentin, A.; Moutet, M.; Martin, M.; Gurbuxani, S.; Solary, E.; Chauffert, B.; Martin, F. Identification of Tumor-Infiltrating Macrophages as the Killers of Tumor Cells after Immunization in a Rat Model System. J. Immunol. 2001, 167(9), 5077–5083. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.167.9.5077.
- Goerdt, S.; Orfanos, C. E. Other Functions, Other Genes: Alternative Activation of Antigen- Presenting Cells. Immunity. 1999, 10(2), 137–142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80014-X.
- Van Ginderachter, J. A.; Movahedi, K.; Van Den Bossche, J.; De Baetselier, P. Macrophages, PPARs, and Cancer. PPAR Res. February 2008, 2008, 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/169414.
- Lewis, C. E.; Pollard, J. W. Distinct Role of Macrophages in Different Tumor Microenvironments. Cancer Res. 2006, 66(2), 605–612. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4005.
- Ostuni, R.; Kratochvill, F.; Murray, P. J.; Natoli, G. Macrophages and Cancer: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Implications. Trends Immunol. 2015, 36(4), 229–239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2015.02.004.
- Gonzalez, H.; Hagerling, C.; Werb, Z. Roles of the Immune System in Cancer: From Tumor Initiation to Metastatic Progression. Genes Dev. 2018, 32(19–20), 1267–1284. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/GAD.314617.118.
- Coker, A. L. 乳鼠心肌提取 HHS Public Access. Physiol. Behav. 2017, 176(5), 139–148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.040.
- Barry, K. C.; Hsu, J.; Broz, M. L.; Cueto, F. J.; Combes, A. J.; Nelson, A. E.; Loo, K.; Kumar, R.; Rosenblum, M. D.; Alvarado, M. D.; et al. HHS Public Access. 2019, 24(8), 1178–1191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0085-8.A.
- Germain, A. R. D. Levine Susan Hanson Maureen. 乳鼠心肌提取 HHS Public Access. Physiol. Behav. 2017, 176(3), 139–148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.040.
- Mittal, D.; Vijayan, D.; Putz, E. M.; Aguilera, A. R.; Markey, K. A.; Straube, J.; Kazakoff, S.; Nutt, S. L.; Takeda, K.; Hill, G. R.; et al. Interleukin-12 from CD103+ Batf3-Dependent Dendritic Cells Required for NK-Cell Suppression of Metastasis. Cancer Immunol. Res. 2017, 5(12), 1098–1108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-17-0341.
- Tesone, A. J.; Rutkowski, M. R.; Brencicova, E.; Svoronos, N.; Stephen, T. L.; Allegrezza, M. J.; Payne, K. K.; Jenny, M.; Wickramasinghe, J.; Tchou, J.; et al. HHS Public Ac 2016, 14(7), 1774–1786. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.056.SATB1.
- Cubillos-Ruiz, J. R.; Silberman, P. C.; Rutkowski, M. R.; Chopra, S.; Perales-Puchalt, A.; Song, M.; Zhang, S.; Bettigole, S. E.; Gupta, D.; Holcomb, K.; et al. ER Stress Sensor XBP1 Controls Anti-Tumor Immunity by Disrupting Dendritic Cell Homeostasis. Cell. 2015, 161(7), 1527–1538. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.05.025.
- Reiser, J.; Banerjee, A. Effector, Memory, and Dysfunctional CD8+ T Cell Fates in the Antitumor Immune Response. J. Immunol. Res. 2016, 2016, 1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8941260.
- Wherry, E. J. T Cell Exhaustion. Nat. Immunol. 2011, 12(6), 492–499. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.2035.
- Barsoum, I. B.; Smallwood, C. A.; Siemens, D. R.; Graham, C. H. A. Mechanism of Hypoxia-Mediated Escape from Adaptive Immunity in Cancer Cells. Cancer Res. 2014, 74(3), 665–674. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-0992.
- Guo, Z.; Liang, H.; Xu, Y.; Liu, L.; Ren, X.; Zhang, S.; Wei, S.; Xu, P. The Role of Circulating T Follicular Helper Cells and Regulatory Cells in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients. Scand. J. Immunol. 2017, 86(2), 107–112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/sji.12566.
- Zhang, Y.; Qiu, Z.; Qiu, Y.; Su, T.; Qu, P.; Jia, A. Functional Regulation of Ginsenosides on Myeloid Immunosuppressive Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. Integr. Cancer Ther. 2019, 18, 153473541988665. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1534735419886655.
- Mordoh, J.; Levy, E. M.; Roberti, M. P. Natural Killer Cells in Human Cancer: From Biological Functions to Clinical Applications. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2011, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/676198.
- Cartron, G.; Dacheux, L.; Salles, G.; Solal-Celigny, P.; Bardos, P.; Colombat, P.; Watier, H. Therapeutic Activity of Humanized Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibody and Polymorphism in IgG Fc Receptor FcγrIIIa Gene. Blood. 2002, 99(3), 754–758. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V99.3.754.
- Konjević, G.; Miräjaić Martinovi, K.; Jurišić, V.; Babović, N.; Spužić, I. Biomarkers of Suppressed Natural Killer (NK) Cell Function in Metastatic Melanoma: Decreased NKG2D and Increased CD158a Receptors on CD3-CD16+ NK Cells. Biomarkers. 2009, 14(4), 258–270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13547500902814658.
- Coca, S.; Perez-Piqueras, J.; Martinez, D.; Colmenarejo, A.; Saez, M. A.; Vallejo, C.; Martos, J. A.; Moreno, M. The Prognostic Significance of Intratumoral Natural Killer Cells in Patients with Colerectal Carcinoma. Cancer. 1997, 79(12), 2320–2328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970615)79:12<2320::AID-CNCR5>3.0.CO;2-P.
- Albertsson, P. A.; Basse, P. H.; Hokland, M.; Goldfarb, R. H.; Nagelkerke, J. F.; Nannmark, U.; Kuppen, P. J. K. NK Cells and the Tumour Microenvironment: Implications for NK-Cell Function and Anti-Tumour Activity. Trends Immunol. 2003, 24(11), 603–609. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2003.09.007.
- Frossi, B.; Gri, G.; Tripodo, C.; Pucillo, C. Exploring a Regulatory Role for Mast Cells: “Mcregs”? Trends Immunol. 2010, 31(3), 97–102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2009.12.007.
- De Visser, K. E.; Korets, L. V.; Coussens, L. M. De Novo Carcinogenesis Promoted by Chronic Inflammation Is B Lymphocyte Dependent. Cancer Cell. 2005, 7(5), 411–423. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2005.04.014.
- Andreu, P.; Johansson, M.; Affara, N. I.; Pucci, F.; Junankar, S.; Korets, L.; Lam, J.; Tawfik, D.; Denardo, D. G.; Naldini, L.; et al. NIH Public Access. 2011, 17(2), 121–134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2009.12.019.FcR.
- Schioppa, T.; Moore, R.; Thompson, R. G.; Rosser, E. C.; Kulbe, H.; Nedospasov, S.; Mauri, C.; Coussens, L. M.; Balkwill, F. R. B. Regulatory Cells and the Tumor-Promoting Actions of TNF-α during Squamous Carcinogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2011, 108(26), 10662–10667. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1100994108.
- Ahn, H.; Weaver, M.; Lyon, D.; Eunyoung Choi, R. N.; Roger, B.; Fillingim, P. 乳鼠心肌提取 HHS Public Access. Physiol. Behav. 2017, 176(10), 139–148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.040.
- Kim, J. H.; Yi, Y. S.; Kim, M. Y.; Cho, J. Y. Role of Ginsenosides, the Main Active Components of Panax Ginseng, in Inflammatory Responses and Diseases. J. Ginseng Res. 2017, 41(4), 435–443. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2016.08.004.
- Windows, M.; Corporation, M.; Hori, K.; Sakajiri, A. No Title阪大生のためのアカデミック・ライティング入門.
- Nickoloff, B. J.; Ben-Neriah, Y.; Pikarsky, E. Inflammation and Cancer: Is the Link as Simple as We Think? J. Invest. Dermatol. 2005, 124(6), x–xiv. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23724.x.
- Grivennikov, S. I.; Greten, F. R.; Karin, M.; Grivennikov, S. I.; Greten, F. R.; Karin, M. Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer. Cell. 2010, 140(6), 883–899. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.025.Immunity.
- Dostert, C.; Pétrilli, V.; Van Bruggen, R.; Steele, C.; Brooke, T. Of Asbestos and Silica. 2008, 320(5876), 674–677.
- Azad, N.; Rojanasakul, Y.; Vallyathan, V. Inflammation and Lung Cancer: Roles of Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species. J. Toxicol. Environ. Heal. - Part B Crit. Rev. 2008, 11(1), 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10937400701436460.
- Colotta, F.; Allavena, P.; Sica, A.; Garlanda, C.; Mantovani, A. Cancer-Related Inflammation, the Seventh Hallmark of Cancer: Links to Genetic Instability. Carcinogenesis. 2009, 30(7), 1073–1081. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgp127.
- Fridlender, Z. G.; Albelda, S. M. Tumor-Associated Neutrophils: Friend or Foe? Carcinogenesis. 2012, 33(5), 949–955. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgs123.
- Multhoff, G.; Molls, M.; Radons, J. Chronic Inflammation in Cancer Development. Front. Immunol. 2012, 2(JAN), 1–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2011.00098.
- Felley-Bosco, E.; Bender, F. C.; Courjault-Gautier, F.; Bron, C.; Quest, A. F. G. Caveolin-1 down-Regulates Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase via the Proteasome Pathway in Human Colon Carcinoma Cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2000, 97(26), 14334–14339. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.250406797.
- Shin, H. R.; Kim, J. Y.; Yun, T. K.; Morgan, G.; Vainio, H. The Cancer-Preventive Potential of Panax Ginseng: A Review of Human and Experimental Evidence. Cancer Causes Control. 2000, 11(6), 565–576. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008980200583.
- Koo, H. N.; Jeong, H. J.; Choi, I. Y.; An, H. J.; Moon, P. D.; Kim, S. J.; Jee, S. Y.; Um, J. Y.; Hong, S. H.; Shin, S. S.; et al. Mountain Grown Ginseng Induces Apoptosis in HL-60 Cells and Its Mechanism Have Little Relation with TNF-Alpha; Production. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2007, 35(1), 169–182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X07004710.
- Kim, A. D.; Kang, K. A.; Kim, H. S.; Kim, D. H.; Choi, Y. H.; Lee, S. J.; Kim, H. S.; Hyun, J. W. A Ginseng Metabolite, Compound K, Induces Autophagy and Apoptosis via Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Activation of JNK in Human Colon Cancer Cells. Cell Death Dis. 2013, 4(8), e750–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2013.273.
- Wu, Q.; Deng, J.; Fan, D.; Duan, Z.; Zhu, C.; Fu, R.; Wang, S. Ginsenoside Rh4 Induces Apoptosis and Autophagic Cell Death through Activation of the ROS/JNK/P53 Pathway in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2018, 148, 64–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2017.12.004.
- Kanzaki, T.; Morisaki, N.; Shiina, R.; Saito, Y. Role of Transforming Growth Factor-β Pathway in the Mechanism of Wound Healing by Saponin from Ginseng Radix Rubra. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1998, 125(2), 255–262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0702052.
- Yang, X.; Zou, J.; Cai, H.; Huang, X.; Yang, X.; Guo, D.; Cao, Y. Ginsenoside Rg3 Inhibits Colorectal Tumor Growth via Down-Regulation of C/EBPβ/NF-ΚB Signaling. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2017, 96(September), 1240–1245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.092.
- Wang, H.; Jiang, D.; Liu, J.; Ye, S.; Xiao, S.; Wang, W.; Sun, Z.; Xie, Y.; Wang, J. Compound K Induces Apoptosis of Bladder Cancer T24 Cells via Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated P38 MAPK Pathway. Cancer Biother. Radiopharm. 2013, 28(8), 607–614. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/cbr.2012.1468.
- Ovodov, Y. S.; Solov’eva, T. F. Polysaccharides of Panax Ginseng. Chem. Nat. Compd. 1966, 2(5), 243–245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00566981.
- Du, X. F.; Jiang, C. Z.; Wu, C. F.; Won, E. K.; Choung, S. Y. Synergistic Immunostimulating Activity of Pidotimod and Red Ginseng Acidic Polysaccharide against Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression. Arch. Pharm. Res. 2008, 31(9), 1153–1159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-001-1282-6.
- Gao, X.; Zhi, Y.; Sun, L.; Peng, X.; Zhang, T.; Xue, H.; Tai, G.; Zhou, Y. The Inhibitory Effects of a Rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) Domain from Ginseng Pectin on Galectin-3 and Its Structure-Activity Relationship. J. Biol. Chem. 2013, 288(47), 33953–33965. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M113.482315.
- Zhang, X.; Li, S.; Sun, L.; Ji, L.; Zhu, J.; Fan, Y.; Tai, G.; Zhou, Y. Further Analysis of the Structure and Immunological Activity of an RG-I Type Pectin from Panax Ginseng. Carbohydr. Poly. 2012, 89(2), 519–525. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.03.039.
- Zhou, X.; Shi, H.; Jiang, G.; Zhou, Y.; Xu, J. Antitumor Activities of Ginseng Polysaccharide in C57BL/6 Mice with Lewis Lung Carcinoma. Tumor Biol. 2014, 35(12), 12561–12566. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-014-2576-7.
- Zhao, B.; Lv, C.; Lu, J. Natural Occurring Polysaccharides from Panax Ginseng C. A. Meyer: A Review of Isolation, Structures, and Bioactivities. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 133, 324–336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.229.
- Riaz, M.; Rahman, N. U.; Zia-Ul-Haq, M.; Jaffar, H. Z. E.; Manea, R. Ginseng: A Dietary Supplement as Immune-Modulator in Various Diseases. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2019, 83, 12–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.11.008.
- Lin, S. Y.; Liu, L. M.; Wu, L. C. Effects of Shenmai Injection on Immune Function in Stomach Cancer Patients after Chemotherapy. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1995, 15(8), 451–453.
- Suh, S. O.; Kroh, M.; Kim, N. R.; Job, Y. G.; Cho, M. Y. Effects of Red Ginseng upon Postoperative Immunity and Survival in Patients with Stage III Gastric Cancer. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2002, 30(4), 483–494. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X02000661.