An Electrophysiological Study of Print Processing in Kindergarten: The Contribution of the Visual N1 as a Predictor of Reading Outcome

REFERENCES

• Allison , T. , McCarthy , G. , Nobre , A. , Puce , A. and Belger , A. 1994 . Human extrastriate visual cortex and the perception of faces, words, numbers, and colors . Cerebral Cortex , 4 ( 5 ) : 544 – 554 .
   Google Scholar
• Allison , T. , Puce , A. , Spencer , D. D. and McCarthy , G. 1999 . Electrophysiological studies of human face perception. I: Potentials generated in occipitotemporal cortex by face and non-face stimuli . Cerebral Cortex , 9 ( 5 ) : 415 – 430 .
   Google Scholar
• Araujo , S. , Bramao , I. , Faisca , L. , Petersson , K. M. and Reis , A. 2012 . Electrophysiological correlates of impaired reading in dyslexic pre-adolescent children . Brain Cognition , 79 ( 2 ) : 79 – 88 . doi: S0278-2626(12)00033-4 [pii] 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.02.010
   Google Scholar
• Baayen , R. H. , Piepenbrock , R. and van Rijn , H. 1993 . The CELEX lexical database , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania: Linguistic Data Consortium . CD-ROM
   Google Scholar
• Bach , S. , Brandeis , D. , Hofstetter , C. , Martin , E. , Richardson , U. and Brem , S. 2010 . Early emergence of deviant frontal fMRI activity for phonological processes in poor beginning readers . Neuroimage , 53 ( 1 ) : 682 – 693 . doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.039
   Google Scholar
• Bach , S. , Richardson , U. , Brandeis , D. , Martin , E. and Brem , S. 2013 . Print-specific multimodal brain activation in kindergarten improves prediction of reading skills in second grade . Neuroimage , 82 : 605 – 615 . doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.062
   Google Scholar
• Baker , C. I. , Liu , J. , Wald , L. L. , Kwong , K. K. , Benner , T. and Kanwisher , N. 2007 . Visual word processing and experiential origins of functional selectivity in human extrastriate cortex . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A , 104 ( 21 ) : 9087 – 9092 . doi: 0703300104 [pii] 10.1073/pnas.0703300104
   Google Scholar
• Bentin , S. , Allison , T. , Puce , A. , Perez , E. and McCarthy , G. 1996 . Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 8 ( 6 ) : 551 – 565 . doi: 10.1162/jocn.1996.8.6.551
   Google Scholar
• Bentin , S. , Mouchetant-Rostaing , Y. , Giard , M. H. , Echallier , J. F. and Pernier , J. 1999 . ERP manifestations of processing printed words at different psycholinguistic levels: time course and scalp distribution . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 11 ( 3 ) : 235 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Bowey , J. A. 1995 . Socioeconomic status differences in preschool phonological sensitivity and first-grade reading achievment . Journal of Educational Psychology , 87 : 476 – 487 .
   Google Scholar
• Brem , S. , Bach , S. , Kucian , K. , Guttorm , T. K. , Martin , E. and Lyytinen , H. 2010 . Brain sensitivity to print emerges when children learn letter-speech sound correspondences . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A , 107 ( 17 ) : 7939 – 7944 . doi: 0904402107 [pii] 10.1073/pnas.0904402107
   Google Scholar
• Brem , S. , Bucher , K. , Halder , P. , Summers , P. , Dietrich , T. and Martin , E. 2006 . Evidence for developmental changes in the visual word processing network beyond adolescence . Neuroimage , 29 ( 3 ) : 822 – 837 .
   Google Scholar
• Brem , S. , Halder , P. , Bucher , K. , Summers , P. , Martin , E. and Brandeis , D. 2009 . Tuning of the visual word processing system: distinct developmental ERP and fMRI effects . Human Brain Mapping , 30 ( 6 ) : 1833 – 1844 . doi: 10.1002/hbm.20751
   Google Scholar
• Brem , S. , Lang-Dullenkopf , A. , Maurer , U. , Halder , P. , Bucher , K. and Brandeis , D. 2005 . Neurophysiological signs of rapidly emerging visual expertise for symbol strings . Neuroreport , 16 ( 1 ) : 45 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Catts , H. W. , Fey , M. E. , Zhang , X. L. and Tomblin , J. B. 2001 . Estimating the risk of future reading difficulties in Kindergarten children . Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools , 32 : 38 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , L. , Lehericy , S. , Chochon , F. , Lemer , C. , Rivaud , S. and Dehaene , S. 2002 . Language-specific tuning of visual cortex? Functional properties of the Visual Word Form Area . Brain , 125 ( Pt. 5 ) : 1054 – 1069 .
   Google Scholar
• Coltheart , M. , Rastle , K. , Perry , C. , Langdon , R. and Ziegler , J. 2001 . DRC: A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud . Psychological Review , 108 ( 1 ) : 204 – 256 .
   Google Scholar
• de Jong , P. and van der Leij , A. 1999 . Specific contributions of phonological abilities to early reading acquisition: Results from a Dutch latent variable longitudinal study . Journal of Educational Psychology , 91 ( 3 ) : 450 – 476 .
   Google Scholar
• Dehaene , S. and Cohen , L. 2007 . Cultural recycling of cortical maps . Neuron , 56 ( 2 ) : 384 – 398 .
   Google Scholar
• Dehaene , S. , Cohen , L. , Sigman , M. and Vinckier , F. 2005 . The neural code for written words: A proposal . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 9 ( 7 ) : 335 – 341 .
   Google Scholar
• Elben , C. E. and Lohaus , A. 2000 . Marburger Sprachverständnistest für Kinder , Göttingen, Germany : Hogrefe-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Gauthier , I. , Curran , T. , Curby , K. M. and Collins , D. 2003 . Perceptual interference supports a non-modular account of face processing . Nature Neuroscience , 6 ( 4 ) : 428 – 432 .
   Google Scholar
• Goswami , U. , Wang , H. L. , Cruz , A. , Fosker , T. , Mead , N. and Huss , M. 2011 . Language-universal sensory deficits in developmental dyslexia: English, Spanish, and Chinese . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 23 ( 2 ) : 325 – 337 . doi: 10.1162/jocn.2010.21453
   Google Scholar
• Guttorm , T. K. , Leppanen , P. H. , Hamalainen , J. A. , Eklund , K. M. and Lyytinen , H. J. 2010 . Newborn event-related potentials predict poorer pre-reading skills in children at risk for dyslexia . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 43 (5), 391–401. doi:0022219409345005 [pii] 10.1177/0022219409345005 )
   Google Scholar
• Guttorm , T. K. , Leppanen , P. H. , Poikkeus , A. M. , Eklund , K. M. , Lyytinen , P. and Lyytinen , H. 2005 . Brain event-related potentials (ERPs) measured at birth predict later language development in children with and without familial risk for dyslexia . Cortex , 41 ( 3 ) : 291 – 303 .
   Google Scholar
• Helenius , P. , Tarkiainen , A. , Cornelissen , P. , Hansen , P. C. and Salmelin , R. 1999 . Dissociation of normal feature analysis and deficient processing of letter-strings in dyslexic adults . Cerebral Cortex , 9 ( 5 ) : 476 – 483 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoeft , F. , McCandliss , B. D. , Black , J. M. , Gantman , A. , Zakerani , N. and Hulme , C. 2011 . Neural systems predicting long-term outcome in dyslexia . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A , 108 ( 1 ) : 361 – 366 . doi: 1008950108 [pii] 10.1073/pnas.1008950108
   Google Scholar
• Hoeft , F. , Ueno , T. , Reiss , A. L. , Meyler , A. , Whitfield-Gabrieli , S. and Glover , G. H. 2007 . Prediction of children's reading skills using behavioral, functional, and tructural neuroimaging measures . Behavioral Neuroscience , 121 ( 3 ) : 602 – 613 . doi: 2007-08636-017 [pii] 10.1037/0735-7044.121.3.602
   Google Scholar
• Jansen , A. , Mannhaupt , G. , Marx , H. and Skowronek , H. 1999 . Bielefelder Screening zur Früherkennung von Lese-Rechtschreibschwierigkeiten (BISC). Göttingen , Germany : Hogrefe-Verlag GmbH .
   Google Scholar
• Juel , C. 1986 . Learning to read and write: A longitudinal study of 54 children from first through fourth grades . Journal of Educational Psychology , 80 ( 4 ) : 437 – 447 .
   Google Scholar
• Jung , T. P. , Makeig , S. , Westerfield , M. , Townsend , J. , Courchesne , E. and Sejnowski , T. J. 2000 . Removal of eye activity artifacts from visual event-related potentials in normal and clinical subjects . Clinical Neurophysiology , 111 ( 10 ) : 1745 – 1758 . doi: S1388-2457(00)00386-2 [pii]
   Google Scholar
• Kast , M. , Elmer , S. , Jancke , L. and Meyer , M. 2010 . ERP differences of pre-lexical processing between dyslexic and non-dyslexic children . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 77 ( 1 ) : 59 – 69 . doi: S0167-8760(10)00099-1 [pii] 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.04.003
   Google Scholar
• Landerl , K. , Wimmer , H. and Moser , E. 1997 . Der Salzburger Lese- und Rechtschreibtest (SLRT) , Bern , , Switzerland : Huber Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Kronschnabel , J. , Schmid , R. , Maurer , U. and Brandeis , D. 2013 . Visual print tuning deficits in dyslexic adolescents under minimized phonological demands . Neuroimage , 74 ( 1 ) : 58 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Lefly , D. L. and Pennington , B. F. 2000 . Reliability and validity of the adult reading history questionnaire . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 33 ( 3 ) : 286 – 296 .
   Google Scholar
• Lehmann , D. 1984 . EEG assessment of brain activity: Spatial aspects, segmentation and imaging . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 1 ( 3 ) : 267 – 276 .
   Google Scholar
• Leppanen , P. H. , Hamalainen , J. A. , Salminen , H. K. , Eklund , K. M. , Guttorm , T. K. and Lohvansuu , K. 2010 . Newborn brain event-related potentials revealing atypical processing of sound frequency and the subsequent association with later literacy skills in children with familial dyslexia . Cortex , 46 ( 10 ) : 1362 – 1376 . doi: S0010-9452(10)00175-9 [pii] 10.1016/j.cortex.2010.06.003
   Google Scholar
• Lyytinen , H. , Aro , M. , Eklund , K. , Erskine , J. , Guttorm , T. and Laakso , M. L. 2004 . The development of children at familial risk for dyslexia: Birth to early school age . Annals of Dyslexia , 54 ( 2 ) : 184 – 220 .
   Google Scholar
• Lyytinen , H. , Erskine , J. , Kujala , J. , Ojanen , E. and Richardson , U. 2009 . In search of a science-based application: a learning tool for reading acquisition . Scandinavian Journal of Psychology , 50 ( 6 ) : 668 – 675 . doi: SJOP791 [pii] 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00791.x
   Google Scholar
• Lyytinen , H. , Ronimus , M. , Alanko , A. , Poikkeus , A. M. and Taanila , M. 2007 . Early identification of dyslexia and the use of computer game-based practice to support reading acquisition . Nordic Psychology , 59 ( 2 ) : 109 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Mahé , G. , Bonnefond , A. , Gavens , N. , Dufour , A. and Doignon-Camus , A. 2012 . Impaired visual expertise for print in French adults with dyslexia as shown by N170 tuning . Neuropsychologia , 50 : 3200 – 3206 .
   Google Scholar
• Maurer , U. , Blau , V. C. , Yoncheva , Y. N. and McCandliss , B. D. 2010 . Development of visual expertise for reading: Rapid emergence of visual familiarity for an artificial script . Developmental Neuropsychology , 35 ( 4 ) : 404 – 422 . doi: 923935370 [pii] 10.1080/87565641.2010.480916
   Google Scholar
• Maurer , U. , Brem , S. , Bucher , K. and Brandeis , D. 2005 . Emerging neurophysiological specialization for letter strings . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience , 17 ( 10 ) : 1532 – 1552 .
   Google Scholar
• Maurer , U. , Brem , S. , Bucher , K. , Kranz , F. , Benz , R. and Steinhausen , H. C. 2007 . Impaired tuning of a fast occipito-temporal response for print in dyslexic children learning to read . Brain, 130(Pt 12), 3200–3210. ,
   Google Scholar
• Maurer , U. , Brem , S. , Kranz , F. , Bucher , K. , Benz , R. and Halder , P. 2006 . Coarse neural tuning for print peaks when children learn to read . Neuroimage , 33 ( 2 ) : 749 – 758 .
   Google Scholar
• Maurer , U. , Bucher , K. , Brem , S. , Benz , R. , Kranz , F. and Schulz , E. 2009 . Neurophysiology in preschool improves behavioral prediction of reading ability throughout primary school . Biology and Psychiatry , 66 ( 4 ) : 341 – 348 . doi: S0006-3223(09)00298-4 [pii] 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.031
   Google Scholar
• Maurer , U. and McCandliss , B. D. 2007 . “ The development of visual expertise for words: The contribution of electrophysiology ” . In Single-word reading: Biological and behavioural perspectives , Edited by: Grigorenko , E. L. and Naples , A. J. 43 – 64 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Maurer , U. , Schulz , E. , Brem , S. , der Mark , S. , Bucher , K. and Martin , E. 2011 . The development of print tuning in children with dyslexia: Evidence from longitudinal ERP data supported by fMRI . Neuroimage , 57 ( 3 ) : 714 – 722 . doi: S1053-8119(10)01348-0 [pii] 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.055
   Google Scholar
• Molfese , D. L. 2000 . Predicting dyslexia at 8 years of age using neonatal brain responses . Brain and Language , 72 ( 3 ) : 238 – 245 . doi: 10.1006/brln.2000.2287 S0093-934X(00)92287-9 [pii]
   Google Scholar
• Moll , K. and Landerl , K. 2010 . Lese- und Rechtschreibtest (SLRT-II) Weiterentwicklung des Salzburger Lese- und Rechtschreibtests (SLRT) , Bern , , Switzerland : Verlag Hans Huber .
   Google Scholar
• Mugnaini , D. , Lassi , S. , La Malfa , G. and Albertini , G. 2009 . Internalizing correlates of dyslexia . World Journal of Pediatrics , 5 ( 4 ) : 255 – 264 .
   Google Scholar
• Parviainen , T. , Helenius , P. , Poskiparta , E. , Niemi , P. and Salmelin , R. 2006 . Cortical sequence of word perception in beginning readers . Journal of Neuroscience , 26 ( 22 ) : 6052 – 6061 .
   Google Scholar
• Price , C. J. and Devlin , J. T. 2011 . The interactive account of ventral occipitotemporal contributions to reading . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 15 ( 6 ) : 246 – 253 . doi: S1364-6613(11)00057-X [pii] 10.1016/j.tics.2011.04.001
   Google Scholar
• Proverbio , A. M. , Zani , A. and Adorni , R. 2008 . The left fusiform area is affected by written frequency of words . Neuropsychologia , 46 ( 9 ) : 2292 – 2299 . doi: S0028-3932(08)00117-6 [pii] 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.03.024
   Google Scholar
• Puolakanaho , A. , Ahonen , T. , Aro , M. , Eklund , K. , Leppanen , P. H. and Poikkeus , A. M. 2007 . Very early phonological and language skills: Estimating individual risk of reading disability . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 48 ( 9 ) : 923 – 931 . doi: JCPP1763 [pii] 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01763.x
   Google Scholar
• Räsänen , P. , Salminen , J. , Wilson , A. J. , Aunio , P. and Dehaene , S. 2009 . Computer-assisted intervention for children with low numeracy skills . Cognitive Development , 24 ( 4 ) : 450 – 472 .
   Google Scholar
• Raschle , N. M. , Chang , M. and Gaab , N. 2010 . Structural brain alterations associated with dyslexia predate reading onset . Neuroimage. , doi: S1053-8119(10)01255-3 [pii] 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.055
   Google Scholar
• Raschle , N. M. , Zuk , J. and Gaab , N. 2012 . Functional characteristics of developmental dyslexia in left-hemispheric posterior brain regions predate reading onset . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A , 109 (6), 2156–2161. doi:1107721109 [pii] 10.1073/pnas.1107721109 )
   Google Scholar
• Raven , J. C. 2002 . Coloured progressive matrices (CPM) ((3., neu norm. Aufl.) ed.). Frankfurt, Germany: Harcourt Test Services. ,
   Google Scholar
• Rossion , B. , Joyce , C. A. , Cottrell , G. W. and Tarr , M. J. 2003 . Early lateralization and orientation tuning for face, word, and object processing in the visual cortex . Neuroimage , 20 ( 3 ) : 1609 – 1624 .
   Google Scholar
• Saine , N. L. , Lerkkanen , M. K. , Ahonen , T. , Tolvanen , A. and Lyytinen , H. 2011 . Computer-assisted remedial reading intervention for school beginners at risk for reading disability . Child Development , 82 ( 3 ) : 1013 – 1028 . doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01580.x
   Google Scholar
• Scarborough , H. S. 1990 . Very early language deficits in dyslexic children . Child Development , 61 ( 6 ) : 1728 – 1743 .
   Google Scholar
• Schendan , H. E. , Ganis , G. and Kutas , M. 1998 . Neurophysiological evidence for visual perceptual categorization of words and faces within 150 ms . Psychophysiology , 35 ( 3 ) : 240 – 251 .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , L. S. , Tanaka , J. W. , Sheinberg , D. L. and Curran , T. 2006 . A reevaluation of the electrophysiological correlates of expert object processing . Journal of Cognitive Neurosciences , 18 ( 9 ) : 1453 – 1465 . doi: 10.1162/jocn.2006.18.9.1453
   Google Scholar
• Stock , C. , Marx , P. and Schneider , W. 2003 . “ BAKO 1–4. Basiskompetenzen für Lese-Rechtschreibleistungen ” . In Ein Test zur Erfassung der phonologischen Bewusstheit vom ersten bis zum vierten Grundschuljahr , Edited by: Göttingen , B. T. G. Germany: Beltz Test GmbH : Göttingen .
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka , J. W. and Curran , T. 2001 . A neural basis for expert object recognition . Psychological Science , 12 ( 1 ) : 43 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Tewes , U. , Rossmann , P. and Schallberger , U. 1999 . Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenz-Test für Kinder III (HAWIK III). Handbuch und Testanweisung , Bern , , Switzerland : Huber .
   Google Scholar
• Vinckier , F. , Dehaene , S. , Jobert , A. , Dubus , J. P. , Sigman , M. and Cohen , L. 2007 . Hierarchical coding of letter strings in the ventral stream: Dissecting the inner organization of the visual word-form system . Neuron , 55 ( 1 ) : 143 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Wagner , R. K. and Torgesen , J. K. 1987 . The nature of phonological processing and the acquisition of reading skills . Psychological Bulletin , 101 : 192 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Wagner , R. K. , Torgesen , J. K. , Rashotte , C. A. , Hecht , S. A. , Barker , T. A. and Burgess , S. R. 1997 . Changing relations between phonological processing abilities and word-level reading as children develop from beginning to skilled readers: A 5-year longitudinal study . Developmental Psychology , 33 : 468 – 479 .
   Google Scholar
• Willcutt , E. G. and Pennington , B. F. 2000 . Psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents with reading disability . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 41 : 1039 – 1048 .
   Google Scholar
• Wimmer , H. , Mayringer , H. and Landerl , K. 2000 . The double-deficit hypothesis and difficulties in learning to read a regular orthography . Journal of Educational Psychology , 92 ( 4 ) : 668 – 680 .
   Google Scholar
• Wimmer , H. , Landerl , K. , Linortner , R. and Hummer , P. 1991 . The relationship of phonemic awareness to reading acquisition: more consequence than precondition but still important . Cognition , 40 ( 3 ) : 219 – 249 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolf , M. 1986 . Automaticity, retrieval processes, and reading: Longitudinal study in average and impaired readers . Child Development , 57 : 988 – 1005 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoncheva , Y. N. , Blau , V. C. , Maurer , U. and McCandliss , B. D. 2010 . Attentional focus during learning impacts N170 ERP responses to an artificial script . Developmental Neuropsychology , 35 ( 4 ) : 423 – 445 . doi: 923934384 [pii] 10.1080/87565641.2010.480918
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , M. , Jiang , T. , Mei , L. , Yang , H. , Chen , C. and Xue , G. 2011 . It's a word: Early electrophysiological response to the character likeness of pictographs . Psychophysiology , 48 ( 7 ) : 950 – 959 . doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01153
   Google Scholar