References
- Anderson , J. R. and Loomis , E. C. 1978 . Exotic dung beetles in pasture and rangeland ecosystems . Cal. Agric. , 32 : 31 – 32 .
- Andrews , A. H. 1978 . Warble fly: The life cycle, distribution, economic losses and control . Vet. Rec. , 103 : 348 – 353 .
- Anthony , D. W. , Mott , L. O. and Mills , G. D. 1963 . Cattle lice eradication studies: A 3‐year evaluation . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. , 142 : 130 – 132 .
- Axtell , R. C. 1986 . Fly control in confined livestock and poultry production , CIBA‐Geigy Corp. Tech. Monogr.
- Barnard , D. R. 1985 . Injury thresholds and production loss functions for the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) on pastured preweaner beef cattle Bos taunts . J. Econ. Entomol. , 78 : 852 – 855 .
- Bloemer , S. R. , Mount , G. A. , Morris , T. A. , Zimmerman , R. H. , Barnard , D. R. and Snoddy , E. L. 1990 . Management of lone star ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in recreational areas with acaricide applications, vegetative management, and exclusion of white‐tailed deer . J. Med. Entomol. , 27 : 543 – 550 .
- Butler , J. E. Haematobia irritans (L.): Economic importance and bionomical characteristics . Proc. 16th Congresso Mundial de Buiatria VI Congresso Latino Americano de Buiatria . Salvador Bahia, Brazil. pp. 1210 – 1215 .
- Campbell , J. B. 1976 . Effect of horn fly control on cows as expressed by increased weaning weights of calves . J. Econ. Entornol. , 69 : 711 – 712 .
- Campbell , J. B. , Berry , I. L. , Boxler , D. J. , Davis , R. L. , Clanton , D. C. and Deutscher , G. H. 1987 . Effects of stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on weight gain and feed efficiency of feed‐lot cattle . J. Econ. Entomol. , 80 : 117 – 119 .
- Campbell , J. B. , Boxler , D. J. , Clanton , D. C. , Deutscher , G. , Davis , R. , Knott , M. and Shugart , J. I. 1990 . Nebraska horn fly control studies 1970–1989 , Misc. Publ. No. 57 22 University of Nebraska .
- Campbell , J. B. , Boxler , D. J. , Shugart , J. I. , Clanton , D. C. and Crookshank , R. 1981 . Effects of house flies on weight gains and feed efficiency on yearling heifers on finishing rations . J. Econ. Entomol. , 74 : 94 – 95 .
- Campbell , J. B. , White , R. G. , Wright , J. E. , Crookshank , R. and Clanton , D. C. 1977 . Effects of stable flies on weight gains and feed efficiency of calves on growing or finishing rations . J. Econ. Entomol. , 70 : 592 – 594 .
- Campbell , J. B. , Woods , W. , Hagen , A. F. and Howe , E. C. 1973 . Cattle grub insecticide efficacy and effects on weight gain performance of feeder calves in Nebraska . J. Econ. Entomol. , 66 : 429 – 432 .
- Catangui , M. A. 1992 . Performances of brahman‐crossbred and english × exotic‐crossbred feeder heifers when exposed to stable flies , University of Nebraska . Ph.D. dissertation
- Collins , R. C. and Dewhirst , L. W. 1965 . Some effects of the sucking louse, Haematopinus eurysternus on cattle on unsupplemented range . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. , 146 : 129 – 130 .
- Collins , R. C. and Dewhirst , L. W. 1971 . The cattle grub problem in Arizona. II. Phenology of common cattle grub infestations and their effects on weight gains of preweaning calves . J. Econ. Entomol. , 64 : 1467
- Duren , E. and O'Keefe , L. E. 1972 . Horn fly control with dust bags: Effect on weight gains . An. Nutr. Health , 27 : 3 – 4 .
- Ely , D. G. and Harvey , T. L. 1969 . Relation of ration to short‐nosed cattle louse infestations . J. Econ. Entomol. , 62 : 341 – 344 .
- Fincher , G. T. 1986 . “ Importations, colonization and release of dung burying scarabs ” . In Biological Control of Muscoid Flies , Misc. Publ. No. 61 Edited by: Patterson , R. S. and Rutz , D. A. 69 – 76 . Entomol. Soc. Am. .
- Francis , J. and Little , D. A. 1964 . Resistance of droughtmaster cattle to tick infestation and babesoisis . Aust. Vet. J. , 40 : 247 – 253 .
- Gerster , G. 1986 . Fly of the deadly sleep . Nati. Geogr. Soc. , 143 : 814 – 833 .
- Gibney , V. J. , Campbell , J. B. , Boxler , D. J. , Clanton , D. C. and Deutscher , G. H. 1985 . Effects of various infestation levels of cattle lice (Mallophaga: Trichodectidae and Anoplura: Haematopinidae) on feed efficiency and weight gains of beef heifers . J. Econ. Entomol. , 78 : 1304 – 1307 .
- Gidden , C. J. , Steinkraus , D. C. , Miller , R. W. and Rutz , D. A. 1992 . Suppression of filth flies in New York and Maryland by release of Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) . Environ. Entomol. ,
- Hall , R. D. 1984 . Relationship of the face fly (Diptera: Muscidae) to pinkeye in cattle: A review and synthesis of the relevant literature . J. Med. Entomol. , 21 : 361 – 365 .
- Harvey , T. L. and Brethour , J. R. 1979 . Effect of horn flies on weight gains of beef cattle . J. Econ. Entomol. , 72 (4) : 516 – 518 .
- Haufe , W. O. 1982 . Growth of range cattle protected from horn flies (Haematobia irritans) by ear tags impregnated with fenvalerate . Can. J. An. Sci. , 62 : 567 – 573 .
- Hoch , A. L. , Semtner , P. J. , Barker , R. W. and Hair , J. A. 1972 . Preliminary observations on controlled burning for lone star tick (Acarina: Ixodidae) control in woodlots . J. Med. Entomol. , 9 : 446 – 451 .
- Jones , R. H. 1961 . Observations on the larval habitats of some North American species of Culicoides (Díptera: Ceratopognoidae) . Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. , 54 : 702 – 710 .
- Khan , M. A. and Kozub , G. C. 1981 . Systemic control of cattle grubs (Hypoderma spp.) in steers treated with Warbex and weight gains associated with grub control . Can. J. Comp. Med. , 45 : 15 – 19 .
- Kinzer , H. G. , Houghton , W. E. , Reeves , J. M. , Kunz , S. E. , Wallace , J. D. and Urquhart , N. S. 1984 . Influence of horn flies on weight loss of cattle with notes on prevention of loss by insecticide treatment . Southwest. Entomol. , 9 : 212 – 217 .
- Kunz , S. E. , Miller , J. A. , Sims , P. L. and Meyrhoeffer , D. C. 1984 . Economics of controlling horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in range cattle management . J. Econ. Entomol. , 77 : 657 – 660 .
- Kunz , S. E. and Schmidt , C. D. 1985 . The pyrethroid resistance problem in the horn fly . J. Agric. Entomol. , 2 : 358 – 363 .
- Lloyd , J. E. Targeting research for IPM implementation: Insect pests of sheep: The sheep ked . Melophagus avinus. Nati. IPM Symp. Las Vegas, NV.
- McNeal , C. D. Jr. and Campbell , J. B. 1981 . Insect pest management in Nebraska feedlots and dairies: A pilot integrated pest management project , Dept. Entomol. Rpt. No. 10 43 University of Nebraska .
- Meyer , J. A. , Lancaster , J. L. Jr. and Simco , J. S. 1982 . Comparison of habitat modification animal control and standard spraying for control of lone star tick . J. Econ. Entomol. , 75 : 524 – 529 .
- Mullens , B. A. and Rodriquez , J. L. 1989 . Response of Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) to water level fluctuations in experimental dairy wastewater ponds . J. Med. Entomol. , 26 : 566 – 572 .
- Peterson , H. O. , Roberts , I. H. , Becklund , W. W. and Kemper , H. E. 1953 . Anemia in cattle caused by heavy infestations of bloodsucking louse, Haematobia eurysternus . J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. , 122 : 373 – 376 .
- Quisenberry , S. S. and Strohbehn , D. R. 1984 . Horn fly control on beef cows with permethrin‐impregnated ear tags and effect on subsequent calf weight gains . J. Econ. Entomol. , 77 : 422 – 424 .
- Rich , G. B. 1970 . The economics of systemic insecticide treatment for reduction of slaughtered trim loss caused by cattle grubs, Hypoderma spp . Can. J. Am. Sci. , 50 : 301 – 310 .
- Rutz , D. A. and Patterson , R. S. 1990 . Biocontrol of Arthropods Affecting Livestock and Poultry , 316 Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
- Scharff , D. K. 1962 . An investigation of the cattle louse problem . J. Econ. Entomol. , 55 : 684 – 688 .
- Scholl , P. J. , Hironaka , R. and Weintraub , J. 1988 . Impact of cattle grub (Hypoderma spp.) (Diptera: Oestridae) infestations on performance of beef cattle . J. Econ. Entomol. , 81 : 246 – 250 .
- Scifres , C. J. , Oldham , T. W. , Teel , P. D. and Drawe , D. L. 1988 . Gulf coast tisk (Amblyomma maculatum) populations and response to burning coastal prairie habitats . Southwest. Naturalist , 33 : 55 – 64 .
- Sheppard , D. C. 1984 . Fenvalerate and flucythrinate resistance in a horn fly population . J. Agric. Entomol. , 1 : 305 – 310 .
- Shugart , J. E. , Campbell , J. B. , Hudson , D. B. , Hibbs , C. M. , White , R. G. and Clanton , D. C. 1979 . Ability of the face fly to cause damage to eyes of cattle . J. Econ. Entomol. , 72 : 633 – 635 .
- Skoda , S. R. , Thomas , G. D. and Campbell , J. B. 1991 . Developmental sites and relative abundance of immature stages of the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) in beef cattle feedlot pens in eastern Nebraska . J. Econ. Entomol. , 84 : 191 – 197 .
- Sparks , T. C. , Quisenberry , S. S. , Lockwood , J. A. , Byford , R. L. and Roush , R. T. 1985 . Insecticide resistance in the horn fly, Haematobia irritons (L.) . J. Agric. Entomol. , 2 : 217 – 233 .
- Steelman , C. D. 1979 . Economic thresholds for mosquitoes . Mosquito News , 39 : 324 – 329 .
- Steelman , C. D. , Brown , A. H. Jr. , Gbur , E. E. and Tolley , G. 1991 . Interactive response of the horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) and selected breeds of beef cattle . J. Econ. Entomol. , 84 : 1275 – 1282 .
- This article is Journal Series No. 10183 of the Nebraska Agricultural Research Devision and Contribution No. 815 of the Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska—Lincoln.