Selective Changes in Executive Functioning Ten Years After Severe Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury

REFERENCES

• Anderson , P. 2002 . Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood . Child Neuropsychology , 8 : 71 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , P. 2008 . “ Towards a developmental model of executive function ” . In Executive functions and the frontal lobes: A lifespan perspective , Edited by: Anderson , V. A. , Jacobs , R. and Anderson , P. J. 4 – 21 . Hove, England : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , P. , Anderson , V. , Northam , E. and Taylor , H. G. 2000 . Standardization of the Contingency Naming Test (CNT) for school-aged children: A measure of reactive flexibility . Clinical Neuropsychological Assessment , 1 : 247 – 273 .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , S. W. , Damasio , H. , Tranel , D. and Damasio , A. R. 2000 . Long-term sequelae of prefrontal cortex damage acquired in early childhood . Developmental Neuropsychology , 18 : 281 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , V. 2001 . Assessing executive functions in children: Biological, psychological, and developmental considerations . Pediatric Rehabilitation , 4 : 119 – 136 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson , V. and Catroppa , C. 2005 . Recovery of executive skills following paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI): A 2 year follow-up . Brain Injury , 19 : 459 – 470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , V. and Catroppa , C. 2007 . Memory outcome at 5 years post-childhood traumatic brain injury . Brain Injury , 21 : 1399 – 1409 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , V. , Catroppa , C. , Morse , S. , Haritou , F. and Rosenfeld , J. 2000 . Recovery of intellectual ability following traumatic brain injury in childhood: Impact of injury severity and age at injury . Pediatric Neurosurgery , 32 ( 6 ) : 282 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , V. , Catroppa , C. , Morse , S. , Haritou , F. and Rosenfeld , J. 2005a . Attentional and processing skills following traumatic brain injury in early childhood . Brain Injury , 19 : 699 – 710 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , V. , Catroppa , C. , Morse , S. , Haritou , F. and Rosenfeld , J. 2005b . Functional plasticity or vulnerability after early brain injury? . Pediatrics , 116 : 1374 – 1382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , V. A. , Anderson , P. , Northam , E. , Jacobs , R. and Catroppa , C. 2001 . Development of executive functions through late childhood and adolescence in an Australian sample . Developmental Neuropsychology , 20 : 385 – 406 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , V. A. , Catroppa , C. , Rosenfeld , J. , Haritou , F. and Morse , S. A. 2000 . Recovery of memory function following traumatic brain injury in pre-school children . Brain Injury , 14 ( 8 ) : 679 – 692 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , V. A. , Morse , S. A. , Catroppa , C. , Haritou , F. and Rosenfeld , J. V. 2004 . Thirty month outcome from early childhood head injury: A prospective analysis of neurobehavioural recovery . Brain , 127 ( Pt 12 ) : 2608 – 2620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arfanakis , K. 2002 . Diffusion tensor MR imaging in diffuse axonal injury . American Journal of Neuroradiology , 23 : 794 – 802 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asikainen , I. , Kaste , M. and Sarna , S. 1996 . Patients with traumatic brain injury referred to a rehabilitation and re-employment programme: Social and professional outcome for 508 Finnish patients 5 or more years after injury . Brain Injury , 10 : 883 – 899 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best , J. R. , Miller , P. H. and Jones , L. L. 2009 . Executive functions after age 5: Changes and correlates . Developmental Review , 29 : 180 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull , R. , Espy , K. A. and Wiebe , S. A. 2008 . Short-term memory, working memory, and executive functioning in preschoolers: Longitudinal predictors of mathematical achievement at age 7 years . Developmental Neuropsychology , 33 : 205 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catroppa , C. and Anderson , V. 1999a . Attentional skills in the acute phase following pediatric traumatic brain injury . Child Neuropsychology , 5 : 251 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catroppa , C. and Anderson , V. 1999b . Recovery of educational skills following paediatric traumatic brain injury . Pediatric Rehabilitation , 3 : 167 – 175 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Catroppa , C. and Anderson , V. 2003 . Children's attentional skills 2 years post-traumatic brain injury . Developmental Neuropsychology , 23 : 359 – 373 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catroppa , C. and Anderson , V. 2004 . Recovery and predictors of language skills two years following pediatric traumatic brain injury . Brain and Language , 88 : 68 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catroppa , C. and Anderson , V. 2006 . Planning, problem-solving and organizational abilities in children following traumatic brain injury: Intervention techniques . Pediatric Rehabilitation , 9 : 89 – 97 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Catroppa , C. and Anderson , V. 2007 . Recovery in memory function, and its relationship to academic success, at 24 months following pediatric TBI . Child Neuropsychology , 13 ( 3 ) : 240 – 261 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catroppa , C. , Anderson , V. A. , Morse , S. A. , Haritou , F. and Rosenfeld , J. V. 2007 . Children's attentional skills 5 years post-TBI . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 32 : 354 – 369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catroppa , C. , Anderson , V. A. , Morse , S. A. , Haritou , F. and Rosenfeld , J. V. 2008 . Outcome and predictors of functional recovery 5 years following pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 33 : 707 – 718 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel , A. 1983 . Power, privilege, and prestige: Occupations in Australia , Melbourne, Australia : Longman-Cheshire .
   Google Scholar
• Delis , D. , Kaplan , E. and Kramer , J. H. 2001 . Delis-Kaplan executive functions system , San Antonio, TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Dennis , M. , Francis , D. J. , Cirino , P. T. , Schachar , R. , Barnes , M. and Fletcher , J. M. 2009 . Why IQ is not a covariate in cognitive studies of neurodevelopmental disorders . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 15 : 331 – 343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donders , J. and Warschausky , S. 2007 . Neurobehavioral outcomes after early versus late childhood traumatic brain injury . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 22 : 296 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing-Cobbs , L. , Prasad , M. R. , Kramer , L. , Cox , C. S. Jr. , Baumgartner , J. , Fletcher , S. and Swank , P. 2006 . Late intellectual and academic outcomes following traumatic brain injury sustained during early childhood . Journal of Neurosurgery , 105 : 287 – 296 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing-Cobbs , L. , Prasad , M. R. , Landry , S. H. , Kramer , L. and DeLeon , R. 2004 . Executive functions following traumatic brain injury in young children: A preliminary analysis . Developmental Neuropsychology , 26 : 487 – 512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman , N. P. , Miyake , A. , Corley , R. P. , Young , S. E. , Defries , J. C. and Hewitt , J. K. 2006 . Not all executive functions are related to intelligence . Psychological Science , 17 : 172 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaetz , M. 2004 . The neurophysiology of brain injury . Clinical Neurophysiology , 115 : 4 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giedd , J. N. , Blumenthal , J. , Jeffries , N. O. , Castellanos , F. X. , Liu , H. Zijdenbos , A. 1999 . Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study . Nature Neuroscience , 2 : 861 – 863 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gioia , G. A. , Espy , K. A. and Isquith , P. K. 2004 . Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function Preschool Version Professional Manual , Lutz, FL : Psychological Assessment Ressources .
   Google Scholar
• Gioia , G. A. and Isquith , P. K. 2004 . Ecological assessment of executive function in traumatic brain injury . Developmental Neuropsychology , 25 : 135 – 158 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gioia , G. A. , Isquith , P. K. , Guy , S. C. and Kenworthy , L. 2000 . Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function Professional Manual , Odessa, FL : Psychological Assessment Ressources .
   Google Scholar
• Gogtay , N. , Giedd , J. N. , Lusk , L. , Hayashi , K. M. , Greenstein , D. Vaituzis , A. C. 2004 . Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 101 : 8174 – 8179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg , E. and Bougakov , D. 2005 . Neuropsychologic assessment of frontal lobe dysfunction . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 28 : 567 – 580 . 578–569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebb , D. O. 1949 . The organization of behavior: A neuropsychological theory , New York, NY : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Holm , S. 1977 . A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure . Scandinavian Journal of Statistics , 6 : 65 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huizinga , M. , Dolan , C. V. and van der Molen , M. W. 2006 . Age-related change in executive function: Developmental trends and a latent variable analysis . Neuropsychologia , 44 : 2017 – 2036 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs , R. and Anderson , V. 2002 . Planning and problem solving skills following focal frontal brain lesions in childhood: Analysis using the Tower of London . Child Neuropsychology , 8 : 93 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs , R. , Harvey , A. S. and Anderson , V. 2007 . Executive function following focal frontal lobe lesions: impact of timing of lesion on outcome . Cortex , 43 : 792 – 805 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janusz , J. A. , Kirkwood , M. W. , Yeates , K. O. and Taylor , H. G. 2002 . Social problem-solving skills in children with traumatic brain injury: Long-term outcomes and prediction of social competence . Child Neuropsychology , 8 : 179 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , T. 2000 . The development of executive function in school-age children . Clinical Neuropsychological Assessment , 1 : 38 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Levin , H. S. , Culhane , K. A. , Hartmann , J. , Evankocih , K. , Mattson , A. J. Harward , H. 1991 . Developmental changes in performance on tests of purported frontal lobe functioning . Developmental Neuropsychology , 7 : 377 – 395 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , H. S. and Hanten , G. 2005 . Executive functions after traumatic brain injury in children . Pediatric Neurology , 33 : 79 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , H. S. , Hanten , G. , Zhang , L. , Swank , P. R. and Hunter , J. 2004 . Selective impairment of inhibition after TBI in children . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 26 : 589 – 597 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin , H. S. , Song , J. , Ewing-Cobbs , L. and Roberson , G. 2001 . Porteus Maze performance following traumatic brain injury in children . Neuropsychology , 15 : 557 – 567 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezak , M. 1983 . Neuropsychological assessment , 2nd , New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lezak , M. 1995 . Neuropsychological assessment , New York, NY : Oxford .
   Google Scholar
• Luria , A. R. 1966 . Higher cortical functions in man , New York, NY : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Mangeot , S. , Armstrong , K. , Colvin , A. N. , Yeates , K. O. and Taylor , H. G. 2002 . Long-term executive function deficits in children with traumatic brain injuries: assessment using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) . Child Neuropsychology , 8 : 271 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake , A. , Friedman , N. P. , Emerson , M. J. , Witzki , A. H. , Howerter , A. and Wager , T. D. 2000 . The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “Frontal Lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis . Cognitive Psychology , 41 : 49 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muscara , F. , Catroppa , C. , Eren , S. and Anderson , V. 2008 . The impact of injury severity on long-term social outcome following paediatric traumatic brain injury . Neuropsychological Rehabilitation , 19 ( 4 ) : 541 – 561 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadebaum , C. , Anderson , V. and Catroppa , C. 2007 . Executive function outcomes following traumatic brain injury in young children: A five year follow-up . Developmental Neuropsychology , 32 : 703 – 728 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noller , P. 1988 . “ ICPS Family Functioning Scales ” . In Unpublished Unpublished manuscript , Brisbane, Australia : University of Queensland .
   Google Scholar
• Nybo , T. , Sainio , M. and Muller , K. 2004 . Stability of vocational outcome in adulthood after moderate to severe preschool brain injury . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 10 : 719 – 723 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ownsworth , T. and Fleming , J. 2005 . The relative importance of metacognitive skills, emotional status, and executive function in psychosocial adjustment following acquired brain injury . Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation , 20 : 315 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker , D. M. and Crawford , J. R. 1992 . “ Assessment of frontal lobe dysfunction ” . In A handbook of neuropsychological assessment , Edited by: Crawford , J. R. , Parker , D. M. and McKinlay , W. W. 267 – 294 . Hove, UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associated Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Prigatano , G. P. , Gray , J. A. and Gale , S. D. 2008 . Individual case analysis of processing speed difficulties in children with and without traumatic brain injury . Clinical Neuropsychology , 22 : 603 – 619 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rey , A. 1941 . L'examen psychologique dans le cas d'encéphalopathie traumatique . Archives de Psychologie , 28 : 286 – 290 .
   Google Scholar
• Senn , T. E. , Espy , K. A. and Kaufmann , P. M. 2004 . Using path analysis to understand executive function organization in preschool children . Developmental Neuropsychology , 26 : 445 – 464 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shallice , T. 1982 . Specific impairments of planning . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , 198 : 199 – 209 .
   Google Scholar
• Slomine , B. S. , Gerring , J. P. , Grados , M. A. , Vasa , R. , Brady , K. D. Christensen , J. R. 2002 . Performance on measures of executive function following pediatric traumatic brain injury . Brain Injury , 16 : 759 – 772 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smidts , D. P. , Jacobs , R. and Anderson , V. 2004 . The Object Classification Task for Children (OCTC): A measure of concept generation and mental flexibility in early childhood . Developmental Neuropsychology , 26 : 385 – 401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparrow , S. , Balla , D. A. and Cicchetti , D. V. 1984 . Vineland adaptive behavior scales: Interview Edition. Survey Form Manual , Circle Pines, MN : American Guidance Services .
   Google Scholar
• Spreen , O. , Risser , A. H. and Edgell , D. 1985 . Developmental neuropsychology , New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stuss , D. T. and Benson , D. F. 1986 . The frontal lobes , New York, NY : Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , H. G. , Schnatneider , C. and Rich , D. 1992 . “ Sequelae of Haemophilus Influenzae meningitis: Implications for the study of brain disease and development ” . In Advances in child neuropsychology , Edited by: Tramontana , M. G. and Hooper , S. R. Vol. 1 , 50 – 108 . New York, NY : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Teasdale , G. and Jennett , B. 1974 . Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness . Lancet , 2 : 81 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umile , E. M. , Sandel , M. E. , Alavi , A. , Terry , C. M. and Plotkin , R. C. 2002 . Dynamic imaging in mild traumatic brain injury: Support for the theory of medial temporal vulnerability . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 83 : 1506 – 1513 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vriezen , E. R. and Pigott , S. E. 2002 . The relationship between parental report on the BRIEF and performance-based measures of executive function in children with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury . Child Neuropsychology , 8 : 296 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh , K. W. 1998 . Neuropsychology: A clinical approach , New York, NY : Churchill Livingston .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1991 . Wechsler intelligence scale for children-third edition: Manual , Third , San Antonio, TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1997a . Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Third Edition Manual , San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. 1997b . Wechsler Adults Intelligence Scale (WAIS–III) administration and scoring manual , 3rd , San Antonio, TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Welsh , M. C. and Pennington , B. F. 1988 . Assessing frontal lobe function in children: Views from developmental psychology . Developmental Neuropsychology , 4 : 199 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welsh , M. C. , Pennington , B. F. and Groisser , D. B. 1991 . A normative-developmental study of executive function: A window on prefrontal function in children . Developmental Neuropsychology , 7 : 131 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , D. and Mateer , C. A. 1992 . Developmental impact of frontal lobe injury in middle childhood . Brain and Cognition , 20 : 196 – 204 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeates , K. O. , Armstrong , K. , Janusz , J. , Taylor , H. G. , Wade , S. Stancin , T. 2005 . Long-term attention problems in children with traumatic brain injury . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 44 : 574 – 584 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar