Biofilm formation in the industry: A review

References

• Ladd , T. L. and Costerton , J. W. 1990 . Meth. Microbiol. , 22 : 285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert , P. and Allison , D. G. 1992 . “Society for Applied Bacteriology Technical Series No. 30” , Edited by: Denyer , S. P. and Russell , A. D. London : Academic Press . in press
   Google Scholar
• Nichols , W. W. 1992 . “Society for Applied Bacteriology Technical Series No. 30” , Edited by: Denyer , S. P. and Russell , A. D. London : Academic Press . in press
   Google Scholar
• Flemming , H.‐C. and Geesey , G. G. , eds. 1991 . “Biofouling and Biocorrosion in Industrial Water Systems,” , Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Characklis , W. G. and Marshall , K. C. , eds. 1990 . “Biofilms,” , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Costerton , J. W. , Cheng , K.‐J. , Geesey , G. G. , Ladd , T. L. , Nickel , J. C. , Dasgupta , M. and Marrie , T. J. 1987 . Annu. Rev. Microbiol. , 41 : 435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costerton , J. W. , Marrie , T. J. and Cheng , K.‐J. 1985 . “Bacterial Adhesion” , Edited by: Savage , D. C. and Fletcher , M. New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Costerton , J. W. , Irvin , R. T. and Cheng , K.‐J. 1981 . CRC Crit. Rev. Microbiol. , 9 : 303
   Google Scholar
• Costerton , J. W. , Irvin , R. T. and Cheng , K.‐J. 1981 . Annu. Rev. Microbiol. , 35 : 299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen , B. E. 1989 . J. Biotechnol. , 10 : 181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton , W. A. 1987 . “41st Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol.” , Edited by: Fletcher , M. , Gray , T. R. G. and Jones , J. G. 361 New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Characklis , W. G. and Cooksey , K. E. 1983 . Adv. Appl. Microbiol. , 29 : 93
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFeters , G. A. , Bazin , M. J. , Bryers , J. D. , Caldwell , D. E. , Characklis , W. G. , Lund , D. B. , Mirelman , D. , Mitchell , R. , Schubert , R. H. W. , Tanaka , T. and White , D. C. 1984 . “Microbial Adhesion and Aggregation” , Edited by: Marshall , K. C. 109 Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• LeChevallier , M. W. , Babcock , T. M. and Lee , R. G. 1987 . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 53 : 2714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Wende , E. , Characklis , W. G. and Smith , D. B. 1989 . Water Res. , 23 : 1313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle , M. , Ford , T. , Maki , J. S. and Mitchell , R. 1991 . Waste Manage. Res. , 9 : 465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton , W. A. 1991 . “Biofouling and Biocorrosion in Industrial Water Systems” , Edited by: Flemming , H.‐C. and Geesey , G. G. 187 Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton , W. A. 1985 . Ann. Rev. Microbiol. , 39 : 159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , M. R. W. , Allison , D. G. and Gilbert , P. 1988 . J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , 22 : 777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , M. R. W. 1977 . J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , 3 : 198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , D. J. , Brown , M. R. W. , Allison , D. G. and Gilbert , P. . “90th Ann. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 1990,” . pp. A‐151 Anaheim : American Society for Microbiology .
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert , P. , Collier , P. J. and Brown , M. R. W. 1990 . Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , 34 : 1865
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols , W. W. 1991 . Rev. Med. Microbiol. , 2 : 177
   Google Scholar
• Characklis , W. G. 1990 . “Biofilms” , Edited by: Characklis , W. G. and Marshall , K. C. 195 New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Bott , T. R. , Done , R. and Miller , P. G. 1983 . “Proc. Eng. Found. Conf. Fouling of Heat Exchanger Surfaces,” , 735 New York : United Engineering Trustees Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Bott , T. R. and Gunatillaka , M. 1983 . “Proc. Eng. Found. Conf. Fouling of Heat Exchanger Surfaces,” , 727 New York : United Engineering Trustees Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Characklis , W. G. 1981 . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 23 : 1923
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett , C. L. R. , Macrae , A. D. and Macfarlane , J. T. 1986 . “Legionella Infections,” , London : Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Marrie , T. J. and Costerton , J. W. 1984 . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 19 : 687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrie , T. J. and Costerton , J. W. 1983 . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 45 : 1018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrie , T. J. and Costerton , J. W. 1983 . Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. , 146 : 384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrie , T. J. and Costerton , J. W. 1982 . Circ , 66 : 1339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrie , T. J. and Costerton , J. W. 1981 . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 42 : 1093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Exner , M. , Tuschewitzki , G.‐J. and Scharnagel , J. 1987 . Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. Ser. B , 183 : 549
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nickel , J. C. , Ruseska , I. , Wright , J. B. and Costerton , J. W. 1985 . Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , 27 : 619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittelmann , M. W. 1991 . “Biofouling and Biocorrosion in Industrial Water Systems” , Edited by: Flemming , H.‐C. and Geesey , G. G. 135 Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Bryers , J. D. 1990 . “Biofilms” , Edited by: Characklis , W. G. and Marshall , K. C. 733 New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Blenkinsopp , S. A. and Costerton , J. W. 1991 . Trends Biotechnol. , 9 : 138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittaker , C. , Ridgway , H. and Olson , B. H. 1984 . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 48 : 395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittaker , C. , Ridgway , H. F. , Justice , C. A. and Olson , B. H. . “Proc. 82nd Ann. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol.,” . pp. Q29 Atlanta : American Society for Microbiology .
   Google Scholar
• Ridgway , H. F. , Justice , C. A. and Whittaker , C. . “Proc. 82nd Ann. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol.,” . pp. Q27 Atlanta : American Society for Microbiology .
   Google Scholar
• Nurmiaho‐Lassila , E.‐L. , Lehtinen , S. A. , Marmo , S. A. and Salkinoja‐Salonen , M. S. 1990 . “EMAG‐MICRO 89,” , 727 London : IOP Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Verjonen , O. A. , Hakkarainen , T. J. and Marmo , S. A. 1991 . “NACE Ann. Conf. Corrosion Show, Corosion 91,” , Houston : NACE Publication Department . Paper 190
   Google Scholar
• Mattila‐Sandholm , T. and Wirtanen , G. 1991 . “Mikrobien muodostaman biofilmin esiintymis‐ilmiöt teollisuudessa” , [Biofilm formation in the industry] Helsinki : TEKES .
   Google Scholar
• Nestor , G. J. and Cappeline , G. A. 1979 . Ind. Water Eng. , 16 (3) : 14
   Google Scholar
• Sequeira , C. A. C. , Carresquinho , P. M. N. A. and Cebola , C. M. . “Conference: Micro‐bial Corrosion,” . pp. 240 Essex : Elsevier Applied Science .
   Google Scholar
• Sequeira , C. A. C. 1988 . “Conference: Microbial Corrosion,” , 99 Essex : Elsevier Applied Science .
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , C. , Lock , M. A. , Marxsen , J. and Jones , S. E. 1990 . Freshwater Biol. , 24 : 159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewin , R. 1984 . Science , 224 : 375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geesey , G. G. , Richardson , W. T. , Yeomans , H. G. , Irvin , R. T. and Costerton , J. W. 1977 . Can. J. Microbiol. , 23 : 1733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher , M. and Floodgate , G. D. 1973 . J. Gen. Microbiol. , 74 : 325
   Google Scholar
• Costerton , J. W. and Lashen , E. S. 1983 . “NACE Ann. Conf. Corrosion Show, Corrosion 83,” , Houston : NACE Publication Department . Paper 246
   Google Scholar
• Flemming , H.‐C. 1991 . “Biofouling and Biocorrosion in Industrial Water Systems” , Edited by: Flemming , H.‐C. and Geesey , G. G. 47 Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• LeChevallier , M. W. , Cawthon , C. D. and Lee , R. G. 1988 . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 54 : 2492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeChevallier , M. W. , Hassenauer , T. S. , Camper , A. L. and McFeters , G. A. 1984 . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 48 : 918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeChevallier , M. W. , Cawthon , C. D. and Lee , R. G. 1988 . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 54 : 649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Wende , E. and Characklis , W. G. 1990 . “Drinking Water Microbiology” , Edited by: McFeters , G. A. 249 New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Kutcha , J. M. , States , S. J. , McGlaughlin , J. E. , Overmeyer , J. H. , Wadowsky , R. M. , McNamara , A. M. , Wolford , R. S. and Yee , R. B. 1984 . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 50 : 21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadowsky , R. M. , Yee , R. B. and Mezmar , L. 1982 . J. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 43 : 1104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schofield , G. M. and Locci , R. 1985 . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 58 : 151
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pedersen , K. 1990 . Water Res. , 24 : 239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price , D. and Ahearn , D. G. 1988 . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 26 : 1650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloete , T. E. , Smith , F. and Steyn , P. L. 1989 . Int. Biodeterior. , 25 : 115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Offringa , G. 1988 . ChemSA , 14 : 145
   Google Scholar
• Goodman , P. D. 1987 . Br. Corros. J. , 22 : 56
   Google Scholar
• Honneysett , D. G. , van den Bergh , W. D. and O'Brien , P. F. 1985 . Mater. Perform. , 24 (10) : 34
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colturi , T. F. and Kozelski , K. J. 1984 . Mater. Perform. , 23 (8) : 43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , R. O. 1982 . Mater. Perform. , 21 (9) : 31
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , P. C. and Bott , T. R. 1982 . J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. , 32 : 538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , C. and Howells , M. 1981 . Power , 125 (4) : 90
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , D. S. 1982 . Chem. Eng. , 89 (25) : 103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colbourne , J. S. and Dennis , P. J. 1988 . “Biodeterioration 7” , Edited by: Houghton , D. R. , Smith , R. N. and Eggins , H. O. W. 36 Essex : Elsevier Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Karsa , D. R. and Stafford , A. E. 1989 . “BASC: A Code of Practice; The Control of Legionellae by the Safe and Effective Operation of Cooling Systems,” , Surrey : British Association for Chemical Specialities .
   Google Scholar
• Bott , T. R. and Miller , P. C. 1983 . J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. , 33B : 177
   Google Scholar
• Duddridge , J. E. , Kent , C. A. , Miller , P. C. , Laws , J. F. , Pritchard , A. M. and Bott , T. R. 1983 . “Proc. Eng. Found. Conf. Fouling of Heat Exchanger Surfaces,” , 717 New York : United Engineering Trustees Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Hagel , D. , Cran , A. F. and Rice , M. S. 1978 . “Proc. Ocean Therm. Energy Convers. (OTEC), Biofouling Corrosion Symp.” , Edited by: Gray , R. H. 147 Seattle : National Technical Information Service .
   Google Scholar
• Pirbazari , M. , Voice , T. C. and Weber , W. J. Jr. 1990 . Hazard. Waste Hazard. Mater. , 7 : 239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zyska , B. J. 1988 . “Biodeterioration 7” , Edited by: Houghton , D. R. , Smith , R. N. and Eggins , H. O. W. 535 Essex : Elsevier Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Mosteller , T. M. and Bishop , J. R. 1989 . J. Dairy Sci. SuppL , 72 : 111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberlain , A. H. L. and Johal , S. 1988 . “Biodeterioration 7” , Edited by: Houghton , D. R. , Smith , R. N. and Eggins , H. O. W. 57 Essex : Elsevier Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Wahlgren , M. and Arnebrant , T. 1989 . “Fouling and Cleaning in Food Processing” , Edited by: Kessler , H. G. and Lund , D. B. 200 Augsburg : Druckerei Walch .
   Google Scholar
• Ridgway , H. F. and Safarik , J. 1991 . “Biofouling and Biocorrosion in Industrial Water Systems” , Edited by: Flemming , H.‐C. and Geesey , G. G. 81 Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Frank , J. F. and Koffi , R. A. 1990 . J. Food Prot. , 53 : 550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herald , P. J. and Zottola , E. A. 1988 . J. Food Sci. , 53 : 1549
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korkeala , H. , Suortti , T. and Mäkelä , P. 1988 . Int. J. Food Microbiol. , 7 : 339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manila , T. and Frost , A. J. 1988 . Food Microbiol. , 5 : 219
   Google Scholar
• Mattila , T. and Frost , A. J. 1988 . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 65 : 455
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yada , R. Y. and Skura , B. J. 1982 . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 43 : 905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , S. J. , Gilmour , A. and Johnston , D. E. 1989 . Int. J. Food Microbiol. , 8 : 155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melo , L. F. , Vieira , M. J. and Pinheiro , M. M. 1989 . “Fouling and Cleaning in Food Processing” , Edited by: Kessler , H. G. and Lund , D. B. 86 Augsburg : Druckerei Walch .
   Google Scholar
• Herald , P. J. 1989 . Diss. Abstr. Int. B: , 50 : 389
   Google Scholar
• Herald , P. J. and Zottola , E. A. 1989 . J. Food Sci. , 54 : 461
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herald , P. J. and Zottola , E. A. 1988 . Food Microstruct. , 7 : 53
   Google Scholar
• Stone , L. S. and Zottola , E. A. 1985 . J. Food Sci. , 50 : 951
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone , L. S. and Zottola , E. A. 1985 . J. Food Sci. , 50 : 957
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwach , T. S. and Zottola , E. A. 1984 . J. Food Prot. , 47 : 756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwach , T. S. and Zottola , E. A. 1982 . J. Food Sci. , 47 : 1402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser , T. W. and Gilmour , A. 1986 . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 60 : 527
   Google Scholar
• Zoltai , P. T. , Zottola , E. A. and McKay , L. L. 1981 . J. Food Prot. , 44 : 204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoltai , P. T. , Zottola , E. A. and McKay , L. L. 1980 . J. Dairy Sci. , 63 (suppl. 1) : 59
   Google Scholar
• Holt , D. M. 1988 . “Biodeterioration 7” , Edited by: Houghton , D. R. , Smith , R. N. and Eggins , H. O. W. 493 Essex : Elsevier Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Costerton , J. W. , Geesey , G. G. and Jones , P. A. 1988 . Mater. Perform. , 27 (4) : 49
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmo , S. A. , Nurmiaho‐Lassila , E.‐L. , Varjonen , O. and Salkinoja‐Salonen , M. S. . “90th International Congress on Microbial Corrosion,” . Knoxville .
   Google Scholar
• Lamot , J. E. 1989 . “Conference: Microbial Corrosion,” , 224 Essex : Elsevier Applied Science .
   Google Scholar
• Rossmoore , K. 1988 . “Biodeterioration 7” , Edited by: Houghton , D. R. , Smith , R. N. and Eg‐gins , H. O. W. 242 Essex : Elsevier Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Cook , P. E. and Gaylarde , C. C. 1988 . Int. Biodeterior , 24 : 265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz , C. , Guiamet , P. S. and Videla , H. A. 1990 . Int. Biodeterior. , 26 : 315
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinzel , M. 1988 . “Industrial Biocides,” , 52 Chicester : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Henriksson , E. and Haikara , A. 1991 . Monatsschr. Brauwiss. , 44 : 4
   Google Scholar
• Shelley , A. 1990 . Aust. Refrig. Air Cond. Heat. , 44 (3) : 30
   Google Scholar
• Anwar , H. , Dasgupta , M. and Costerton , J. W. 1990 . Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , 34 : 2043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anwar , H. , van Biesen , T. , Dasgupta , M. , Lam , K. and Costerton , J. W. 1989 . Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , 33 : 1824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anwar , H. , Dasgupta , M. , Lam , K. and Costerton , W. 1989 . J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , 34 : 647
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , R. L. , Holland , B.W. , Carr , J. K. , Bond , W. W. and Favero , M. S. 1990 . Am. J. Public Health , 80 : 17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wishart , M. M. and Riley , T. V. 1976 . Med. J. Aust. , 2 : 710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassett , D. C. J. 1971 . J. Clin. Pathol. , 24 : 708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloomfield , S. F. 1988 . “Biodeterioration 7” , Edited by: Houghton , D. R. , Smith , R. N. and Eggins , H. O. W. 135 Essex : Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd. .
   Google Scholar
• Caputy , G. G. and Costerton , J. W. 1982 . Infect. Immun. , 36 : 759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolawole , D. O. 1984 . FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , 25 : 205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogt , A. H. , Dankert , J. and Feijen , J. 1983 . FEMS Microbiol. Lett. , 18 : 211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogt , A. H. , Dankert , J. , Hulstaert , C. E. and Feijen , J. 1986 . Infect. Immun. , 51 : 294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen , G. D. , Simpson , W. A. , Younger , J. J. , Baddour , L. M. , Barrett , F. F. , Melton , D. M. and Beachey , E. H. 1985 . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 22 : 996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddour , L. M. , Christensen , G. D. and Schadow , K. H. 1989 . J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , 24 : 365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schadow , K. H. , Simpson , W. A. and Christensen , G. D. 1988 . J. Infect. Dis. , 157 : 71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irvin , R. T. , Govan , J. W. R. , Fyfe , J. A. M. and Costerton , J. W. 1981 . Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , 19 : 1056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam , J. , Chan , R. , Lam , K. and Costerton , J. W. 1980 . Infect. Immun. , 28 : 546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , R. M. , Parisi , J. T. , Vidal , L. and Baldwin , J. N. 1977 . Infect. Immun. , 17 : 231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doggett , R. G. , Harrison , G. M. and Wallis , E. S. 1964 . J. Bacteriol. , 87 : All
   Google Scholar
• Mayo , J. A. , Oertling , K. M. and Andrieu , S. C. 1989 . J. Dent. Res. , 68 : 284
   Google Scholar
• Gelbart , S. M. , Reinhardt , G. F. and Greenlee , H. B. 1976 . J. Clin. Microbiol. , 3 : 62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gristina , A. G. , Costerton , J. W. , Leake , E. S. , Kolkin , J. and Wright , M. J. 1981 . “Trans. Ann. Meet. Soc. Biomater. Int. Biomater. Symp.,” , 46 San Antonio : Society for Biomaterials .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , L. A. , Sawant , A. D. , Simmons , R. B. and Ahearn , D. G. 1990 . Am. J. Ophthalmol. , 110 : 193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy , W. F. and Costerton , J. W. 1982 . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 43 : 1490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy , W. F. , Bryers , J. D. , Robbins , J. and Costerton , J. W. 1981 . Can. J. Microbiol. , 27 : 910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , P. N. , Bousfield , I. J. and Stones , A. 1987 . “Industrial Microbiological Testing” , Edited by: Hopton , J. W. and Hill , E. C. 99 Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Kinniment , S. and Wimpenny , J. W. T. 1990 . Int. Biodeterior. , 26 : 181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders , P. F. 1988 . Int. Biodeterior. , 24 : 239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duddridge , J. E. 1981 . “UKAEA Conf. Prog. Prev. Fouling Ind. Plant,” 54 Harwell
   Google Scholar
• Costerton , J. W. , Geesey , G. G. and Jones , P. A. 1989 . “Proc. Conf. Corrosion Control Monit. Gas Pipelines Well Syst.” , 239 Houston : National Association of Corrosion Engineers .
   Google Scholar
• Characklis , W. G. 1990 . “Biofilms” , Edited by: Characklis , W. G. and Marshall , K. C. 55 New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Collett , R. A. and Hopton , J. W. 1987 . “Industrial Microbiological Testing” , Edited by: Hopton , J. W. and Hill , E. C. 69 Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen , K. 1982 . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 43 : 6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Characklis , W. G. , Trulear , M. G. , Bryers , J. D. and Zelver , N. 1982 . Water Res. , 16 : 1207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristensen , G. H. and Christensen , F. R. 1982 . Water Res. , 16 : 1619
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindvall , I. and Trägårdh , C. 1991 . “NI‐project report, 1991,” , Lund : Lund University .
   Google Scholar
• Holah , J. T. , Betts , R. P. and Thorpe , R. H. 1989 . Int. Biodeterior. , 25 : 147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holah , J. T. , Betts , R. P. and Thorpe , R. H. 1988 . J. Appl. Bacteriol. , 65 : 215
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richards , S. R. and Turner , R. J. 1984 . Water Res. , 18 : 161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall , P. A. , Loeb , G. I. , Cowan , M. M. and Fletcher , M. 1989 . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 55 : 2827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manoharan , R. E. , Ghiamati , E. , Dalterio , R. A. , Britton , K. A. and Nelson , W. H. 1990 . J. Microbiol. Meth. , 11 : 1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols , P. D. , Henson , J. M. , Guckert , J. B. , Nivens , D. E. and White , D. C. 1985 . J. Microbiol. Meth. , 4 : 79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler , H. G. and Lund , D. B. 1989 . “Fouling and Cleaning in Food Processing,” , Augsburg : Druckerei Walch .
   Google Scholar
• Brück , M. 1977 . J. Biomed. Mater. Res. , 11 : 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mussalli , Y. G. 1985 . “Proc. Spec. Conf. Hydraul. Hydrol. Small Comput. Age,” , 848 New York : ASCE .
   Google Scholar
• LeChevallier , M. W. 1991 . “Biofouling and Biocorrosion in Industrial Water Systems” , Edited by: Flemming , H.‐C. and Geesey , G. G. 113 Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Characklis , W. G. , Trulear , M. G. , Stathopoulos , N. and Chang , L. C. 1980 . “Proc. Ann. Meet. Cooling Tower Inst.,” , Houston : Cooling Tower Institute . Paper TP‐211A
   Google Scholar
• Scidler , R. J. , Morrow , J. E. and Bagley , S. T. 1977 . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 33 : 893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy , L. A. , Kelly , A. J. , Thun , M. A. and Olson , B. H. . “Proc. Am. Water Works Assoc. Water Qual. Technol. Conf.,” . pp. 141 Denver : AWWA .
   Google Scholar
• Nesaratnam , R. N. and Bott , T. R. 1984 . Heat. Vent. Eng. , 58 ( 664 ) : 5
   Google Scholar
• Schulze‐Röbbecke , R. , Exner , M. and Luis , B. 1988 . Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. Ser. B , 186 : 428
   Google Scholar
• Keevil , C. W. , Mackerness , C. W. and Colbourne , J. S. 1990 . Int. Biodeteriorat. , 26 : 169
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiatr , C. L. and Fedyniak , O. X. 1991 . J. Ind. Microbiol. , 7 ( 7 )
   Google Scholar
• Chow , W. , Maulbetsch , J. S. and Mussalli , Y. G. 1984 . Power Eng. , 88 (10) : 38
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy , W. F. and Lashen , E. S. . “Proc. Ann. Meet. Cooling Tower Inst.,” . Houston : Cooling Tower Institute . paper TP‐86–17
   Google Scholar
• Ikuta , S. , Nishimura , K. , Yasunaga , T. , Ichikawa , S. and Wakao , Y. . “Proc. Jt. ASME/ IEEE Power Gener. Conf.,” . New York : ASME . 88‐JPGC/Pwr‐15
   Google Scholar
• Ruseska , I. , Robbins , J. , Costerton , J. W. and Lashen , E. S. 1982 . Oil Gas J. , 80 : 253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maxwell , S. and Nice , P. I. 1988 . “UK Corrosion ‘88—with Eurocorr,” , 107 Birmingham : Institution of Corrosion Science and Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Nakayama , S. , Tanaka , M. , Yamauchi , S. and Tabata , N. 1985 . Ozone: Sci. Eng. , 7 : 31
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaylarde , C. C. 1989 . Environ. Engl. , 2 (4) : 30
   Google Scholar
• Gaylarde , C. C. 1990 . Int. Biodeterior. , 26 : 11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirtanen , G. and Mattila‐Sandholm , T. 1992 . Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. , 25 : 43
   Google Scholar
• Wirtanen , G. and Mattila‐Sandholm , T. 1992 . Lebensm. Wiss. Technol. , 25 : 50
   Google Scholar
• Czechowski , M. H. 1990 . J. Food Prot. , 53 : 901 and personal comments
   Google Scholar
• Lee , Shin‐Ho and Frank , J. F. 1991 . J. Food Prot. , 54 : 4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mafu , A. A. , Roy , D. , Goulet , J. , Savoie , L. and Roy , R. 1990 . J. Dairy Sci. , 73 : 3428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehtonen , P. 1990 . “Proc. Anglo‐Nordic Eureka Meet. Biotechnol.,” , 54 Helsinki : Chemical Industry Federation .
   Google Scholar
• Dall , L. , Barnes , W. G. , Lane , J. W. and Mills , J. 1987 . J. Inf. Dis. , 156 : 736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turakhia , M. H. and Characklis , W. G. 1989 . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 33 : 406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , E. O. , Gannon , J. E. and Bennett , D. L. 1982 . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 33 : 893
   Google Scholar
• Izzat , I. N. , Bennett , E. O. , Gannon , J. E. and Onyekwelu , I. U. 1981 . Tribol. Int. , 14 : 171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izzat , I. N. and Bennett , E. O. 1979 . Dev. Ind. Microbiol. , 20 : 683
   Google Scholar
• Surinach , P. P. 1987 . “Proc. 1987 SPE Int. Symp. Oilfield Chem.,” , 205 SPE of AIME, Richard‐son .
   Google Scholar
• Turakhia , M. H. , Cooksey , K. E. and Characklis , W. G. 1983 . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 46 : 1236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Characklis , W. G. , Turakhia , M. H. and Zelver , N. 1990 . “Biofïlms” , Edited by: Characklis , W. G. and Marshall , K. C. 265 New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Molin , G. and Nilsson , I. 1985 . Biotechnol. Bioeng. , 27 : 117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickels , J. S. , Bobbie , R. J. , Lott , D. F. , Martz , R. F. , Benson , P. H. and White , D. C. 1981 . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 41 : 1442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternel , C. 1989 . Reinraumtechnik , 2 : 16
   Google Scholar
• du Moulin , G. C. , Stottmeier , K. D. , Pelletier , P. A. , Tsang , A. Y. and Hedley‐White , J. 1988 . J. Am. Med. Assoc , 260 : 1599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costerton , J. W. U. S. Patent 4,419,248 . 1983 .
   Google Scholar
• Kreft , P. , Scheible , O. K. and Venosa , A. 1986 . J. Water Poll. Contr. Fed. , 58 : 1129
   Google Scholar
• Zips , A. , Schaule , G. and Flemming , H. C. 1990 . Biofouling , 2 : 323
   Google Scholar
• McGuire , M. J. 1989 . J. Am. Water Works Assoc , 81 : 35
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krasner , S. W. , McGuire , M. J. , Jacangelo , J. G. , Patania , N. L. , Reagan , K. M. and Aieta , E. M. 1989 . J. Am. Water Works Assoc , 81 : 41
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed , S. P. and Alansari , M. S. 1989 . Desalination , 74 : 69
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan , R. S. and Oh , L. C. P. 1989 . Biofouling , 1 : 353
   Google Scholar
• LeChevallier , M. W. , Lowry , C. D. and Lee , R. G. 1990 . J. Am. Water Works Assoc , 82 (7) : 87
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Characklis , W. G. 1990 . “Biofilms” , Edited by: Characklis , W. G. and Marshall , K. C. 585 New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert , E. 1988 . Water Res. , 22 : 123
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeggi , N. E. and Schmidt‐Lorenz , W. 1988 . Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. Ser. B , 186 : 311
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jaeggi , N. E. and Schmidt‐Lorenz , W. 1988 . Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. Ser. B , 186 : 494
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christensen , B. E. and Characklis , W. G. 1990 . “Biofilms” , Edited by: Characklis , W. G. and Marshall , K. C. 93 New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Lintner , K. and Bragulla , S. 1988 . Henkel Referate , 24 : 42
   Google Scholar
• Flemming , H.‐C. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. Abt. 1 Orig. B , 179 97
   Google Scholar
• Hampson , J. D. 1982 . Lab. Pract. , 31 : 337
   Google Scholar
• Ridgway , H. F. , Rigby , M. G. and Argo , D. G. 1985 . J. Am. Water Works Assoc , 77 : 97
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventullo , R. M. and Larson , R. J. 1986 . Appl. Environ. Microb. , 51 : 356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar