Tracking Executive Function Across the Transition to School: A Latent Variable Approach

REFERENCES

• Atkinson , R. and Shiffrin , R. 1968 . “ Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation Edited by: Spence , K. 89 – 195 . New York : Academic Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Bialystok , E. 1999 . Cognitive complexity and attentional control in the bilingual mind . Child Development , 70 : 636 – 644 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop , D. , Aamodt-Leeper , G. , Creswell , C. , McGurk , R. and Skuse , D. 2001 . Individual differences in cognitive planning on the Tower of Hanoi task: Neuropsychological maturity or measurement error? . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 42 : 551 – 556 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair , C. and Peters , R. 2003 . Physiological and neurocognitive correlates of adaptive behavior in preschool among children in Head Start . Developmental Neuropsychology , 24 : 479 – 497 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair , C. and Razza , R. 2007 . Relating effortful control, executive function, and false belief understanding to emerging math and literacy ability in kindergarten . Child Development , 78 : 647 – 663 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodrova , E. and Leong , D. 1996 . Tools of the mind: The Vygotskian approach to early childhood education Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Merrill/Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Bradley , R. and Corwyn , R. 2002 . Socioeconomic status and child development . Annual Review of Psychology , 53 : 371 – 399 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brocki , K. and Bohlin , G. 2004 . Executive functions in children aged 6 to 13: A dimensional and developmental study . Developmental Neuropsychology , 26 : 571 – 593 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookshire , B. , Levin , H. and Song , J. 2004 . Components of executive function in typically developing and head-injured children . Developmental Neuropsychology , 25 : 61 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , T. 2006 . Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research, , 1st ed. New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carlson , S. 2005 . Developmentally sensitive measures of executive function in preschool children . Developmental Neuropsychology , 28 : 595 – 616 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , S. , Mandell , D. and Williams , L. 2004 . Executive function and theory of mind: Stability and prediction from ages 2 to 3 . Developmental Psychology , 40 : 1105 – 1122 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , S. and Meltzoff , A. 2008 . Paper: Bilingual experience and executive functioning in young children . Developmental Science , 11 : 282 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan , D. 1998 . The conceptualization and analysis of change over time: An integrative approach incorporating longitudinal and covariance structures analysis (LMACS) and multiple indicator latent growth modelling (MLGM) . Organizational Research Methods , 1 : 421 – 483 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colom , R. and García-López , O. 2003 . Secular gains in fluid intelligence: Evidence from the culture-fair intelligence test . Journal of Biosocial Science , 35 : 33 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colom , R. , Juan Espinosa , M. and García , L. 2001 . The secular increase in test scores is a “Jensen effect.” . Personality and Individual Differences , 30 : 553 – 559 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , G. and Lawton , K. 2008 . Working out of poverty: A study of the low paid and the ‘working poor’ London, , UK : Institute of Public Policy Research (IPPR) .
   Google Scholar
• Diamond , A. 1991 . “ Developmental time course in human infants and infant monkeys, and the neural bases of inhibitory control in reaching. ” . In Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences: Part VII. Inhibition and executive control 637 – 704 .
   Google Scholar
• Diamond , A. , Barnett , W. , Thomas , J. and Munro , S. 2007 . Preschool program improves cognitive control . Science , 318 : 1387 – 1388 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond , A. , Prevor , M. , Callender , G. and Druin , D. 1997 . Prefrontal cortex cognitive deficits in children treated early and continuously for PKU . Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development , 62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dockett , S. and Perry , B. 2003 . The transition to school: What's important? . Educational Leadership , 60 : 30 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan , J. and Owen , A. 2000 . Common regions of the human frontal lobe recruited by diverse cognitive demands . Trends in Neuroscience , 23 : 475 – 483 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn , L. 1997 . British Picture Vocabulary Scale – revised Windsor, , UK : NFER-Nelson .
   Google Scholar
• Espy , K. , Kaufmann , P. , McDiarmid , M. and Glisky , M. 1999 . Executive functioning in preschool children: Performance on A-not-B and other delayed response format tasks . Brain and Cognition , 41 : 178 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farah , M. , Shera , D. , Savage , J. , Betancourt , L. , Giannetta , J. Brodsky , N. 2006 . Childhood poverty: Specific associations with neurocognitive development . Brain Research , 1110 : 166 – 174 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernyhough , C. and Fradley , E. 2005 . Private speech on an executive task: Relations with task difficulty and task performance . Cognitive Development , 20 : 103 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn , J. 1984 . The mean IQ of Americans: Massive gains . Psychological Bulletin , 95 : 29 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn , J. 1999a . Evidence against Rushton: The genetic loading of WISC-R subsets and the causes of between-group IQ differences . Personality and Individual Differences , 26 : 373 – 379 .
   Google Scholar
• Flynn , J. 1999b . Reply to Rushton: A gang of gs overpowers factor analysis . Personality and Individual Differences , 26 : 391 – 393 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman , N. and Miyake , A. 2004 . The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: A latent-variable analysis . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 133 : 101 – 135 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garon , N. , Bryson , S. and Smith , I. 2008 . Executive function in preschoolers: A review using an integrative framework . Psychological Bulletin , 134 : 31 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gathercole , S. , Pickering , S. , Ambridge , B. and Wearing , H. 2004 . The structure of working memory from 4 to 15 years of age . Developmental Psychology , 40 : 177 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstadt , C. , Hong , Y. and Diamond , A. 1994 . The relationship between cognition and action: Performance of children 3 1/2 –7 years old on a Stroop-like day-night test . Cognition , 53 : 129 – 153 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein , K. 1936 . The modifications of behaviour consequent to cerebral lesions . Psychiatric Quarterly , 10 : 586 – 610 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein , K. 1944 . The mental changes due to frontal lobe damage . Journal of Psychology , 17 : 187 – 208 .
   Google Scholar
• Gorsuch , R. 1997 . Exploratory factor analysis: Its role in item analysis . Journal of Personality Assessment , 68 : 532 – 560 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackman , D. and Farah , M. 2009 . Socioeconomic status and the developing brain . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 13 : 65 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Happé , F. 1995 . The role of age and verbal ability in the theory of mind task performance of subjects with autism . Child Development , 66 : 843 – 855 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , C. 1998 . Executive function in preschoolers: Links with theory of mind and verbal ability . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 16 : 233 – 253 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , C. and Ensor , R. 2005 . Theory of Mind and Executive Function in 2-year-olds: A family affair? . Developmental Neuropsychology , 28 : 645 – 668 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , C. and Ensor , R. 2007 . Executive Function and Theory of Mind: Predictive relations from ages 2- to 4-years . Developmental Psychology , 43 : 1447 – 1459 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , C. and Ensor , R. 2009 . How do families help or hinder the emergence of early executive function . New directions for Child and Adolescent Development , 123 : 35 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , C. , Russell , J. and Robbins , T. 1994 . Evidence for central executive dysfunction in autism . Neuropsychologia , 32 : 477 – 492 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huizinga , M. , Dolan , C. and van der Molen , M. 2006 . Age-related change in executive function: Developmental trends and a latent variable analysis . Neuropsychologia , 44 : 2017 – 2036 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James , W. 1890 . The principles of psychology New York : Holt. .
   Google Scholar
• Lehto , J. , Juujärvi , P. , Kooistra , L. and Pulkkinen , L. 2003 . Dimensions of executive functioning: Evidence from children . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 21 : 59 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luria , A. R. 1966 . Higher cortical functions in man, , 1st ed. New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Mezzacappa , E. 2004 . Alerting, orienting, and executive attention: Developmental properties and sociodemographic correlates in an epidemiological sample of young, urban children . Child Development , 75 : 1373 – 1386 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake , A. , Friedman , N. , Emerson , M. , Witzki , A. , Howerter , A. and Wager , T. 2000 . The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis . Cognitive Psychology , 41 : 49 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , K. and Kochanska , K. 2002 . Effortful control: Factor structure and relation to externalizing and internalizing behaviors . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 30 : 503 – 514 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Must , O. , Must , A. and Raudik , V. 2003 . The secular rise in IQs: In Estonia the Flynn effect is not a Jensen effect . Intelligence , 167 : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Noble , K. , McCandliss , B. and Farah , M. 2007 . Socioeconomic gradients predict individual differences in neurocognitive abilities . Developmental Science , 10 : 464 – 480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noble , K. , Norman , M. F. and Farah , M. 2005 . Neurocognitive correlates of socioeconomic status in kindergarten children . Developmental Science , 8 : 74 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman , D. and Shallice , T. 1980 . Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behaviour , Technical Report No. 99 Center for Human Information Processing .
   Google Scholar
• Norman , D. and Shallice , T. 1986 . “ Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behaviour. ” . In Consciousness and self-regulation Edited by: Davidson , R. J. , Schwartz , G. E. and Shapiro , D. Vol. 4 , 1 – 18 . New York : Plenum Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Ozonoff , S. and Jensen , J. 1999 . Specific executive function profiles in three neurodevelopmental disorders . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 29 ( 2 ) : 171 – 177 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piaget , J. 1976 . The grasp of consciousness Edited by: Wedgewood . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rushton , J. P. , Brainerd , C. J. and Pressley , M. 1983 . Behavioral development and construct validity: The principle of aggregation . Psychological Bulletin , 94 : 18 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryle , G. 1949 . The concept of mind London : Hutchinson .
   Google Scholar
• Scarr , S. 2000 . “ American childcare today. ” . In Blackwell reader in developmental psychology Edited by: Slater , A. and Muir , D. 375 – 401 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Schneider , W. and Shiffrin , R. 1977 . Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search and attention . Psychological Review , 84 : 1 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shallice , T. 1982 . Specific impairments in planning . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , B298 : 199 – 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shallice , T. and Burgess , P. 1991 . “ Higher cognitive impairments and frontal lobe lesions in man. ” . In Frontal lobe function and dysfunction Edited by: Levin , H. , Eisenberg , H. and Benton , A. 125 – 138 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thorndike , R. L. , Hagen , E. P. and Sattler , J. M. 1986 . Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales Chicago, IL : Riverside Publishing Co .
   Google Scholar
• Tizard , B. and Hughes , M. 1984 . Young children learning London : Fontana .
   Google Scholar
• Vygotsky , L. 1962 . Thought and language Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wicherts , J. , Dolan , C. , Hessen , D. , Oosterveld , P. , van Baal , G. Boomsma , D. 2004 . Are intelligence tests measurement invariant over time? Investigating the nature of the Flynn effect . Intelligence , 32 : 509 – 537 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiebe , S. , Espy , K. and Charak , D. 2008 . Using confirmatory factor analysis to understand executive control in preschool children: I. Latent structure . Developmental Psychology , 44 : 575 – 587 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winsler , A. , Diaz , R. , Atencio , D. , McCarthy , E. and Chabay , L. 2000 . Verbal self-regulation over time in preschool children at risk for attention and behavior problems . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 41 : 875 – 886 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winsler , A. , Diaz , R. , McCarthy , E. , Atencio , D. and Chabay , L. 1999 . Mother-child interaction, private speech, and task performance in preschool children with behaviour problems . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 40 : 891 – 904 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelazo , P. and Muller , U. 2002 . “ Executive function in typical and atypical development. ” . In Handbook of childhood cognitive development Edited by: Goswami , U. 445 – 469 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar