The Relation Between Working Memory Components and ADHD Symptoms From a Developmental Perspective

REFERENCES

• Adams , J. W. and Snowling , M. J. 2001 . Executive function and reading impairment in children reported by their teachers as “hyperactive.” . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 19 : 293 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiken , L. S. and West , S. G. 1996 . Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions , London, UK : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 1994 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , 4th , Washington, DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. 2007 . Working memory, thought, and action , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. and Hitch , G. J. 1974 . “ Working memory ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory , Edited by: Bower , G. H . 47 – 89 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baddeley , A. D. and Logie , R. H. 1999 . “ The multi-component model ” . In Models of working memory. Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control , Edited by: Miyake , A. and Shah , P. 28 – 61 . New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barkley , R. A. 1997a . ADHD and the nature of self-control , New York : The Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barkley , R. A. 1997b . Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD . Psychological Bulletin , 121 : 65 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley , R. A. 2003 . Issues in the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children . Brain & Development , 25 : 77 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett , R. , Maruff , P. , Vance , A. , Luk , E. S. , Costin , J. Wood , C. 2001 . Abnormal executive function in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: The effect of stimulant medication and age on spatial working memory . Psychological Medicine , 31 : 1107 – 1115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brocki , K. C. 2007 . Executive control processes: Dimensions, development, and ADHD . Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Social Sciences , 27 ISBN 978-91-554-6853-8
   Google Scholar
• Brocki , K. C. and Bohlin , G. 2006 . Developmental change in the relations between executive functions and symptoms of ADHD and co-occurring behavior problems . Infant and Child Development , 15 : 19 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brocki , K. C. , Randall , K. D. , Bohlin , G. and Kerns , K. A. 2008 . Working memory in school-aged children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder combined type: Are deficits modality specific and are they independent of impaired inhibitory control? . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 4 : 1 – 11 . [Epub ahead of print.]
   Google Scholar
• Brocki , K. C. , Tillman , C. M. and Bohlin , G. 2010 . CPT performance, motor activity, and continuous relations to ADHD symptom domains: A developmental study . European Journal of Developmental Psychology , 7 : 178 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellanos , F. X. , Sonuga-Barke , E. J. S. , Milham , M. P. and Tannock , R. 2006 . Characterizing cognition in ADHD: Beyond executive dysfunction . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 10 : 117 – 123 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colom , R. , Abad , F. J. , Rebollo , I. and Chun Shih , P. 2005 . Memory span and general intelligence: A latent-variable approach . Intelligence , 33 : 623 – 642 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuPaul , G. J. , Power , T. J. , Anastopoulos , A. D. and Reid , R. 1998 . ADHD rating scale IV. Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Engle , R. W. and Kane , M. J. 2004 . Executive attention, working memory capacity, and a two-factor theory of cognitive control . The Psychology of Learning and Motivation , 44 : 145 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engle , R. W. , Tuholski , S. W. , Laughlin , J. E. and Conway , A. R. A. 1999 . Working memory, short-term memory, and fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 128 : 309 – 331 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gathercole , S. E. , Pickering , S. J. , Ambridge , B. and Wearing , H. 2004 . The structure of working memory from 4 to 15 years of age . Developmental Psychology , 40 : 177 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart , E. L. , Lahey , B. B. , Loeber , R. , Applegate , B. and Frick , P. J. 1995 . Developmental change in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in boys: A four-year longitudinal study . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 23 : 729 – 749 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karatekin , C. 2004 . A test of the integrity of the components of Baddeley's model of working memory in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 45 : 912 – 926 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karatekin , C. and Asarnow , R. F. 1998 . Working memory in childhood-onset schizophrenia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Psychiatry Research , 80 : 165 – 176 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline , R. B. 1998 . Principles and practice of structural equation modeling , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Klingberg , T. , Fernell , E. , Olesen , P. J. , Johnson , M. , Gustafsson , P. Dahlström , K. 2005 . Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD: A randomized, controlled trial . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 44 : 177 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariani , M. and Barkley , R. A. 1997 . Neuropsychological and academic functioning in preschool children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder . Developmental Neuropsychology , 13 : 111 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinussen , R. , Hayden , J. , Hogg-Johnson , S. and Tannock , R. 2005 . A meta-analysis of working memory impairments in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 44 : 377 – 384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinussen , R. and Tannock , R. 2006 . Working memory impairments in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without comorbid language learning disorders . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 28 : 1073 – 1094 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McInerney , R. J. , Hramok , M. and Kerns , K. A. 2005 . The children's size-ordering task: A new measure of non-verbal working memory . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 27 : 735 – 745 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigg , J. T. 2001 . Is ADHD a disinhibitory disorder? . Psychological Bulletin , 127 : 571 – 598 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickering , S. J. and Gathercole , S. E. 2001 . Working Memory Test Battery for Children , London : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Rapport , M. D. , Alderson , R. M. , Kofler , M. J. , Sarver , D. E. , Bolden , J. and Sims , V. 2008 . Working memory deficits in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The contribution of central executive and subsystem processes . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 36 : 825 – 837 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rucklidge , J. and Tannock , R. 2002 . Neuropsychological profiles of adolescents with ADHD: Effects of reading difficulties and gender . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 43 : 988 – 1003 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke , E. J. S. , Dalen , L. , Daley , D. and Remington , B. 2002 . Are planning, working memory, and inhibition associated with individual differences in preschool ADHD symptoms? . Developmental Neuropsychology , 21 : 255 – 272 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Sweden. (n.d.). [Data files]. Summary of population statistics 1960–2008 & Education and research http://www.scb.se (http://www.scb.se) (Accessed: 15 February 2010 ).
   Google Scholar
• Swanson , H. L. 2008 . Working memory and intelligence in children: What develops? . Journal of Educational psychology , 100 : 581 – 602 .
   Google Scholar
• Thorell , L. B. and Wåhlstedt , C. 2006 . Executive functioning deficit in relation to symptoms of ADHD and/or ODD in preschool children . Infant and Child Development , 15 : 503 – 518 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tillman , C. M. , Bohlin , G. , Sørensen , L. and Lundervold , A. J. 2009 . Intelligence and specific cognitive abilities in children . Journal of Individual Differences , 30 : 209 – 219 .
   Google Scholar
• Tillman , C. M. , Nyberg , L. and Bohlin , G. 2008 . Working memory components and intelligence in children . Intelligence , 36 : 394 – 402 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tillman , C. M. , Thorell , L. B. , Brocki , K. C. and Bohlin , G. 2008 . Motor response inhibition and execution in the stop-signal task: Development and relation to ADHD behaviours . Child Neuropsychology , 14 : 42 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1992 . Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children , 3rd , London, , UK : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Willcutt , E. G. , Doyle , A. E. , Nigg , J. T. , Faraone , S. V. and Pennington , B. F. 2005 . Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review . Biological Psychiatry , 57 : 1336 – 1346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt , E. G. , Pennington , B. F. , Boada , R. , Ogline , J. S. , Tunick , R A. Chhabildas , N. A. 2001 . A comparison of the cognitive deficits in reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 110 : 157 – 172 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar